Medical Terminology Eye and Ear WGU
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| opthalmology | diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the eye
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| optometry | measurement of vision and adaptation of lenses
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| audiology | diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hearing disorders
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| orbit | the bony cavity in the skull containing the eyeball
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| binocular | of two eyes
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| eyebrows | protect the eyes by preventing perspiration and shade the eyes from direct sunlight
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| canthi | inner and outer corners of the eye
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| palpebral fissure | the area where the upper an lower eyelids meet
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| palpebration | blinking
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| conjunctiva | a transparent membrane covering the eyeball and under surface of the eyelid
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| tears | these function to lubricate the eye, wash away debris, provide oxygen and nourish the cornea/conjunctiva
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| lacrimal gland | any of the glands in the eyes that secrete tears
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| meibomian glands | sebaceous glands for the eyelashes
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| lacrimal sacs | collect tears from the corner of each eyelid and drain them into the nasal cavity
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| nasolacrimal ducts | two small ducts drain tears into the nasal cavity
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| extraocular muscles | 3 pairs of muscles that control the movement of the eyes
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| fibrous tunic | the outermost layer of the eye, consisting of the cornea and sclera and connecting with eye muscles
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| sclera | tough, fibrous, white outer coat extending from the cornea to the optic nerve
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| cornea | transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye
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| vascular tunic | choroid, ciliary body, iris
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| uvea | the part of the eye that contains the iris and ciliary body and choroid
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| choroid | a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera
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| ciliary body | ring of muscle behind the peripheral iris that controls the focusing shape of the lens
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| iris | muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil
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| nervous tunic | retina
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| retina | ..., the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
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| refraction | bending of a ray of light
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| acommodation | process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far
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| limbus | the border between the cornea and the sclera
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| pupil | the dark area in the center of the iris where the light continues its progress through to the lens
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| lens | a transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images
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| aqueous humor | watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye
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| vitreous humor | jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape
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| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond
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| cones | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
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| macula lutea | a yellow spot on the retina that mediates the clearest, most detailed vision
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| fovea | area consisting of a small depression in the retina containing cones and where vision is most acute
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| optic disk | The 'blind spot' of the eye, this is where the axons of the ganglion cells exist the retinal to form the optic nerve. There are no photoreceptors in the optic disk.
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| cyclic | of the ciliary body
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| ocular | of the eye
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| dacryoadenal | of the lacrimal gland
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| dacryocystic | of the lacrimal sac
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| phak/o, phac/o | of the lens
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| papillary | of the optic disk
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| lacrimal | of tears
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| optic | of vision
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| blephar | of the eyelid
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| blepharedema | swelling of the eyelid
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| bleparochalasis | hypertrophy of the skin of the eyelid
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| blepharoptosis | drooping of the upper eyelid
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| ectropion | eversion of the eyelid, exposing the conjunctiva
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| entropion | inversion of the eyelid toward the eye
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| chalazion | Meibomian cyst, hardened swelling of the
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| meibomian gland resulting from a blockage. |
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| hordeolum | stye, infection of one of the sebaceous glands of the eyelash
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| dacryoadenitis | inflammation of the lacrimal gland
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| dacryocystitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac
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| epiphora | excessive lacrimation
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| xerophtalmia | dry eye, lack of adequate tear production to lubricate the eye, usually the result of a vitamin A deficiency
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| conjunctivitis | pinkeye, inflammation to the conjunctiva, a highly contagious disorder
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| ophthalmia neonatorum | severe, purulent conjunctivitis in the newborn, usually due to gonorrheal or chlamydial infection. routine introduction of an antibiotic ophtalmic ointment (eyrthromycin) prevents most cases
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| amblyopia | dull or dime vision due to disuse
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| diplopia | double vision
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| emmetropia | normal vision
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| exophthalmia | protrusion of the eyeball from its orbit
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| photophobia | extreme sensitivity to, and discomfort from, light
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| strabismus | lack of coordination between the eyes, usually due to a muscle weakness or paralysis
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| esotropia | turning inward of one or both eyes
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| astigmatism | malcurvature of the cornea leading to blurred vision
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| asthenopia | a tiredness of the eyes caused by prolonged close work by a person with an uncorrected vision problem
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| hyperopia | farsightedness, a refractive error that does not allow the eye to focus on nearby objects
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| myopia | nearsightedness, a refractive error that does not allow the eye to focus on distant objects
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| presbyopia | progressive loss of elasticity of the lens resulting in hyperopia
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| corneal ulcer | trauma to the outer covering of the eye resulting in an abrasion
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| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea
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| aniscoria | unequal pupils
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| hyphema | blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
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| uveitis | inflammation of the uvea
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| aphakia | no lens
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| cataract | progressive loss of transparency of the lens of the eye
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| glaucoma | group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision
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| achromatopsia | color blindness
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| ARMD | age related macular degeneration
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| diabetic retinopathy | disease of retina in diabestics - capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision
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| hemianopsia | loss of half the visual field
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| nyctalopia | inability to see well in dim light
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| retinal detachment | separation of the retinal from the choroid layer
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| retinitis pigmentosa | hereditary, progressive disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes
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| scotoma | blind spot
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| nystagmus | An involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyeballs; may be lateral, vertical, or rotary
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| optic neuritis | inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in blindness
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| choroidal hemangioma | tumor of the blood vessel layer under the retina
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| intraocular melanoma | malignant tumor of the choroid, ciliary body, or iris that usually occurs in individuals in their 50s or 60s
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| retinoblastoma | A malignant tumor arising from the germ cell of the retina
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| amsler grid | Visual field testing used to determine if any localized area of visual anomaly exists.
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| dipters | strength of lens
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| fluorescein angiography | a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium
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| fluorescein staining | Applying dye eyedrops that are a bright green fluorescent color; used to look for corneal abrasions or ulcers.
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| gonioscopy | examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma
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| ophthalmic sonography | using ultrasound to examine inside the eye, including taking measurements for lens insertion
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| ophthalmoscopy | use of an ophthalmoscope to view the interior of the eye
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| schirmer tear test | test to determine the amount of tear production
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| slit lamp examination | microscope that magnifies the surface of the eye. used to identify corneal abrasions, conjunctivitis, and cataracts
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| tonometry | process of measuring the intraocular pressure to diagnose glaucoma
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| VA | visual acuity
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| VF test | test area of physical space
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| blepharoplasty | surgical repair of the eyelid
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| blepharorrhaphy | suturing of the eyelid
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| dacryocystorhinostomy | creation of an opening into the nose for drainage of tears
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| enucleation of the eye | removal of the entire eyeball
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| evisceration of the eye | removal of the contents of the eyeball, leaving the outer coat intact
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| exenteration of the eye | removal of the entire contents of the orbit
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| ACS | anteroir ciliary sclerotomy; incision to treat presbyopia
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| corneal incision procedure | any keratotomy procedure in which the cornea is cut to change shape
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| AK | astigmatic keratotomy
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| PRK | photo-refractive keratectomy
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| corneal transplant | the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor
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| flap procedure | any procedure in which a segment of the cornea is cut as a means of access to the structures below
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| LASIK | Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis; used to treat vision conditions, such as myopia, that are caused by the shape of the cornea
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| catract extraction | is a procedure performed to remove a cloudy lens from the eye
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| IOL | intraocular lens
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| phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataract | vision correction accomplished through the destruction and removal of the contents of the capsule by breaking it into small pieces and removing them by suction
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| coreoplasty | plastic surgery of the pupil
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| goniotomy | incision of Schlemm's canal to correct glaucoma by providing an exit for the queous humor
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| trabeculotomy | external incision of the eye to promote intraocular circulation
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| retinal photocoagulation | a procedure to repair tears in the retina by use of an intense, precisely focused light beam, which causes coagulation of the tissue protein
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| scleral buckling | a procedure to repair a detached retina; a strip of sclera is resected, or a fold is made in the sclera
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| vitrectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor (used to treat diabetic retinopathy)
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| cyclopegics | dilates pupil and paralyzes ciliary muscle, cyclopentolate, dilates pupil and paralyzes ciliary muscle, cyclopentolate
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| miotics | eye drops that cause the pupil of the eye to constrict
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| midriatics | dilate the pupil
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| petrous | (of bone especially the temporal bone) resembling stone in hardness
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| mastoid process | process of the temporal bone behind the ear at the base of the skull
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| pinna | the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear
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| auricle | the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear
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| external auditory canal | either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
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| cerumen | a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal
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| external auditory meatus | opening for the ear
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| tympanic membrane | the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound
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| ossicular chain | the three interconnected bones in the middle ear that conduct vibration from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea.
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| incus | the ossicle between the malleus and the stapes
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| stapes | the stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea
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| oval window | fenestra that has the base of the stapes attached to it
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| eustachian tube | either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx
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| labyrinth | inner ear
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| perilymph | the bodily fluid that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
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| endolymph | the bodily fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
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| vestibule | a large entrance or reception room or area
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| semicircular canals | three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement
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| cochlea | the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the Organ of Corti
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| utricle | a small pouch into which the semicircular canals open
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| saccule | a small sac or pouch (especially the smaller chamber of the membranous labyrinth)
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| macula | a yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision
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| crista ampullaris | A specialized receptor located within the semicircular canals that detects head movements
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| organ of Corti | organ located in the cochlea; contains receptors (hair cells) that receive vibrations and generate nerve impulses for hearing
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| cerumen | the wax-like substance secreted by glands in the external ear canal
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| otic | of or relating to near the ear
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| aural | of or related to the ear or the sense of hearing
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| tympanic | associated with the eardrum
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| salpingeal | of the eustachian tube
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| acoustic | pertaining to hearing
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| otalgia | pain in the ear
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| otorrhea | discharge from the ear
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| tinnitus | a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears
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| vertigo | a reeling sensation
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| macrotia | abnormally large ears
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| microtia | Abnormally small ears.
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| otitis externa | inflammation of the external ear (including auricle and ear canal)
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| cholesteatoma | cystlike mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol occurring in the middle ear; may be associated with chronic otitis media
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| infectious myringitis | Contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum
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| mastoiditis | inflammation of the mastoid process; most commonly seen as a result of the spread of inflammation and infection in otitis media
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| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear
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| otosclerosis | hereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness
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| labyrinthitis | inflammation of the inner ear
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| Meniere disease | disorder of the labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing
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| ruptured tympanic membrane | any type of tear or injury to the eardrum/possibly resulting from pressure, force, or insult from the exterior aspect
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| anacusis | without hearing, total absence of hearing
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| paracusis | partial loss or impaired hearing
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| presbycusis | gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
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| sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve
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| acoustic neuroma | benign tumor on the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve) that causes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss
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| otoscopy | visual examination of the ear, Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope
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| pure tone audiometry | Behavioural test to assess pure tone sensitivity (thresholds) of each ear in order to detect/describe peripheral HL. Compare air conduction and bone conduction, measurement of perception of pure tones with extrenous sound blocked out
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| rinne tuning fork test | method of distinguishing conductive from sensorineural hearing loss
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| speech audiometry | measurement of ability to hear and understand speech
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| tympanometry | measurement (of movement) of the tympanic membrane
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| UNHS | Universal Newborn Hearing Screening test
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| Weber tuning fork test | Test done by placing the stem of a vibrating tuning fork on the midline of the head and having the patient indicate in which ear the tone can be heard.
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| cochlear implant | a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
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| mastoidectomy | surgical removal of some or all of the mastoid process
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| otoplasty | reconstructive surgery of the auricle of the external ear
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| stapedectomy | surgical removal of the stapes of the middle ear
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| tympanoplasty | surgical repair of the eardrum
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| tympanostomy | Incision into the eardrum, most often for insertion of a small metal or plastic tube, the keep the meatus open, avoiding fluid buildup as that which occurs as a result of otitis media
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| tympanotomy | incision into the eardrum
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| ceruminolytics | cerumenex, debrox (softens excess cerumen)
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| ABR | Auditory Brainstem Response: Test needed for extremely young children to determine if they're profoundly deaf.
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| ASL | american sign language
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| ENT | Ear, Nose, Throat
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| AOE | Acute otitis externa
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