Language of Medicine Chapter 18 - Created by MTatHome.com
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| acromegaly | Enlargement of extremities due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
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| Addison disease | Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol.
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| adenectomy | Removal of a gland.
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| adenohypophysis | Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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| adrenal cortex | Outer section of each adrenal gland.
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| adrenal medulla | Inner section of each adrenal gland.
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| adrenal virilism | Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens.
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| adrenalectomy | Removal of an adrenal gland.
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| adrenaline | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine.
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone | Secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex; ACTH.
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| adrenocorticotropin | Adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH.
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| adrenopathy | Disease of the adrenal glands.
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| aldosterone | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance.
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| androgen | Male hormone responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics.
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| antidiuretic hormone | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes water reabsorption by the kidney.
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| calcitonin | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood.
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| catecholamines | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example.
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| corticosteroid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol and aldosterone are samples.
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| cortisol | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Cortisol raises blood sugar.
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| cretinism | Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to a lack of normal physical and mental growth.
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| Cushing syndrome | Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, and excess fat deposition in the body.
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| diabetes insipidus | Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); signs are polyuria and polydipsia.
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| diabetes mellitus | Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells.
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| dwarfism | Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
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| electrolyte | Substance that, in solution, carries an electric charge; examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and chloride (CI-).
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| endemic goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet.
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| endocrinologist | Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders.
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| epinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure.
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| estradiol | Estrogen secreted by the ovaries.
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| estrogen | Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex in both males and females.
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| euthyroid | Normal functioning of the thyroid gland.
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| exophthalmometry | Measurement of an eyeball protrusion.
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| exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism.
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| fasting blood sugar | The circulating glucose level is measured in a patient who has fasted for at least 4 hours. Fasting blood sugar is a test for diabetes mellitus.
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| follicle-stimulating hormone | Secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells.
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| gastroparesis | Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus.
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| gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues.
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| glucagon | Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose.
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| glucocorticoid | Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol is an example. It raises blood sugar.
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| glucose tolerance test | Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who had previously ingested glucose.
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| glycemic | Pertaining to blood sugar.
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| glycogen | Animal starch; glycogen is broken down (glycogenolysis) to produce sugar (glucose).
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| glycosuria | Sugar in urine.
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| goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
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| gonadotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes.
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| Graves disease | Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type of hyperthyroidism.
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| growth hormone | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; somatotropin. It stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues.
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| hirsutism | Excessive hair growth.
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| homeostasis | Tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability.
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| hormonal | Pertaining to a hormone.
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| hormone | Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland.
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| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the bloodstream; often due to hyperparathyroidism.
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| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in urine.
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| hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the blood.
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| hyperinsulinism | Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas.
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| hyperparathyroidism | Increased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands.
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| hyperthyroidism | Secretion by thyroid gland of a greater than normal amount of thyroxine (thyroid hormone, or T4).
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| hypocalcemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood.
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| hypoglycemia | Low levels of sugar in the blood.
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| hypogonadism | Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes).
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| hypokalemia | Low levels of potassium in the blood.
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| hyponatremia | Low levels of sodium in the blood.
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| hypoparathyroidism | Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands.
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| hypophysectomy | Removal of the pituitary gland.
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| hypophysis | Pituitary gland.
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| hypopituitarism | Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.
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| hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones.
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| hypothyroidism | Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.
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| insulin | Hormone secreted by the beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps sugar leave the blood and enter the cells.
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| ketoacidosis | High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (Type 1) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel.
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| luteinizing hormone (LH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and produce hormones.
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| mineralocorticoid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example.
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| myxedema | Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults.
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| neurohypophysis | Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin.
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| nodular goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland.
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| norepinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure as a part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic.
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| oxytocin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
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| pancreas | Endocrine (islet cells) and exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind the stomach.
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| pancreatectomy | Excision of the pancreas.
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| panhypopituitarism | Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones.
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| parathormone | Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium in the blood.
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| parathyroid glands | Four small endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland.
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| parathyroidectomy | Removal of parathyroid glands.
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| pheochromocytoma | Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o).
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| pineal gland | Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin.
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| pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain; anterior and posterior lobes secrete hormones.
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| polydipsia | Excessive thirst.
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| progesterone | Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
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| prolactin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion.
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| radioactive iodine uptake | Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function.
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| receptor | Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue.
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| sella turcica | Cavity in the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland.
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| somatotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone.
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| steroid | Complex substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids; estrogens, androgens, cortisol, and aldosterone).
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| sympathomimetic | Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones.
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| syndrome of inappropriate ADH | Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention.
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| target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones.
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| testosterone | Hormone secreted by the testes.
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| tetany | Constant muscles contractions; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism.
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| tetraiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4).
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| thyroid carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland.
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| thyroid function tests | Measurement of the thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream.
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| thyroid gland | Endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea.
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| thyroid scan | Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization of the thyroid gland with a scanning device.
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| thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland.
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| thyrotoxicosis | Hyperthyroidism (over activity of the thyroid gland).
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| thyrotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH.
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| thyroxine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase boy metabolism (t4).
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| triiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism; T3.
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| vasopressin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH.
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