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LOM Book Chapter 18
Language of Medicine Chapter 18 - Created by MTatHome.com
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acromegaly | Enlargement of extremities due to increased secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| Addison disease | Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; decreased secretion of aldosterone and cortisol. |
| adenectomy | Removal of a gland. |
| adenohypophysis | Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. |
| adrenal cortex | Outer section of each adrenal gland. |
| adrenal medulla | Inner section of each adrenal gland. |
| adrenal virilism | Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. |
| adrenalectomy | Removal of an adrenal gland. |
| adrenaline | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine. |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | Secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the adrenal cortex; ACTH. |
| adrenocorticotropin | Adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH. |
| adrenopathy | Disease of the adrenal glands. |
| aldosterone | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salt and water balance. |
| androgen | Male hormone responsible for developing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics. |
| antidiuretic hormone | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes water reabsorption by the kidney. |
| calcitonin | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; lowers calcium levels in the blood. |
| catecholamines | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla; epinephrine (adrenaline) is an example. |
| corticosteroid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol and aldosterone are samples. |
| cortisol | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates the use of sugars, fats, and proteins in cells. Cortisol raises blood sugar. |
| cretinism | Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leading to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. |
| Cushing syndrome | Group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, hyperglycemia, and excess fat deposition in the body. |
| diabetes insipidus | Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); signs are polyuria and polydipsia. |
| diabetes mellitus | Lack of insulin secretion (Type 1) or improper utilization of insulin by cells (Type 2) leading to a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in cells. |
| dwarfism | Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| electrolyte | Substance that, in solution, carries an electric charge; examples are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and chloride (CI-). |
| endemic goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in the diet. |
| endocrinologist | Medical specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders. |
| epinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure. |
| estradiol | Estrogen secreted by the ovaries. |
| estrogen | Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex in both males and females. |
| euthyroid | Normal functioning of the thyroid gland. |
| exophthalmometry | Measurement of an eyeball protrusion. |
| exophthalmos | Protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis); symptom of hyperthyroidism. |
| fasting blood sugar | The circulating glucose level is measured in a patient who has fasted for at least 4 hours. Fasting blood sugar is a test for diabetes mellitus. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | Secretion of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovarian follicles to produce egg cells. |
| gastroparesis | Loss of motility of the stomach muscles, occurring as a long-term secondary complication of diabetes mellitus. |
| gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues. |
| glucagon | Hormone secreted by the pancreas (alpha islet cells); increases blood glucose (sugar) by conversion of glycogen to glucose. |
| glucocorticoid | Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; cortisol is an example. It raises blood sugar. |
| glucose tolerance test | Measures the glucose levels in a blood sample taken at various intervals from a patient who had previously ingested glucose. |
| glycemic | Pertaining to blood sugar. |
| glycogen | Animal starch; glycogen is broken down (glycogenolysis) to produce sugar (glucose). |
| glycosuria | Sugar in urine. |
| goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland. |
| gonadotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and acting on the ovaries or testes. |
| Graves disease | Hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis. This is the most common type of hyperthyroidism. |
| growth hormone | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; somatotropin. It stimulates the growth of bones and soft tissues. |
| hirsutism | Excessive hair growth. |
| homeostasis | Tendency in an organism to return to a state of constancy and stability. |
| hormonal | Pertaining to a hormone. |
| hormone | Chemical secreted by an endocrine gland. |
| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the bloodstream; often due to hyperparathyroidism. |
| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in urine. |
| hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the blood. |
| hyperinsulinism | Increased secretion of insulin from the beta islet cells of the pancreas. |
| hyperparathyroidism | Increased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. |
| hyperthyroidism | Secretion by thyroid gland of a greater than normal amount of thyroxine (thyroid hormone, or T4). |
| hypocalcemia | Low levels of calcium in the blood. |
| hypoglycemia | Low levels of sugar in the blood. |
| hypogonadism | Deficient functioning of the gonads (ovaries or testes). |
| hypokalemia | Low levels of potassium in the blood. |
| hyponatremia | Low levels of sodium in the blood. |
| hypoparathyroidism | Decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands. |
| hypophysectomy | Removal of the pituitary gland. |
| hypophysis | Pituitary gland. |
| hypopituitarism | Deficient secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. |
| hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus, but above the pituitary gland. It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete and release hormones. |
| hypothyroidism | Decreased secretion of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. |
| insulin | Hormone secreted by the beta islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin helps sugar leave the blood and enter the cells. |
| ketoacidosis | High levels of acids (ketones) in the blood; occurring in diabetes mellitus (Type 1) when cells burn high levels of fats (producing ketones) because sugar is not available as fuel. |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and produce hormones. |
| mineralocorticoid | Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body. Aldosterone is an example. |
| myxedema | Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland in adults. |
| neurohypophysis | Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes oxytocin and vasopressin. |
| nodular goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to growth of nodules (adenomas) on the thyroid gland. |
| norepinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure as a part of the fight or flight reaction. It is a sympathomimetic. |
| oxytocin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth. |
| pancreas | Endocrine (islet cells) and exocrine (enzyme producing cells) gland behind the stomach. |
| pancreatectomy | Excision of the pancreas. |
| panhypopituitarism | Deficiency of all pituitary gland hormones. |
| parathormone | Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium in the blood. |
| parathyroid glands | Four small endocrine glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. |
| parathyroidectomy | Removal of parathyroid glands. |
| pheochromocytoma | Tumor of cells of the adrenal medulla; cells stain a dark (phe/o) or dusky color (chrom/o). |
| pineal gland | Small endocrine gland in the center of the brain; secretes melatonin. |
| pituitary gland | Endocrine gland at the base of the brain; anterior and posterior lobes secrete hormones. |
| polydipsia | Excessive thirst. |
| progesterone | Hormone secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy. |
| prolactin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion. |
| radioactive iodine uptake | Test to measure the amount of radioactive iodine taken up by the thyroid gland; indicator of thyroid gland function. |
| receptor | Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone to elicit a response by the targeted tissue. |
| sella turcica | Cavity in the base of the skull; contains the pituitary gland. |
| somatotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone. |
| steroid | Complex substance related to fat (sterols; many hormones are steroids; estrogens, androgens, cortisol, and aldosterone). |
| sympathomimetic | Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones. |
| syndrome of inappropriate ADH | Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) leading to water retention. |
| target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones. |
| testosterone | Hormone secreted by the testes. |
| tetany | Constant muscles contractions; associated with hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. |
| tetraiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increases body metabolism; thyroxine (T4). |
| thyroid carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland. |
| thyroid function tests | Measurement of the thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream. |
| thyroid gland | Endocrine gland in the neck on either side of the trachea. |
| thyroid scan | Administration of a radioactive compound and visualization of the thyroid gland with a scanning device. |
| thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland. |
| thyrotoxicosis | Hyperthyroidism (over activity of the thyroid gland). |
| thyrotropin | Hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Also called thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH. |
| thyroxine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland to increase boy metabolism (t4). |
| triiodothyronine | Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland (contains three atoms of iodine); stimulates body metabolism; T3. |
| vasopressin | Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water. Also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. |
Created by:
mtathome
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