Language of Medicine Chapter 15 - Created by MTatHome.com
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| abduction | Muscle movement away from the midline of the body.
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| acetabulum | Rounded depression or socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint.
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| acromion | Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder.
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| adduction | Muscle movement toward the midline of the body.
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Damage to nerves on the lateral (side) columns of the spinal cord and lower region of the brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis.
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| ankylosing spondylitis | Chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; marked by stiffness and eventual fusion (ankylosis) of involved joints.
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| ankylosis | Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
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| antinuclear antibody test | Detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
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| arthrocentesis | Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint.
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| arthrodesis | Surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement.
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| arthrography | X-ray imaging of a joint after injection of contrast material.
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| arthroplasty | Surgical repair of a joint (with prostheses); total hip replacement and total knee replacement are examples.
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| arthroscopy | Visual examination of the inside of joint with an endoscope.
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| arthrotomy | Incision of a joint.
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| articular cartilage | Thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space.
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| articulation | A connection between bones; joint.
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| atrophy | Wasting away (lack of development) of a normally developed organ or tissue (especially muscle).
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| blepharoptosis | Drooping of the upper eyelids.
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| bone density test | Low energy x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to determine bone density; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA).
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| bone scan | Uptake of a radioactive substance is measure in bone.
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| bunion | Abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and a bone of the foot.
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| bursa (pl. bursae) | Sac of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint.
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| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa surrounding a joint.
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| calcaneal | Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone).
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| calcaneus | Heel bone.
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| calcium | One of the mineral constituents of bone.
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| cancellous bone | Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone.
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as is passes between the ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist.
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| carpals | Bones of the wrist.
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| cartilage | Flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone.
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| cervical vertebrae | Seven backbones in the neck.
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| chondrocostal | Pertaining to cartilage that is attached to the ribs.
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| chondroma | Benign tumor of cartilage.
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| chondromalacia | Softening of cartilage.
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| clavicle | Collar bone.
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| coccyx | Tailbone.
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| collagen | Dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone.
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| Colles fracture | Broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius.
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| comminuted fracture | Broken bone that is splintered or crushed.
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| compact bone | Hard, dense bone tissue.
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| computed tomography | X-ray beam and a computer provide cross-sectional images of bones and soft tissue abnormalities.
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| condyle | Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint.
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| cranial bones | Bones of the skull; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones.
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| craniotome | Instrument to cut the skull (cranium).
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| craniotomy | Incision of the skull.
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| crepitus | Crackling sound produced when ends of bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage.
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| decalcification | Loss or removal of calcium from bones or teeth.
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| diaphysis | Shaft or mid-portion of a long bone.
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| discography | X-ray images of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disks after injection of contrast material into the interior of the disk.
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| dislocation | Displacement of a bone from its joint.
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| dorsiflexion | Backward (upward) bending of the foot.
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| electromyography | Process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.
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| epiphyseal plate | Layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place.
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| epiphysis | Each end of a long bone.
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| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | Measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube.
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| ethmoid bone | Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye.
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| Ewing sarcoma | Malignant bone tumor occurring in children.
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| fascia | Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle.
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| fasciectomy | Removal of fascia.
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| femoral | Pertaining to the femur.
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| femur | Thigh bone.
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| fibromyalgia | Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips, and knees.
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| fibula | Smaller of the two lower leg bones.
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| fibular | Pertaining to the fibula.
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| fissure | Narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones.
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| flexion | Decreasing the angle between two bones, as in bending a limb.
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| fontanelle | Soft spot between skull bones of an infant.
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| foramen | Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
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| fossa | Shallow cavity in a bone.
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| frontal bone | Skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes.
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| ganglion | Cystic mas arising from a tendon.
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| gouty arthritis | Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints.
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| Haversian canals | Minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone.
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| hemarthrosis | Condition of blood in a joint.
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| humeral | Pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone).
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| humerus | Upper arm bone.
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| hydrarthrosis | Condition of water or fluid in a joint.
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| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the blood.
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| hypertrophy | Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells.
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| hyperuricemia | Increase in uric acid in the blood.
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| Iliac | Pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone).
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| Ilium | Upper and largest portion of the pelvic (hip) bone.
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| impacted fracture | Broken bone in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other fragment.
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| ischium | Posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone.
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| kyphosis | Abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine.
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| lacrimal bones | Two small facial bones that contain tear glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts.
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| lamina | One of two posterior (back) arches of a vertebra.
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| laminectomy | Surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relive pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced intervertebral disk.
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| leiomyoma | Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle.
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| ligament | Connective tissue binding bones to other bones.
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| ligamentous | Pertaining to a ligament.
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| lordosis | Forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column. In its extreme form it is known as “swayback”.
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| lumbar vertebrae | Backbones (5) in the region of the waist (middle section below the chest).
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| lumbosacral | Pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions).
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| Lyme disease | Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neurologic and cardiac symptoms. It is caused by a deer tick and was first reported in Old Lyme, Connecticut.
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| magnetic resonance imaging | A magnetic field and radio waves create images of soft tissues and muscles.
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| malleolar | Pertaining to a malleolus.
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| malleolus | Either of two bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle.
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| mandible | Lower jaw bone.
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| mandibular | Pertaining to the lower jaw bone.
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| manubrium | Upper portion of the sternum.
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| mastoid process | Round projection (process) on the temporal bone behind the ear.
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| medullary cavity | Inner section of a bone containing soft bone marrow tissue.
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| metacarpals | Hand bones.
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| metaphysis | Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone.
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| metatarsalgia | Foot pain.
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| metatarsals | Foot bones.
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| muscle biopsy | Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination.
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| muscular dystrophy | Group of inherited disorders marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers.
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| myalgia | Muscle pain.
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| myelopoiesis | Formation of bone marrow.
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| myopathy | Disease of muscles.
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| myositis | Inflammation of muscles.
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| nasal bone | One of two facial bones that form the nose.
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| occipital bone | Forms the posterior portion of the skull.
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| olecranal | Pertaining to the elbow (olecranon).
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| olecranon | Large process on the end (proximal) of the ulna; elbow.
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| orthopedics | Surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting and treating deformities and diseases in bones.
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| osseous tissue | Bone tissue.
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| ossification | Process of forming bone.
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| osteitis | Inflammation of bone.
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| osteoarthritis | Inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space.
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| osteoblast | Bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue.
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| osteoclast | Large bone cell that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing of fractures.
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| osteodystrophy | Abnormal development of bone.
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| osteogenesis imperfect | Congenital bone disease in which bones are unusually brittle and fragile.
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| osteogenic sarcoma | Malignant (cancerous) tumor of bone tissue.
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| osteomalacia | Softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone; rickets.
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| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow.
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| osteopenia | Deficiency of bone tissue caused by destruction of bone tissue that exceeds the rate of bone matrix growth.
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| osteoporosis | Abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. Bones become thin, weak, brittle, and break easily.
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| osteotome | Instrument to cut bone.
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| parietal bones | Two bones on either side of the skull.
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| patella | Kneecap.
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| pelvimetry | Measurement of the hip bone to determine if delivery of the infant through the vagina is possible.
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| periosteum | Membrane surrounding bones.
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| peroneal | Pertaining to the fibula.
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| phalangeal | Pertaining to finger and toe bones.
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| phalanges | Finger and toe bones.
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| phosphorus | Mineral found in bones and teeth.
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| plantar flexion | Motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground.
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| podagra | Foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis).
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| polyarthritis | Inflammation of many joints.
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| polymyalgia | Pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips.
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| polymyositis | Inflammation of many muscles.
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| pronation | As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward or down.
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| pubic symphysis | Area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone. It is a slightly movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage.
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| pubis | One of two bones forming the front portion of the hipbone.
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| pyrexia | Fever
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| radial | Pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist).
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| radius | One of two bones in the lower arm (connecting to the wrist on the thumb side).
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| red bone matter | Soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis.
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| reduction | Reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture.
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| rhabdomyoma | Benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle (attached to bones).
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| rhabdomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle.
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| rheumatoid arthritis | Chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane).
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| rheumatoid factor test | Serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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| rheumatologist | Medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders.
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| ribs | Twelve pairs of curved, elongated bones in the chest.
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| rotation | Circular movement around an axis (central point).
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| sacral vertebrae | Bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region).
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| scapula | Shoulder blade.
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| scapular | Pertaining to the shoulder blade.
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| scoliosis | Abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.
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| sella turcica | Depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland.
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| serum calcium | Measurement of calcium in serum.
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| serum creatine kinase | Measurement of an enzyme (creatine) in serum; increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and traumatic injuries.
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| sinus | Hollow, air cavity within a bone.
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| sphenoid bone | Bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull.
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| spondylolisthesis | Forward slipping or subluxation of one vertebra over another.
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| spondylosis | Abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints.
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| sprain | Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments.
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| sternum | Breast bone.
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| strain | Muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle with pain and swelling.
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| striated muscle | Composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated); attached to bones (voluntary or skeletal muscle).
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| styloid process | Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull.
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| subcostal | Pertaining to under the ribs.
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| subluxation | Partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint.
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| subpatellar | Pertaining to under the patella (knee cap).
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| supination | As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward or up.
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| supraclavicular | Pertaining to above the clavicle (collar bone).
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| suture | Immovable, fibrous joint, as between bones of the skull.
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| suture joint | Joint in which apposed bones are closely united.
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| synovial cavity | Space between bones at a synovial joint. It contains synovial fluid.
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| synovial fluid | Sticky (viscous) fluid within the joint space (synovial cavity).
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| synovial joint | Freely movable joint.
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| synovial membrane | Membrane lining the synovial joint cavity; produces synovial fluid.
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| synovitis | Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint.
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| systemic lupus erythematosus | Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, blood vessels, and other organs; marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembled the bite of a wolf (lupus).
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| talipes | Club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot.
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| tarsals | Ankle bones.
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| tarsectomy | Removal of an anklebone.
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| temporal bones | Two bones on each side of the skull near the ear.
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| temporomandibular joint | Connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone).
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| tendinitis | Inflammation of tendons; tendonitis.
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| tendon | A type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.
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| tenorrhaphy | Suture of a tendon.
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| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering.
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| thoracic vertebrae | Twelve backbones in the region of the chest.
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| tibia | Larger of the two lower leg bones.
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| tibial | Pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones.
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| trabeculae | Supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone.
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| trochanter | Large process at the neck of the femur (thigh bone).
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| tubercle | Small, rounded process on a bone.
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| tuberosity | Large, rounded process on a bone.
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| ulna | One of two bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side.
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| ulnar | Pertaining to the ulna.
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| uric acid test | Measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis.
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| vertebra (pl. vertebrae) | A backbone.
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| vomer | Thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils.
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| xiphoid process | Lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone).
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| yellow bone matter | Fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones.
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| zygomatic bones | Cheekbones of the face.
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