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LOM Book Chapter 15
Language of Medicine Chapter 15 - Created by MTatHome.com
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abduction | Muscle movement away from the midline of the body. |
| acetabulum | Rounded depression or socket in the pelvis, which joins the femur forming the hip joint. |
| acromion | Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. |
| adduction | Muscle movement toward the midline of the body. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Damage to nerves on the lateral (side) columns of the spinal cord and lower region of the brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis. |
| ankylosing spondylitis | Chronic inflammatory joint disease involving the backbones; marked by stiffness and eventual fusion (ankylosis) of involved joints. |
| ankylosis | Immobility (fusion) of a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure. |
| antinuclear antibody test | Detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. |
| arthrocentesis | Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint. |
| arthrodesis | Surgical fusion of a joint to eliminate movement. |
| arthrography | X-ray imaging of a joint after injection of contrast material. |
| arthroplasty | Surgical repair of a joint (with prostheses); total hip replacement and total knee replacement are examples. |
| arthroscopy | Visual examination of the inside of joint with an endoscope. |
| arthrotomy | Incision of a joint. |
| articular cartilage | Thin layer of cartilage surrounding the bones in the joint space. |
| articulation | A connection between bones; joint. |
| atrophy | Wasting away (lack of development) of a normally developed organ or tissue (especially muscle). |
| blepharoptosis | Drooping of the upper eyelids. |
| bone density test | Low energy x-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to determine bone density; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA). |
| bone scan | Uptake of a radioactive substance is measure in bone. |
| bunion | Abnormal swelling of the joint between the big toe and a bone of the foot. |
| bursa (pl. bursae) | Sac of fluid between tendons and bones near a joint. |
| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa surrounding a joint. |
| calcaneal | Pertaining to the calcaneus (heel bone). |
| calcaneus | Heel bone. |
| calcium | One of the mineral constituents of bone. |
| cancellous bone | Spongy, porous bone tissue in the inner part of a bone. |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as is passes between the ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist. |
| carpals | Bones of the wrist. |
| cartilage | Flexible, connective tissue that is firmer than muscle, yet softer than bone. |
| cervical vertebrae | Seven backbones in the neck. |
| chondrocostal | Pertaining to cartilage that is attached to the ribs. |
| chondroma | Benign tumor of cartilage. |
| chondromalacia | Softening of cartilage. |
| clavicle | Collar bone. |
| coccyx | Tailbone. |
| collagen | Dense connective tissue strands of protein found in bone. |
| Colles fracture | Broken bone occurring in the wrist at the lower end of the radius. |
| comminuted fracture | Broken bone that is splintered or crushed. |
| compact bone | Hard, dense bone tissue. |
| computed tomography | X-ray beam and a computer provide cross-sectional images of bones and soft tissue abnormalities. |
| condyle | Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint. |
| cranial bones | Bones of the skull; ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. |
| craniotome | Instrument to cut the skull (cranium). |
| craniotomy | Incision of the skull. |
| crepitus | Crackling sound produced when ends of bone rub against each other or against roughened cartilage. |
| decalcification | Loss or removal of calcium from bones or teeth. |
| diaphysis | Shaft or mid-portion of a long bone. |
| discography | X-ray images of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disks after injection of contrast material into the interior of the disk. |
| dislocation | Displacement of a bone from its joint. |
| dorsiflexion | Backward (upward) bending of the foot. |
| electromyography | Process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation. |
| epiphyseal plate | Layer of cartilage at the ends of long bones where lengthwise bone growth takes place. |
| epiphysis | Each end of a long bone. |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate | Measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube. |
| ethmoid bone | Thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eye. |
| Ewing sarcoma | Malignant bone tumor occurring in children. |
| fascia | Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscle. |
| fasciectomy | Removal of fascia. |
| femoral | Pertaining to the femur. |
| femur | Thigh bone. |
| fibromyalgia | Chronic pain and stiffness in muscles and fibrous tissue, especially in the shoulders, neck, hips, and knees. |
| fibula | Smaller of the two lower leg bones. |
| fibular | Pertaining to the fibula. |
| fissure | Narrow, slit-like opening in or between bones. |
| flexion | Decreasing the angle between two bones, as in bending a limb. |
| fontanelle | Soft spot between skull bones of an infant. |
| foramen | Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave. |
| fossa | Shallow cavity in a bone. |
| frontal bone | Skull bone that forms the forehead and bony sockets that contain the eyes. |
| ganglion | Cystic mas arising from a tendon. |
| gouty arthritis | Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the blood and uric acid crystals deposited in joints. |
| Haversian canals | Minute spaces for blood vessels in compact bone. |
| hemarthrosis | Condition of blood in a joint. |
| humeral | Pertaining to the humerus (upper arm bone). |
| humerus | Upper arm bone. |
| hydrarthrosis | Condition of water or fluid in a joint. |
| hypercalcemia | High levels of calcium in the blood. |
| hypertrophy | Increase in size of tissue or an organ due to increase in size of individual cells. |
| hyperuricemia | Increase in uric acid in the blood. |
| Iliac | Pertaining to the ilium (upper and largest portion of the pelvic bone). |
| Ilium | Upper and largest portion of the pelvic (hip) bone. |
| impacted fracture | Broken bone in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other fragment. |
| ischium | Posterior (back) portion of the pelvic (hip) bone. |
| kyphosis | Abnormal condition of outward curvature (convexity) of the thoracic spine. |
| lacrimal bones | Two small facial bones that contain tear glands and canals for the passage of tear ducts. |
| lamina | One of two posterior (back) arches of a vertebra. |
| laminectomy | Surgical removal of the posterior portion of a vertebra to relive pressure on a spinal nerve or spinal cord from a displaced intervertebral disk. |
| leiomyoma | Benign tumor of smooth, involuntary muscle. |
| ligament | Connective tissue binding bones to other bones. |
| ligamentous | Pertaining to a ligament. |
| lordosis | Forward curvature of the lumbar spinal column. In its extreme form it is known as “swayback”. |
| lumbar vertebrae | Backbones (5) in the region of the waist (middle section below the chest). |
| lumbosacral | Pertaining to the lower bones of the back (lumbar and sacral regions). |
| Lyme disease | Chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgias, neurologic and cardiac symptoms. It is caused by a deer tick and was first reported in Old Lyme, Connecticut. |
| magnetic resonance imaging | A magnetic field and radio waves create images of soft tissues and muscles. |
| malleolar | Pertaining to a malleolus. |
| malleolus | Either of two bony enlargements (processes) on each side of an ankle. |
| mandible | Lower jaw bone. |
| mandibular | Pertaining to the lower jaw bone. |
| manubrium | Upper portion of the sternum. |
| mastoid process | Round projection (process) on the temporal bone behind the ear. |
| medullary cavity | Inner section of a bone containing soft bone marrow tissue. |
| metacarpals | Hand bones. |
| metaphysis | Flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone and the epiphyseal plate at the end of the bone. |
| metatarsalgia | Foot pain. |
| metatarsals | Foot bones. |
| muscle biopsy | Removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination. |
| muscular dystrophy | Group of inherited disorders marked by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers. |
| myalgia | Muscle pain. |
| myelopoiesis | Formation of bone marrow. |
| myopathy | Disease of muscles. |
| myositis | Inflammation of muscles. |
| nasal bone | One of two facial bones that form the nose. |
| occipital bone | Forms the posterior portion of the skull. |
| olecranal | Pertaining to the elbow (olecranon). |
| olecranon | Large process on the end (proximal) of the ulna; elbow. |
| orthopedics | Surgical specialty devoted to straightening, correcting and treating deformities and diseases in bones. |
| osseous tissue | Bone tissue. |
| ossification | Process of forming bone. |
| osteitis | Inflammation of bone. |
| osteoarthritis | Inflammation of bones and joints with degeneration of cartilage in the joint space. |
| osteoblast | Bone cell responsible for forming bony tissue. |
| osteoclast | Large bone cell that functions to absorb and remove unwanted bony tissue during growth and healing of fractures. |
| osteodystrophy | Abnormal development of bone. |
| osteogenesis imperfect | Congenital bone disease in which bones are unusually brittle and fragile. |
| osteogenic sarcoma | Malignant (cancerous) tumor of bone tissue. |
| osteomalacia | Softening of bones with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in bone; rickets. |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of bone and bone marrow. |
| osteopenia | Deficiency of bone tissue caused by destruction of bone tissue that exceeds the rate of bone matrix growth. |
| osteoporosis | Abnormal condition of increased loss of bony tissue. Bones become thin, weak, brittle, and break easily. |
| osteotome | Instrument to cut bone. |
| parietal bones | Two bones on either side of the skull. |
| patella | Kneecap. |
| pelvimetry | Measurement of the hip bone to determine if delivery of the infant through the vagina is possible. |
| periosteum | Membrane surrounding bones. |
| peroneal | Pertaining to the fibula. |
| phalangeal | Pertaining to finger and toe bones. |
| phalanges | Finger and toe bones. |
| phosphorus | Mineral found in bones and teeth. |
| plantar flexion | Motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground. |
| podagra | Foot pain that occurs in the joint of the big toe in gout (gouty arthritis). |
| polyarthritis | Inflammation of many joints. |
| polymyalgia | Pain of many (several) muscles, especially in the shoulders and hips. |
| polymyositis | Inflammation of many muscles. |
| pronation | As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward or down. |
| pubic symphysis | Area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the midline of the pelvic bone. It is a slightly movable joint separated by a disk of fibrocartilage. |
| pubis | One of two bones forming the front portion of the hipbone. |
| pyrexia | Fever |
| radial | Pertaining to the radius, a bone in the lower arm (thumb side of the wrist). |
| radius | One of two bones in the lower arm (connecting to the wrist on the thumb side). |
| red bone matter | Soft bone tissue in spongy, cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis. |
| reduction | Reconnection of a bone to its normal position after a fracture. |
| rhabdomyoma | Benign tumor of striated, voluntary muscle (attached to bones). |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | Malignant tumor of striated, voluntary muscle. |
| rheumatoid arthritis | Chronic inflammatory and painful disease of joints; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissues (synovial membrane). |
| rheumatoid factor test | Serum (blood minus clotting proteins and cells) is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. |
| rheumatologist | Medical doctor specializing in diagnosis and treatment of joint disorders. |
| ribs | Twelve pairs of curved, elongated bones in the chest. |
| rotation | Circular movement around an axis (central point). |
| sacral vertebrae | Bones of the sacrum (lower back below the lumbar region). |
| scapula | Shoulder blade. |
| scapular | Pertaining to the shoulder blade. |
| scoliosis | Abnormal condition of lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. |
| sella turcica | Depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull; location of the pituitary gland. |
| serum calcium | Measurement of calcium in serum. |
| serum creatine kinase | Measurement of an enzyme (creatine) in serum; increased levels occur in muscular dystrophy, polymyositis, and traumatic injuries. |
| sinus | Hollow, air cavity within a bone. |
| sphenoid bone | Bat-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull. |
| spondylolisthesis | Forward slipping or subluxation of one vertebra over another. |
| spondylosis | Abnormal condition of the spine (vertebral column) characterized by stiffness and fixation of vertebral joints. |
| sprain | Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments. |
| sternum | Breast bone. |
| strain | Muscle injury involving overstretching of muscle with pain and swelling. |
| striated muscle | Composed of bands of fibers that make the muscle look striped (striated); attached to bones (voluntary or skeletal muscle). |
| styloid process | Pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull. |
| subcostal | Pertaining to under the ribs. |
| subluxation | Partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its joint. |
| subpatellar | Pertaining to under the patella (knee cap). |
| supination | As applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward or up. |
| supraclavicular | Pertaining to above the clavicle (collar bone). |
| suture | Immovable, fibrous joint, as between bones of the skull. |
| suture joint | Joint in which apposed bones are closely united. |
| synovial cavity | Space between bones at a synovial joint. It contains synovial fluid. |
| synovial fluid | Sticky (viscous) fluid within the joint space (synovial cavity). |
| synovial joint | Freely movable joint. |
| synovial membrane | Membrane lining the synovial joint cavity; produces synovial fluid. |
| synovitis | Inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the synovial joint. |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, blood vessels, and other organs; marked by a reddish (erythematous) facial rash that resembled the bite of a wolf (lupus). |
| talipes | Club foot; foot is fixed in an abnormal position due to a congenital deformity of the ankle and foot. |
| tarsals | Ankle bones. |
| tarsectomy | Removal of an anklebone. |
| temporal bones | Two bones on each side of the skull near the ear. |
| temporomandibular joint | Connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone). |
| tendinitis | Inflammation of tendons; tendonitis. |
| tendon | A type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones. |
| tenorrhaphy | Suture of a tendon. |
| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering. |
| thoracic vertebrae | Twelve backbones in the region of the chest. |
| tibia | Larger of the two lower leg bones. |
| tibial | Pertaining to the larger of the two lower leg bones. |
| trabeculae | Supporting bundles of fibers in cancellous, spongy (soft) bone. |
| trochanter | Large process at the neck of the femur (thigh bone). |
| tubercle | Small, rounded process on a bone. |
| tuberosity | Large, rounded process on a bone. |
| ulna | One of two bones in the lower arm; connects to the wrist on the little finger side. |
| ulnar | Pertaining to the ulna. |
| uric acid test | Measurement of uric acid in serum; high levels are associated with gouty arthritis. |
| vertebra (pl. vertebrae) | A backbone. |
| vomer | Thin plate of bone that forms part of the nasal septum, which is the wall separating the nostrils. |
| xiphoid process | Lower, narrow portion of the sternum (breastbone). |
| yellow bone matter | Fatty tissue in the shaft of long bones. |
| zygomatic bones | Cheekbones of the face. |
Created by:
mtathome
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