Language of Medicine Chapter 10 - Created by MTatHome.com
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| absence seizure | Minor form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of contact with the environment; petit mal seizure.
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| acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
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| afferent nerves | Carry nervous impulses toward the brain and spinal cord; sensory nerves.
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| akinetic | Pertaining to loss or absence of voluntary movement.
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| Alzheimer disease | Brain disorder marked by progressive, gradual mental deterioration (dementia) along with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.
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| analgesia | Absence of sensitivity to pain.
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| anencephaly | Congenital condition of partial or complete absence of brain matter.
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| anesthesia | Lack of feeling or sensation.
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| aneurysm | Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
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| aphasia | Inability to speak; language function is impaired due to injury to the cerebral cortex.
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| apraxia | Inability to perform purposeful acts or manipulate objects.
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| arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
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| astrocyte | Glial (neuroglial) cell that transports salts and water from capillaries.
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| astrocytoma | Brain tumor composed of astrocytes (glial cells). The most serious of these tumors is a glioblastoma multiforme (Grades III and IV malignant brain tumor).
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| ataxia | Without coordination.
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| aura | Peculiar sensation appearing before more definite symptoms.
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| autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
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| axon | Microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
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| Bell palsy | Unilateral paralysis of the face caused by a disorder of the facial nerve.
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| blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels that let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
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| bradykinesia | Slow movement.
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| brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
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| cauda equine | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
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| causalgia | Intensely unpleasant burning pain in a limb following damage to nerves.
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| cell body | Part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains the nucleus.
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| central nervous system | Brain and spinal cord.
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| cephalgia | Head pain; headache.
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| cerebellar | Pertaining to the cerebellum.
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| cerebellopontine | Pertaining to the cerebellum and pons.
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| cerebellum | Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
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| cerebral angiography | X-ray record of blood vessels in the brain after intravenous injection of contrast material.
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| cerebral concussion | Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury; usually clearing within 24 hours.
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| cerebral contusion | Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic disorder persists longer than 24 hours.
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| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum.
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| cerebral hemorrhage | Bursting of an artery in the brain.
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| cerebral palsy | Partial paralysis and muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.
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| cerebrospinal fluid | Clear, watery fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
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| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of cerebrospinal fluid are examined for blood cells, protein, glucose, tumor cells, bacteria and other substances.
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
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| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory, among other functions.
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| coma | State of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused.
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| comatose | Pertaining to a coma.
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| computed tomography | Cross-sectional x-ray imaging of an organ (such as the brain or spinal cord), with or without contrast material.
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| cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain.
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| dementia | Mental decline and deterioration.
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| demyelination | Destruction of myelin on axons of nerves (as in multiple sclerosis).
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| dendrite | Microscopic branching portion of a nerve cell; first part of the nerve cell to receive the nervous impulse.
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| dopamine | Neurotransmitter in the central nervous system; deficient in patients with Parkinson disease.
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| doppler/ultrasound studies | Sound waves are used to detect blood flow in arteries within the brain and leading to the brain.
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| dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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| dyskinesia | Impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements.
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| dyslexia | Difficulty in reading, writing, and learning.
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| efferent nerves | Carry messages away from the brain, the spinal cord; motor nerves.
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| electroencephalography (EEG) | Process of recording the electricity within the brain.
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| embolus | Blood clot that is carried by the bloodstream from one area of the body to another where it blocks a blood vessel.
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| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain.
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| encephalopathy | Disease of the brain.
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| ependymal cell | A glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.
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| epidural hematoma | Collection of blood located above the dura mater.
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| epilepsy | Brain disorder marked by recurrent attacks (seizures) of abnormal nervous impulses.
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| gait | Manner of walking.
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| ganglion | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system; plural is ganglia.
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| glial cell | Nervous system cell that is supportive and connective in function; Astrocyte, microglial cell, and ependymal cell.
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| glioblastoma | Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain.
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| glioblastoma multiforme | Highly malignant brain tumor composed of glial cells (astrocytes).
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| gyrus | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum.
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| hemiparesis | Slight paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
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| hemiplegia | Paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
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| herpes zoster | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
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| HIV encephalopathy | Disease of the brain (dementia) caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
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| Huntington disease | Hereditary disorder affecting the cerebrum and involving abrupt, involuntary, jerking movements, and mental deterioration in later stages.
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| hydrocephalus | Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (canals) of the brain.
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| hypalgesia | Diminished sensitivity to pain.
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| hyperesthesia | Excessive sensitivity or feeling, especially of the skin in response to touch or pain.
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| hyperkinesis | Excessive movement.
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| hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
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| ictal event | Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsion of an epileptic seizure.
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| intrathecal | Pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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| leptomeningitis | Inflammation of the two thinner membranes (arachnoid and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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| lumbar puncture | Withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae; spinal tap.
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| magnetic resonance imaging | Magnetic and radio waves create an image of an organ three planes of the body. The brain and spinal cord can be imaged to detect lesions.
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| medulla oblongata | Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing heartbeat, and size of blood vessels.
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| meningeal | Pertaining to meninges.
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| meninges | Three membranes surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.
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| meningioma | Tumor (benign) of the meninges.
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| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges.
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| meningocele | Hernia of the meninges through a defect or space between vertebrae, a form of spina bifida cystica.
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| microglial cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
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| migraine | A severe headache, often unilateral, and sometimes is accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
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| motor nerves | Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.
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| multiple sclerosis | Chronic neurologic disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons in the CNS and replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue.
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| myasthenia gravis | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
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| myelin sheath | Fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell.
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| myelogram | X-ray record (with contrast) of the spinal cord.
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| myelomeningocele | Congenital hernia (protrusion) of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect (gap) in the vertebral column. This defect is often associated with spina bifida.
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| myoneural | Pertaining to muscle and nerve.
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| narcolepsy | Sudden seizures of sleep.
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| nerve | Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses.
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| neuralgia | Nerve pain.
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| neurasthenia | Lack of strength in nerves; a feeling of weakness and exhaustion.
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| neuroglia | Supporting cells (stroma) of the nervous system; glial cells.
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| neuron | Nerve cell.
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| neuropathy | Disease of nerves; primarily in the peripheral nervous system.
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| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell.
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| occlusion | Blockage or obstruction.
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| oligodendroglial cell | Glial (neuroglial) cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron.
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| palliative | Relieving symptoms, but not curative.
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| palsy | Paralysis.
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| paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower part of the body and both legs.
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| parasympathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
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| parenchyma | Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons (nerve cells) are the parenchyma of the nervous system.
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| paresis | Slight paralysis.
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| paresthesia | Abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause. Examples are tingling, numbness or prickling sensations.
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| Parkinson disease | Degeneration of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter, dopamine in the brain; leads to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
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| peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
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| pia mater | Thin, delicate, and innermost membrane of the meninges.
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| plexus | Network of nerves, outside of the central nervous system; brachial, cervical, and lumbosacral plexuses are examples.
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| poliomyelitis | Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
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| polyneuritis | Inflammation of many nerves.
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| pons | Part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain. The pons connects the upper and lower portions of the brain.
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| positron emission tomography | Computerized radiologic procedure using radioactive glucose or oxygen to image the metabolic activity of cells, such as brain cells.
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs; both arms and both legs.
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| radiculitis | Inflammation of a spinal nerve root.
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| radiculopathy | Disease of a spinal nerve root.
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| receptor | Organ that receives nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves that carry the stimulation to the brain and spinal cord; skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds.
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| sciatic nerve | Extends from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain along the course of the nerve.
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| sensory nerves | Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerves.
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| shingles | Viral (herpes zoster) illness that affects peripheral nerves; produces blisters and pain on the skin overlying the path of peripheral nerves.
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| spina bifida | Congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts; spinal cord and meninges may herniate through the vertebral gap.
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| spinal nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin.
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| stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.
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| stimulus | Agent of change (light, sound, and touch) that evokes a response.
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| stroma | Connective and supportive tissue of an organ.
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| subdural hematoma | Collection of blood in the space below the dura mater surrounding the brain.
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| sulcus | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
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| sympathetic nerves | Autonomic nerves that activate responses in times of stress; heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure are affected.
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| synapse | Space between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscle and glandular cells.
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| syncopal | Pertaining to syncope (fainting).
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| syncope | Fainting; temporary loss of consciousness.
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| thalamic | Pertaining to the thalamus.
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| thalamus | Main relay center of the brain; located in the central region or diencephalon of the brain.
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| thrombosis | Abnormal condition of clot formation in a blood vessel.
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| tic | Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face.
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| tonic-clonic seizure | A major seizure affecting the brain in epilepsy; grand-mal seizure.
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| Tourette syndrome | Neurologic disorder characterized by multiple facial and other body tics.
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| transient ischemic attack | Fleeting episode of ischemia (holding back blood) in the brain.
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| trigeminal neuralgia | Flashes of stab like pain along the course of a branch of the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve). The trigeminal nerve has branches to the eye, upper jaw and lower jaw.
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| vagal | Pertaining to the vagus nerve.
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| vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve with branches to the chest and abdominal organs.
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| ventricles of the brain | Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) filled canals in the brain.
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