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LOM Book Chapter 10

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Doug Best's Medical Terminology On-Line Class - 2/09

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Question	Answer
absence seizure	Minor form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of contact with the environment; petit mal seizure.
acetylcholine	Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
afferent nerves	Carry nervous impulses toward the brain and spinal cord; sensory nerves.
akinetic	Pertaining to loss or absence of voluntary movement.
Alzheimer disease	Brain disorder marked by progressive, gradual mental deterioration (dementia) along with personality changes and impairment of daily functioning.
analgesia	Absence of sensitivity to pain.
anencephaly	Congenital condition of partial or complete absence of brain matter.
anesthesia	Lack of feeling or sensation.
aneurysm	Weakening of an arterial wall, which may lead to hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
aphasia	Inability to speak; language function is impaired due to injury to the cerebral cortex.
apraxia	Inability to perform purposeful acts or manipulate objects.
arachnoid membrane	Middle layer of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
astrocyte	Glial (neuroglial) cell that transports salts and water from capillaries.
astrocytoma	Brain tumor composed of astrocytes (glial cells). The most serious of these tumors is a glioblastoma multiforme (Grades III and IV malignant brain tumor).
ataxia	Without coordination.
aura	Peculiar sensation appearing before more definite symptoms.
autonomic nervous system	Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
axon	Microscopic fiber that carries a nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
Bell palsy	Unilateral paralysis of the face caused by a disorder of the facial nerve.
blood-brain barrier	Blood vessels that let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out.
bradykinesia	Slow movement.
brainstem	Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord.
cauda equine	Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
causalgia	Intensely unpleasant burning pain in a limb following damage to nerves.
cell body	Part of the nerve cell (neuron) that contains the nucleus.
central nervous system	Brain and spinal cord.
cephalgia	Head pain; headache.
cerebellar	Pertaining to the cerebellum.
cerebellopontine	Pertaining to the cerebellum and pons.
cerebellum	Part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
cerebral angiography	X-ray record of blood vessels in the brain after intravenous injection of contrast material.
cerebral concussion	Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury; usually clearing within 24 hours.
cerebral contusion	Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic disorder persists longer than 24 hours.
cerebral cortex	Outer region of the cerebrum.
cerebral hemorrhage	Bursting of an artery in the brain.
cerebral palsy	Partial paralysis and muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period.
cerebrospinal fluid	Clear, watery fluid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
cerebrospinal fluid analysis	Samples of cerebrospinal fluid are examined for blood cells, protein, glucose, tumor cells, bacteria and other substances.
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)	Disruption of the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
cerebrum	Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought and memory, among other functions.
coma	State of unconsciousness from which a patient cannot be aroused.
comatose	Pertaining to a coma.
computed tomography	Cross-sectional x-ray imaging of an organ (such as the brain or spinal cord), with or without contrast material.
cranial nerves	Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain.
dementia	Mental decline and deterioration.
demyelination	Destruction of myelin on axons of nerves (as in multiple sclerosis).
dendrite	Microscopic branching portion of a nerve cell; first part of the nerve cell to receive the nervous impulse.
dopamine	Neurotransmitter in the central nervous system; deficient in patients with Parkinson disease.
doppler/ultrasound studies	Sound waves are used to detect blood flow in arteries within the brain and leading to the brain.
dura mater	Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
dyskinesia	Impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements.
dyslexia	Difficulty in reading, writing, and learning.
efferent nerves	Carry messages away from the brain, the spinal cord; motor nerves.
electroencephalography (EEG)	Process of recording the electricity within the brain.
embolus	Blood clot that is carried by the bloodstream from one area of the body to another where it blocks a blood vessel.
encephalitis	Inflammation of the brain.
encephalopathy	Disease of the brain.
ependymal cell	A glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid.
epidural hematoma	Collection of blood located above the dura mater.
epilepsy	Brain disorder marked by recurrent attacks (seizures) of abnormal nervous impulses.
gait	Manner of walking.
ganglion	Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system; plural is ganglia.
glial cell	Nervous system cell that is supportive and connective in function; Astrocyte, microglial cell, and ependymal cell.
glioblastoma	Rapidly growing malignant tumor of the brain.
glioblastoma multiforme	Highly malignant brain tumor composed of glial cells (astrocytes).
gyrus	Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebrum.
hemiparesis	Slight paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
hemiplegia	Paralysis of the right or left half of the body.
herpes zoster	Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.
HIV encephalopathy	Disease of the brain (dementia) caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
Huntington disease	Hereditary disorder affecting the cerebrum and involving abrupt, involuntary, jerking movements, and mental deterioration in later stages.
hydrocephalus	Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (canals) of the brain.
hypalgesia	Diminished sensitivity to pain.
hyperesthesia	Excessive sensitivity or feeling, especially of the skin in response to touch or pain.
hyperkinesis	Excessive movement.
hypothalamus	Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
ictal event	Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as the convulsion of an epileptic seizure.
intrathecal	Pertaining to within the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
leptomeningitis	Inflammation of the two thinner membranes (arachnoid and pia mater) surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
lumbar puncture	Withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space between two lumbar vertebrae; spinal tap.
magnetic resonance imaging	Magnetic and radio waves create an image of an organ three planes of the body. The brain and spinal cord can be imaged to detect lesions.
medulla oblongata	Lower part of the brain, closest to the spinal cord; controls breathing heartbeat, and size of blood vessels.
meningeal	Pertaining to meninges.
meninges	Three membranes surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.
meningioma	Tumor (benign) of the meninges.
meningitis	Inflammation of the meninges.
meningocele	Hernia of the meninges through a defect or space between vertebrae, a form of spina bifida cystica.
microglial cell	Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
migraine	A severe headache, often unilateral, and sometimes is accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
motor nerves	Carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles.
multiple sclerosis	Chronic neurologic disorder marked by destruction of the myelin sheath on neuronal axons in the CNS and replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue.
myasthenia gravis	Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.
myelin sheath	Fatty, white covering over the axon of a nerve cell.
myelogram	X-ray record (with contrast) of the spinal cord.
myelomeningocele	Congenital hernia (protrusion) of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect (gap) in the vertebral column. This defect is often associated with spina bifida.
myoneural	Pertaining to muscle and nerve.
narcolepsy	Sudden seizures of sleep.
nerve	Macroscopic cordlike collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses.
neuralgia	Nerve pain.
neurasthenia	Lack of strength in nerves; a feeling of weakness and exhaustion.
neuroglia	Supporting cells (stroma) of the nervous system; glial cells.
neuron	Nerve cell.
neuropathy	Disease of nerves; primarily in the peripheral nervous system.
neurotransmitter	Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell.
occlusion	Blockage or obstruction.
oligodendroglial cell	Glial (neuroglial) cell that forms the myelin sheath covering the axon of a neuron.
palliative	Relieving symptoms, but not curative.
palsy	Paralysis.
paraplegia	Paralysis of the lower part of the body and both legs.
parasympathetic nerves	Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions, such as heart rate, breathing, and the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
parenchyma	Essential, functioning cells of any organ. Neurons (nerve cells) are the parenchyma of the nervous system.
paresis	Slight paralysis.
paresthesia	Abnormal nervous sensation occurring without apparent cause. Examples are tingling, numbness or prickling sensations.
Parkinson disease	Degeneration of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter, dopamine in the brain; leads to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.
peripheral nervous system	Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
pia mater	Thin, delicate, and innermost membrane of the meninges.
plexus	Network of nerves, outside of the central nervous system; brachial, cervical, and lumbosacral plexuses are examples.
poliomyelitis	Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
polyneuritis	Inflammation of many nerves.
pons	Part of the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum, between the medulla and the rest of the brain. The pons connects the upper and lower portions of the brain.
positron emission tomography	Computerized radiologic procedure using radioactive glucose or oxygen to image the metabolic activity of cells, such as brain cells.
quadriplegia	Paralysis of all four limbs; both arms and both legs.
radiculitis	Inflammation of a spinal nerve root.
radiculopathy	Disease of a spinal nerve root.
receptor	Organ that receives nervous stimulation and passes it on to nerves that carry the stimulation to the brain and spinal cord; skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds.
sciatic nerve	Extends from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain along the course of the nerve.
sensory nerves	Carry messages to the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerves.
shingles	Viral (herpes zoster) illness that affects peripheral nerves; produces blisters and pain on the skin overlying the path of peripheral nerves.
spina bifida	Congenital defect in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts; spinal cord and meninges may herniate through the vertebral gap.
spinal nerves	Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Each spinal nerve affects a particular area of the skin.
stereotactic radiosurgery	Use of a specialized instrument using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the site to be operated on.
stimulus	Agent of change (light, sound, and touch) that evokes a response.
stroma	Connective and supportive tissue of an organ.
subdural hematoma	Collection of blood in the space below the dura mater surrounding the brain.
sulcus	Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
sympathetic nerves	Autonomic nerves that activate responses in times of stress; heartbeat, respiration, and blood pressure are affected.
synapse	Space between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscle and glandular cells.
syncopal	Pertaining to syncope (fainting).
syncope	Fainting; temporary loss of consciousness.
thalamic	Pertaining to the thalamus.
thalamus	Main relay center of the brain; located in the central region or diencephalon of the brain.
thrombosis	Abnormal condition of clot formation in a blood vessel.
tic	Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face.
tonic-clonic seizure	A major seizure affecting the brain in epilepsy; grand-mal seizure.
Tourette syndrome	Neurologic disorder characterized by multiple facial and other body tics.
transient ischemic attack	Fleeting episode of ischemia (holding back blood) in the brain.
trigeminal neuralgia	Flashes of stab like pain along the course of a branch of the trigeminal nerve (5th cranial nerve). The trigeminal nerve has branches to the eye, upper jaw and lower jaw.
vagal	Pertaining to the vagus nerve.
vagus nerve	Tenth cranial nerve with branches to the chest and abdominal organs.
ventricles of the brain	Fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) filled canals in the brain.