A&P II
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| What does the immune system protect against? | assaults on the body (internal and external)
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| What are the three ways of identification of other particles? | Self markers, Non-self markers, self tolerance
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| Which is the identification is molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as “self” to the immune system? | Self markers
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| Which identifiers are molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles and identify the particle as “non–self” to the immune system? | Non-self markers
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| Which identifiers represent the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells? | Self-tolerance
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| What are two major categories of immune mechanism? | innate immunity and adaptive immunity
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| What does innate immunity provide? | provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self”
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| Adaptive immunity acts as what? | acts as a specific defense against specific
tthreatening agents
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| What are the primary cells used for innate immunity? | epithelial barrier cells, phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), and natural killer cells; chemicals used in innate immunity—complement and interferon
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| What are the primary types of cells for adaptive immunity? | lymphocytes called T cells and B cells
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| What is cytokines? | any of several kinds of chemicals released by cells to promote innate and adaptive immune responses (examples: interleukin, interferon, leukotriene)
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| What is the first line of defense? | Mechanical and chemical barriers
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| The internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier formed by what? | skin and mucous membranes
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| What is the second line of defense? | Inflammation
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| What do inflammation mediators include? | histamine, kinins, prostaglandins,
and related compounds
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| What are chemotactic factors? | substances that attract white blood cells to
the area of infection in a process called chemotaxis
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| What are characteristic signs of inflammation? | heat, redness, pain, and swelling
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| What is systemic inflammation? | occurs from a body-wide inflammatory responses
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| What is ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytes called? | Phagocytosis
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| What is emigration? | process by which immune cells (neutrophils) squeeze themselves through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury/infection
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| What is chemotaxis? | chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant
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| What is diapedesis? | process by which red blood cells are passively pushed out of the blood vessel by hydrostatic pressure through intercellular gaps behind emigrating neutrophils.
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| What is the most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at the site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream; kill bacteria; forms pus? | Neutrophil
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| What are macrophages? | Phagocytic monocytes grow larger after migrating from bloodstream; dendritic cell (DC)- type of macrophage w/ long branches or extensions.
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| What are examples of macrophages? | histiocytes in connective tissue, microglia in nervous system, and Kupffer cells in liver
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| What are natural killer cells? | lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells
infected by viruses
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| What is interferon (INF)? | protein synthesized and released into the circulation by certain cells if invaded by viruses to signal other, nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state
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| What are complement? | group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses
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| What marks foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes? | opsonization
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| What is the third line of defense? | Adaptive immunity consisting of lymphocytes- 2 different clesses of a type of white blood cell
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| What are two classes of lymphocytes? | B lymphocytes (B Cells) and T lymphocytes (T Cell)
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| What is antibody-mediated immunity? | B-cell Mechanism (produce antibodies that attack pathogens)
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| What pathogens are more directly classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)? | T-cells attack
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| When are lymphocytes densest? | where they develop— in bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen
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| What are the 5 factors of antibodies? | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
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| What is IgM? | antibody that naïve B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen
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| What is IgG? | makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response
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| What is IgA? | major class of antibody in the mucous membranes of respiratory and GI systems and in saliva and tears
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| What is IgE? | small amount; produces harmful effects such as allergies
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| What is IgD? | small amount in blood; precise function unknown
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| What is the primary response of antibodies? | initial encounter with a specific antigen triggers the formation and release of specific antibodies that reaches its peak in a few days
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| What is the secondary response of antibodies? | a later encounter with the same antigen triggers a much quicker response; B memory cells rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies
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| What are T-Cells? | lymphocytes that go through the thymus gland before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen
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| Pre T-cells develop into ___ while in ___? | thymocytes; thymus
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| Thymocytes stream into blood and are carried to T-dependant zones where? | Spleen and lymph nodes
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| Cells of the cloned T Cells differentiate into what? | effector T cells and memory T cells
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| Effector T cells do what? | go to site where antigen entered, bind to antigens, and begin their attack
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| What are cytotoxic T cells? | T cells released lymphotoxin to kill cells
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| What are helper T cells? (TH cells) | regulate the function of the B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes
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| What are suppressor T cells? | regulatory T cells that suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance
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| What are antibodies? | proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell
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| What is innate (inborn or inherited immunity)? | genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb
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| What is adaptive or acquired immunity? | resistance developed after birth
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| What are the two types of adaptive or acquired immunity? | Natural immunity results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens; Artificial immunity results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization
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| Natural and artificial immunity may be what? | Active or inactive
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| What is active immunity? | when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive
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| What is passive immunity? | developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; it is temporary but provides immediate protection
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| What are the differences between B cells and T cells? | B cells are antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity; T cells are cell mediated (cellular) immunity
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| What are the stages of adaptive immunity? | Recognition of antigen; Activation of lymphocytes; Effector phase (immune attack); Decline of antigen causes lymphocyte death (homeostatic balance); Memory cells remain for later response if needed
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| Immune system is regulated to some degree by what two systems? | nervous and endocrine systems
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| What are some agents of the immune system? | blood cells, skin cells, mucosal cells, brain cells, liver cells, and other types of cells and their secretions
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