A&P II
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| What does the immune system protect against? | show 🗑
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| show | Self markers, Non-self markers, self tolerance
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| Which is the identification is molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual, thus identifying the cell as “self” to the immune system? | show 🗑
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| show | Non-self markers
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| show | Self-tolerance
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| What are two major categories of immune mechanism? | show 🗑
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| show | provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self”
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| Adaptive immunity acts as what? | show 🗑
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| What are the primary cells used for innate immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes called T cells and B cells
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| What is cytokines? | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanical and chemical barriers
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| show | skin and mucous membranes
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| show | Inflammation
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| What do inflammation mediators include? | show 🗑
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| show | substances that attract white blood cells to
the area of infection in a process called chemotaxis
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| show | heat, redness, pain, and swelling
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| What is systemic inflammation? | show 🗑
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| show | Phagocytosis
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| show | process by which immune cells (neutrophils) squeeze themselves through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury/infection
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| show | chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant
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| What is diapedesis? | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophil
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| What are macrophages? | show 🗑
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| What are examples of macrophages? | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells
infected by viruses
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| show | protein synthesized and released into the circulation by certain cells if invaded by viruses to signal other, nearby cells to enter a protective antiviral state
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| show | group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses
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| What marks foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes? | show 🗑
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| What is the third line of defense? | show 🗑
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| show | B lymphocytes (B Cells) and T lymphocytes (T Cell)
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| show | B-cell Mechanism (produce antibodies that attack pathogens)
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| What pathogens are more directly classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)? | show 🗑
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| When are lymphocytes densest? | show 🗑
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| show | IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
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| show | antibody that naïve B cells synthesize and insert into their own plasma membranes; it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen
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| What is IgG? | show 🗑
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| show | major class of antibody in the mucous membranes of respiratory and GI systems and in saliva and tears
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| What is IgE? | show 🗑
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| show | small amount in blood; precise function unknown
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| What is the primary response of antibodies? | show 🗑
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| What is the secondary response of antibodies? | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes that go through the thymus gland before migrating to the lymph nodes and spleen
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| Pre T-cells develop into ___ while in ___? | show 🗑
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| Thymocytes stream into blood and are carried to T-dependant zones where? | show 🗑
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| show | effector T cells and memory T cells
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| Effector T cells do what? | show 🗑
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| What are cytotoxic T cells? | show 🗑
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| show | regulate the function of the B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes
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| show | regulatory T cells that suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance
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| show | proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell
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| show | genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb
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| show | resistance developed after birth
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| show | Natural immunity results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens; Artificial immunity results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization
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| Natural and artificial immunity may be what? | show 🗑
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| What is active immunity? | show 🗑
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| What is passive immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | B cells are antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity; T cells are cell mediated (cellular) immunity
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| show | Recognition of antigen; Activation of lymphocytes; Effector phase (immune attack); Decline of antigen causes lymphocyte death (homeostatic balance); Memory cells remain for later response if needed
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| Immune system is regulated to some degree by what two systems? | show 🗑
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| show | blood cells, skin cells, mucosal cells, brain cells, liver cells, and other types of cells and their secretions
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