respiratory system
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| Carbon dioxide | tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process
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| Cartilage | tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
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| Cilia | any hairlike structure
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| Diffuse | moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
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| Mucous membrane | moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment, also called mucosa
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| Oxygen | tastless, colorless, odorless gas essential for human respiration
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| Septum | wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils
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| Serous membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist, also called serosa
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| Nas/o | nose
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| Rhin/o | nose
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| Sept/o | septum
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| Sinus/o | sinus, cavity
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| Adenoid/o | adenoids
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| Tonsil/o | tonsils
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| Epiglott/o | epiglottis
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| Laryng/o | larynx (voice box)
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| Trache/o | trachea (windpipe)
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| Bronchi/o | bronchus (bronchi)
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| Bronch/o | bronchus, bronchi
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| Bronchiol/o | bronchiole
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| Alveol/o | alveolus, air sac
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| Pleur/o | pleura
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| Pneum/o | air, lung
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| Pneumon/o | air, lung
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| Pulmon/o | lung
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| Anthrac/o | coal, coal dust
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| Atel/o | incomplete, imperfect
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| Coni/o | dust
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| Cyan/o | blue
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| Lob/o | lobe
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| Orth/o | straight
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| Ox/I | oxygen
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| Ox/o | oxygen
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| Pector/o | chest
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| Steth/o | chest
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| Thorac/o | chest
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| Phren/o | diaphragm, mind
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| Spir/o | breathe
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| Capnia | carbon dioxide
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| Osmia | smell
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| Phonia | voice
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| Pnea | breathing
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| Ptysis | spitting
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| Thorax | chest
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| Brady | slow
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| Dys | bad, painful, difficult
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| Eu | good, normal
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| Tachy | rapid
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| Acidosis | excessive acidity of body fluids
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| Anosmia | absence of the sense of smell
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| Apnea | temporary loss of breathing,
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| Sleep apnea | sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation
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| Obstructive apnea | caused by englarged tonsils and adenoids
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| Central apnea | caused by failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing
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| Mixed apnea | combination of obstructive and central
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| Asphyxia | condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
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| Atelectasis | collapsed or airless state o the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung – surgical complication, in fetal atelectasis the lungs fail to expand normally at birth
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| cheyne-Stokes respiration | repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all. (heart failure, brain damage)
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| compliance | ease with which lung tissue can be stretched
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| coryza | head cold, upper resp. infection (URI)
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| crackle | abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli, aka rale
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| croup | common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes lungs.
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| Deviated nasal septum | displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils
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| Epiglottitis | severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age.
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| Epistaxis | nosebleed, nasal hemorrhage
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| Finger clubbing | enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease
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| Hypoxemia | deficiency of oxygen in the blood
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| Hypoxia | deficiency of oxygen in tissues
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| Pertussis | acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound, also called whooping cough
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| Pleurisy | inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing, also called pleuritis
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| Pneumoconiosis | disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis) and asbestos particles (asbestosis)
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| Pulmonary edema | accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure
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| Pulmonary embolus | blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)
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| Rhonchus | abnormal breath sounds heard on auscultation
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| Stridor | high-pitched, harsh, advenatitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
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| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age, also called crib death
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| Wheeze | whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
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| Mantoux test | intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen (doesn’t differentiate between active and inactive infection)
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| Oximetry | noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of Hb saturated with oxygen, also called pulse oximetry
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| Polysomnography | test of sleep cycles and stages using EEGs, electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, resp. rate, BP, Blood ox.sat, heart rhythm and sometimes direct observation using a video camera
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| Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) | multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane
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| Spirometry | measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air
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| Bronchoscopy | visual exam of the bronchi using an endoscope – attachments can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy
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| Laryngoscopy | visual exam of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury or other abnormalities
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| Mediastinoscopy | visual exam of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus and lymph nodes
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| Arterial blood gas (ABG) | test that measures partial pressure of Oxygen, CO, pH and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample
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| Sputum culture | microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias
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| Sweat test | measurement of the amount of salt in sweat (used in kids to confirm CF)
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| Throat culture | test used to identify pathogens, especially group A strep
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| Lung scan | nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli
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| Aerosol therapy | lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. Techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs)
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| Lavage | irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid
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| Antral lavage | irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis.
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| Postural drainage | positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of lungs
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| Pleurectomy | excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal
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| Pneumectomy | excision of a lung (removal of lobe is lobectomy)
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| Rhinoplasty | reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes
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| Septoplasty | surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures
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| Thoracentesis | surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis
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| Tracheostomy | surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted
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| AFB | acid-fast bacillus
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| ARDS | acute respiratory distress syndrome
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| CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure
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| CXR | chest x-ray
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| DPI | dry powder inhaler
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| DPT | diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
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| FVC | forced vital capacity
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| HMD | hyaline membrane disease
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| IPPD | intermittent positive-pressure breathing
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| IRDS | infant respiratory distress syndrome
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| MDI | metered dose inhaler
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| NMT | nebulized mist treatment
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| PA | posteroanterior, pernicious anemia
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| PCP | Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, primary care physician, phencyclidine (hallucinogen)
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| PFT | pulmonary function test
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| PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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| RD | respiratory distress
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| RDS | respiratory distress syndrome
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| SOB | shortness of breath
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| T | tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
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| TB | tuberculosis
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| TPR | temperature, pulse and respiration
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| URI | upper respiratory infection
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| VC | vital capacity
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