Neruological Terminology
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| Agnosia | The inability to interpret information
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| Agraphesthesia | The inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers traced on the skin
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| Agraphia | The inability to write due to a lesion within the brain
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| Akinesia | The inability to initiate movement; commonly seen in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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| Aphasia | The inability to communicate or comprehend due to damage to specific areas of the brain.
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| Apraxia | The inability to perform purposeful learned movements, although there is no sensory or motor impairments
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| Astereognosis | The inability to recognize objects by sense of touch
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| Ataxia | The inability to perform coordinated movements
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| Athetosis | A condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture. Peripheral movements occur without central stability
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| Bradykinesia | Movement that is very slow
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| Broca's aphasia | An infarct to a specific area of the frontal lobe that produces the inability to verbally communicate. Speech is difficult, but comprehension is usually functional or normal
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| Chorea | Movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary
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| Clonus | A characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion; involuntary alternating spasmotic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex.
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| Constructional apraxia | The inability to reproduce geometric figures and designs. This person is visually unable to analyze how to perform a task.
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| Decerebrate rigidity | A characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem that results in extension of the trunk and all extremities.
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| Decorticate rigidity | A characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk and lower extremities are posititoned in extension and the upper extremities are positioned in flexion
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| Diplopia | Double vision
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| Dysarthria | Slurred and impaired speech due to a motor deficit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech.
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| Dysdiadochokinesia | The inability to perform rapidly alternating movements.
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| Dysmetria | The inability to control the range of movement and the force of a muscular activity.
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| Dysphagia | The inability to properly swallow.
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| Dystonia | Closely related to athetosis, however there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles.
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| Emotional lability | A characteristic of a right hemisphere infarct where there is an inability to control emotions and outbursts of laughing and crying that are inconsistent with the situation
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| Expressive aphasia | A condition due to a lesion within the brain where language and communication skills such as reading, writing, and speaking are impaired.
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| Global aphasia | A type of aphasia that presents with both expressive and receptive deficits. Prognosis for recovery of speech is usually poor. The patient's speech is nonfluent and comprehension is significantly impaired.
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| Hemiballism | An involuntary and violent movement of a large body part.
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| Hemiparesis | A condition of weakness on one side of the body.
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| Hemiplegia | A condition of paralysis on one side of the body.
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| Homonymous hemianopsia | The loss of the right or left half of the field of vision in both eyes.
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| Ideational apraxia | The inability to formulate an initial motor plan and sequence tasks where the proprioceptive input necessary for movement is impaired.
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| Ideomotor apraxia | A condition where a person plans a movement or task but cannot volitionally perform it. Automatic movement may occur, however, a person cannot impose additional movement on command.
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| Kinesthesia | The ability to perceive the direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part.
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| Neglect | The inability to interpret stimuli on the left side of the body due to a lesion on the right frontal lobe of the brain.
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| Perseveration | The state of repeatedly performing the same segment of a task or repeatedly saying the same word/phrase without purpose.
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| Proprioception | The ability to perceive the static position of a joint or body part.
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| Receptive aphasia | The inability to comprehend normal speech
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| Rigidity | A state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle joint contraction does not allow for any movement at a specified joint.
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| Synergy | A result of brain damage that presents with mass movement patterns that are primitive in nature and coupled with spasticity.
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| Wernicke's aphasia | An infarct to a specific area of the temporal lobe that severely affects the patient's level of comprehension. The person is usually able to verbalize, but is frequently nonfunctional.
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