Review Questions for Exam 2 Intro to Pathology, Spicer, Bastyr
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| show | - Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Thrombocytes (Platelets)
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| show | The leukocytes are involved in immune system functions.
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| Define PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL: | show 🗑
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| show | Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell
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| show | RBC
Platelet
Monocyte
Granulocyte
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| show | NK cell
B lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
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| What are the types of Granulocytes? | show 🗑
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| Monocytes become what type of cell in tissue? | show 🗑
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| show | Plasma Cell
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| show | ferrying oxygen & carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues
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| Functions of Platelet: | show 🗑
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| Functions of Monocyte: | show 🗑
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| Functions of Neutrophil: | show 🗑
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| show | combats effects of histamine during allergic reactions; attacks parasites
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| show | releases heparin, histamine, & serotonin to intensify inflammation
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| Agranulocytes: | show 🗑
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| show | developed in bone marrow; becomes plasma cell and secretes antibodies against bacteria
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| show | developed in thymus; attacks viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, some bacteria in highly targeted ways
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| show | Any molecule capable of stimulating an immune reaction (most are proteins); don’t have to be “foreign”.
Ex: measles virus
Ex: transplanted tissue
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| show | small non-protein molecules that combine with a self-protein and stimulate an immune reaction.
Ex: poison ivy
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| Define: CYTOKINES: | show 🗑
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| show | custom made proteins designed to attack other proteins; are released into bloodstream by plasma (B) cells.
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| show | these attack cells have been stimulated by Ag.
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| show | immune system attacks self proteins, rather than non-self (foreign) proteins.
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| Define: MACROPHAGES: | show 🗑
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| show | Skin
Sclera
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
Body fluids
Cellular defenses
Molecular defenses
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| What are the 2 distinct but inter-related components of Immunity? | show 🗑
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| Define HUMORAL IMMUNITY: | show 🗑
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| Define CELLULAR IMMUNITY: | show 🗑
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| show | NK cells act as a first line of defense against invaders, needing no activation.
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| Where are B Cells educated? | show 🗑
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| Describe B Cells: | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulated B cells become plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins (mediators of humoral immunity) after encountering antigens.
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| show | There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins that form antibodies: Ig: G, M, D, A, E, (Ig stands for immunoglobulin)
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| What are the most prevalent antibodies? | show 🗑
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| show | Big heavy, first to be produced
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| show | long term protein
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| show | mucosal "immune paint"
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| show | parasites, allergies, (w mast cells)
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| show | on surface of B cells.
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| show | instead of producing Ab, they hang out as a trigger for a fast response the next time the Ag is encountered; this forms the basis for vaccinations. B cell function is critically dependent on T cells (to be discussed).
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| Where are T Cells educated? | show 🗑
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| show | T cells do 2 jobs: 1) induce humoral immunity (via B cells) AND
2) carry out cellular immunity.
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| What is the percentage of T Cells in the blood? | show 🗑
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| How do T cells recognize antigens? | show 🗑
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| How do T cells identify pathogens? | show 🗑
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| What are basic functions of T Cells? | show 🗑
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| show | helper, suppressor, memory, and cytotoxic – name indicates their jobs.
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| How does "memory" differ between T and B cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Macrophages process and present antigen to CD4+ helper T cells. Secrete cytokines influencing T-cell and B-cell, endothelium, and fibroblasts. Phagocytosis to kill microbes coated by antibody and/or complement, also important in humoral immunity.
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| show | They are 10-15% of circulating blood lymphocytes.
They contain abundant granules & can lyse tumor cells, virally infected cells, and some normal cells without prior sensitization (thus they represent the 1st line of defense).
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| show | NK cells will not lyse healthy nucleated cells, but if a cell becomes “weird” (viral infection, tumor transformation, etc.), the NK cell will attack.
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| How do NK cells destroy antigens? | show 🗑
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Bastyr40
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