mid-term
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| -cele | hernia, tumor, swelling
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| cyst/o | urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
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| dia- | through, between, apart, complete
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| -ectasis | stretching, dilation, enlargement
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| glomerul/o | glomerulus
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| lith/o | stone, calculus
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| -lysis | breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
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| nephr/o | kidney
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| -pexy | surgical fixation
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
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| -tripsy | to crush
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| ur/o | urine, urinary tract
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| ureter/o | ureter
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| urethr/o | urethra
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| -uria | urination, urine
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| caus/o | burning, burn
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| concuss/o | shaken together, violently agitated
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| contus/o | bruise
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| encephal/o | brain
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| -esthesia | sensation, feeling
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| esthet/o | feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
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| -graphy | the process of producing a picture or record
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| klept/o | to steal
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| -mania | obsessive preoccupation
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| mening/o | membranes, meninges
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| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow
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| neur/i, neur/o | nerve, nerve tissue
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| -phobia | abnormal fear
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| psych/o | mind
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| -tropic | having an affinity for
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| blephar/o | eyelid
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| -cusis | hearing
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| irid/o | iris, colored part of eye
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| kerat/o | horny, hard, cornea
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| myring/o | tympanic membrane, eardrum
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| ophthalm/o | eye, vision
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| -opia | vision condition
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| opt/o | eye, vision
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| ot/o | ear, hearing
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| phak/o | lens of eye
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| presby/o | old age
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| retin/o | retina, net
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| scler/o | sclera, white of eye, hard
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| trop/o | turn, change
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| tympan/o | tympanic membrane, eardrum
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| bi/o | life
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| derm/o, dermat/o | skin
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| erythr/o | red
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| hidr/o | sweat
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| hirsut/o | hairy, rough
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| kerat/o | horny, hard, cornea
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| lip/o | fat, lipid
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| melan/o | black, dark
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| myc/o | fungus
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| onych/o | fingernail or toenail
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| pedicul/o | louse, lice
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| rhytid/o | wrinkle
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| seb/o | sebum
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| urtic/o | nettle, rash, hives
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| xer/o | dry
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| neurotransmitters | are chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor.
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| dura mater | is the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges.
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| anesthetist | is a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician.
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| migraine headache | which can be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head.
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| meningocele | is the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column.
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| hydrocephalus | is a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain. This condition can occur at birth or develop later on in life.
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| meningitis | is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain & spinal column. This condition, which can be fatal, is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection & is characterized by fever, vomiting, intense headache & a stiff neck.
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| alzheimer's disease | is a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, & language. It is marked by progressive deterioration that affects both the memory & reasoning capabilities of an individual.
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| cognition | describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning & memory.
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| dementia | is a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking & judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes.
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| encephalitis | which is an inflammation of the brain, can be caused by a viral infection such as rabies.
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| parkinson's disease | is a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity & a slow or shuffling gait.
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| reye's syndrome | is a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting & confusion. This syndrome usually follows a viral illness in which the child was treated with aspirin.
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| concussion | is a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain. A concussion may result in a temporary loss of awareness & function.
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| cerebral contusion | is the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull.
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| cranial hematoma | is a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain.
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| ablation | term used to describe some types of prostate cancer, describes the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery or other methods.
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| anuria | the absence of urine formation by the kidneys
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| benign prostatic hypertrophy | AKA benign prostatic hyperplasia, enlarged prostate or prostatomegaly, is an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50
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| catheterization | the insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile speciment for diagnostic purposes
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| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder
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| cystocele | AKA a fallen bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
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| cystolith | a stone located within the urinary bladder
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| cystopexy | the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
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| cystoscopy | the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
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| dialysis | a proceduare to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function
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| diuresis | the increased output of urine
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| enuresis | the involuntary discharge of urine
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| epispadias | a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
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| extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy | the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel. The fragments of these stones are then excreted in the urine.
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| glomerulonephritis | AKA Bright's disease, is a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells & proteins to leak into the urine
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| hemodialysis | the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood
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| hydronephrosis | the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
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| hydroureter | the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
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| hyperproteinuria | the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
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| hypoproteinemia | the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
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| hypospadias | a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening
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| incontinence | the inability to control the excretion of urine & feces
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| interstitial cystitis | a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
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| intravenous pyelogram | AKA excretory urography, is a radiographic study of the kidneys & ureters
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| lithotomy | a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder
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| nephrectasis | the distention of the pelvis of the kidney
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| nethrolith | AKA renal calculus or a kidney stone, is found in the kidney
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| nephrolithiasis | describes the presence of stones in the kidney
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| nephrolysis | the freeing of a kidney from adhesions
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| nephropathy | means any disease of the kidney. This definition includes both degenerative & inflammatory conditions.
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| nephroptosis | AKA a floating kidney, is the prolapse of a kidney
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| nephropyosis | AKA pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney
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| nephrostomy | the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body
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| nephrotic syndrome | a condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine & abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood
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| neurogenic bladder | a urinary problem in which the bladder does not empty properly due to a neurological condition
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| nocturia | excessive urination during the night
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| nocturnal enuresis | urinary incontinence during sleep
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| oliguria | scanty urination
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| percutaneous nephrolithotomy | is performed by making a small incision in the back & inserting a nephroscope to crush & remove a kidney stone
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| peritoneal dialysis | the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
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| polycystic kidney disease | a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| prostate-specific antigen | blood test; used to screen for prostate cancer
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| prostatism | the condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy
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| pyeloplasty | the surgical repair of the renal pelvis
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| pyelotomy | a surgical incision into the renal pelvis
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| suprapubic catheterization | the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
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| uremia | AKA uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised & urea is retained in the blood
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| ureterectasis | the distention of a ureter
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| ureterolith | a stone located anywhere along the ureter
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| ureterorrhagia | bleeding from the urethra
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| ureterorrhaphy | the surgical suturing of a ureter
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| urethritis | inflammation of the urethra
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| urethropexy | the surgical fixation of the urethra
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| urethrorrhagia | bleeding from the urethra
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| urethrostenosis | narrowing of the urethra
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| urethrostomy | narrowing of the urethra
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| vesicovaginal fistula | an abnormal opening between the bladder & vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
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| voiding cystourethrography | a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder & through urethra
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| Wilms tumor | a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
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| BPH | benign prostatic hypertrophy
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| cath | catheterization
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| CRF | chronic renal failure
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| cysto | cystoscopy
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| IVP | intravenous pyelogram
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| PKD | polycystic kidney disease
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| homeostasis | the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
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| retroperitoneal | pertaining to being located behind the peritoneum
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| peritoneum | the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
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| cortex | the outer portion of an organ
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| tubule | a small tube
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| reabsorption | the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration
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| peristalsis | a series of wave-like contractions that moves urine down each ureter to the bladder
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| urinary sphincters | one located at either end of the urethra, control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra & out of the urethra through the urethral meatus
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| sphincter | a ring-like muscle that closes a passageway
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| urinary meatus | the external opening of the urethra
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| meatus | the external opening of a canal
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| voiding or micturition | AKA urination, is the normal process of excreting urine
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| micturate | the urge to urinate
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| genitourinary | refers to both the genital & urinary organs
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| kidney failure | AKA renal failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
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| uremic poisoning | AKA uremia, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised & urea is retained in the blood
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| diabetic nephropathy | is a kidney disease characterized by hyperproteinuria, which is the result of thickening & hardening of the glomeruli caused by long-term diabetes mellitus
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| stricture | an abnormal band of tissue that narrows or completely blocks a body passage
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| distention | enlarged or stretched
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| Bright's disease | AKA glomerulonephritis, is a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells & proteins to leak into the urine
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| floating kidney | AKA nephroptosis, is the prolapse of a kidney
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| pyonephrosis | AKA nephropyosis, is suppuration of the kidney
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| suppuration | the formation or discharge of pus
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| colic | spasmodic pains in the abdomen
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| calculus | a stone
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| renal calculus or kidney stone | AKA nephrolith, is found in the kidney
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| cystodynia | pain in the urinary bladder
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| fallen bladder | AKA cystocele, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
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| interstitial | relating to spaces within a tissue or organ
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| fistula | an abnormal passage between two internal organs
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| incontinence | the inability to control the voiding of urine
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| neuropathy | a peripheral nervous system disorder affecting nerves anywhere except the brain or the spinal cord
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| hypertrophy | the general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is not due to tumor formation
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| bed-wetting | AKA nocturnal enuresis, is urinary incontinence during sleep
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| nocturnal | pertaining to night
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| bashful bladder syndrome | in younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present
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| urge incontinence | AKA overactive bladder, occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active
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| excretory urography | AKA intravenous pyelogram, is a radiographic study of the kidneys & ureters
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| CAT scan | AKA computed tomography, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed & provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms
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| flat-plate of the abdomen | AKA KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)
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| digital | performed with a gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland
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| palpate | the use of the hands to examine a body part
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| PSA test | prostate-specific antigen, blood test is used to screen for prostate cancer
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| prostate-specific antigen | a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland
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| shunt | an artificial passage that allows the blood to flow between the body & the hemodialysis unit
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| dialysate | a solution made up of water & electrolytes
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| electrolytes | are the salts that conduct electricity & are found in the body fluid, tissue & blood
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| continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis | provides dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities
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| continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis | uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the patient sleeps
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| adhesion | a band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally
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| nephrorrhaphy | AKA nephropexy, is the surgical fixation of a floating kidney
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| kidney transplant | AKA renal transplantation, is the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys
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| extracorporeal | situated or occurring outside the body
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| percutaneous | performed through the skin
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| nephroscope | a specialized endoscope used in the treatment of the kidneys
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| radical prostatectomy | is performed through the abdomen, is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, the seminal vesicles & some surrounding tissues
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| TURP | AKA transurethral prostatectomy, is the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope
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| resectoscope | a specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope
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| radiation therapy & hormone therapy | additional treatments used to control prostate cancer
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| shaken baby syndrome | describes the results of a child being voilently shaken by someone. This action can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis & death
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| lethargy | a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness & apathy
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| syncope | AKA fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain
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| coma | is a profound (deep) state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli & the lack of speech
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| delirium | is an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking & memory, agitation & hallucinations
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| cerebrovascular accident | a stroke or CVA. This condition is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured
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| ischemic stroke | is the most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked. This type of stroke may be caused by narrowing of the carotid artery or by a cerebral thrombosis
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| hemorrhagic stroke | AKA a bleed, occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks. A bleed also occurs when an aneurysm within the brain ruptures
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| narcolepsy | a sleep disorder consisting of sudden & uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
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| myelitis | an inflammation of the spinal cord
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| cervical radiculopathy | nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
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| multiple sclerosis | a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | AKA Lou Gehrig's disease, is a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.
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| bell's palsy | the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face
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| Guillain-Barre syndrome | AKA infectious polyneuritis, is an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis.
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| sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning & tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg & foot
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| trigeminal neuralgia | is characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve.
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| cerebral palsy | a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects & other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum
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| epilepsy | a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity. AKA a seizure disorder, epilepsy can usually be controlled with medication
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| causalgia | is persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
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| hyperesthesia | a condition of abnormal & excessive sensitivity to touch, pain or other sensory stimuli
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| paresthesia | refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body
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| peripheral neuropathy | AKA peripheral neuritis, is a disorder of the nerves that carry information to & from the brain
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|
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