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Digestive System

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Question
Answer
show digestive system  
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show accessory digestive organs  
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show ingestion  
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moving of food through gut   show
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show swallowing & peristalsis  
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alternate waves of contraction & relaxation   show
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show mechanical digestion  
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more/less stationary alternate contractions & relaxations   show
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in peristalsis, adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs   show
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in segmentation, nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax   show
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food mixing & slow food propulsion occurs   show
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complex food molecules are broken down into simpler ones by enzymes   show
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show absorption  
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elimination of indigestible substances from body as feces   show
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serous membrane of abdominal cavity   show
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show visceral peritoneum  
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lines the body wall   show
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located btwn two peritoneums; fluid lubricates mobile organs   show
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double layer of peritoneum   show
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show blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves  
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functions of the mesentery include   show
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show retroperitoneal organs  
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show intraperitoneal organs  
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show mucosa  
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connective tissue layer of alimentary canal   show
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inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle layers of alimentary canal   show
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show serosa  
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show abdominal aorta  
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drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs & delivers it to liver first   show
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alimentary canal has its own __ __ neurons   show
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in alimentary canal, this regulates glands & smooth muscle in mucosa   show
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show myenteric nerve plexus  
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show extrinsic control  
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show sympathetic nerves  
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show parasympathetic nerves  
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oral/buccal cavity is lined with   show
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show vestibule  
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show oral cavity proper  
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area of median attachment of each lip to gums   show
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show hard palate  
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show soft palate  
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closes off nasopharynx during swallowing   show
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show projects downward  
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show functions of tongue  
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show tongue  
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show lingual frenulum  
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show papillae  
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show filiform papillae  
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reddish, scattered over tongue surface   show
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show circumvallate/vallate  
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papillae that are associated w/taste buds   show
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show splanchnic circulation  
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gland located anterior to ear   show
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open into vestibule next to 2nd upper molar   show
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show submandibular gland  
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show on each side of lingual frenulum  
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gland located under tongue   show
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show into floor of mouth  
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show saliva  
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part of saliva that protects against bacteria   show
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continuously keep mouth moist   show
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show extrinsic  
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produce secretions when ingested food increases salivation   show
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show salivation causing dry mouth  
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20 primary teeth are called   show
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show 6-24 month of age  
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show 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars  
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show 6–12 years of age  
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there are 32 __ teeth   show
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show 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars  
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oropharynx & laryngopharynx make up   show
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show allow passage of food & air  
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show stratified squamous epithelium lining  
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show skeletal  
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muscular wall of oropharynx & laryngopharynx serves to   show
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is 10-inch muscular tube extends from pharynx to stomach   show
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show esophageal hiatus  
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lined by stratified squamous epithelium   show
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glands in submucosa of esophagus, secrete mucus that   show
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show muscularis layer of esophagus  
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show adventitia  
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ingestion of food; mechanical digestion; chemical digestion; propulsion are all   show
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show mechanical  
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show chemical digestion in mouth  
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propulsion in mouth/swallowing is called   show
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show buccal phase  
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involuntary contraction of tongue; 2nd phase of deglutition   show
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show cardiac orifice  
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dome-shaped region of stomach   show
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mid-portion of stomach   show
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antrum, pyloric canal, & pylorus   show
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show greater curvature  
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show lesser curvature  
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show ruggae  
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show mesentery; surrounds  
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show inner circular, outer longitudinal, & oblique muscle layers  
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activates pepsin, & kills many bacteria   show
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show intrinsic factor  
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( inactive form of pepsin) for protein digestion   show
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show hormone  
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prevents self digestion of stomach   show
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mucosal barrier consists of layer of __ mucus   show
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show tight junctions  
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show damaged epithelial  
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inflammation caused by anything that breaches mucosal barrier   show
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show gastric ulcer  
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important cause of gastritis & ulcers   show
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__ of proteins by HCl is digestive process in stomach   show
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show digestion  
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show chyme  
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neural control of stomach is through   show
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show gastrin  
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stimulation of gastric secretion is under   show
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even before food enters stomach- by the site, smell & taste of food   show
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show vagus nerve stimulating the stomach  
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once food reaches the stomach; phase lasts for 3–4 hours provides most of gastric juice   show
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neural stimulation & gastrin involved in __ of gastric secretion   show
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show stimulatory effect  
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show inhibitory effects  
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inhibitory effects work through neural pathway of   show
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show intestinal hormones of CCK, secretin  
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also causes increase in HCl secretion   show
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stomach stretches in __ of food   show
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stomach stretches to __ food as it enters without greatly increasing tension   show
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show remains constant  
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show peristalsis  
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stretching & peristalsis are involved in   show
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show propulsion  
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show grinding  
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pyloric end of stomach acts as pump that delivers small amounts of chyme into duodenum, simultaneously forcing most of contained material backward into stomach   show
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pyloric valve opens slightly   show
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show signals from smell & taste receptors reach brain; results in vagus nerve increase stomach motility  
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show distention of stomach w/food  
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both neural stimulation & gastrin increase   show
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intestinal phase of gastric motility   show
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stomach __ 4 hours after a meal   show
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show respond to stretch- neural reflex  
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show chyme contents  
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decrease stomach motility & gastric emptying (and further duodenal filling)   show
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major organ of digestion/absorption; 20 ft long from pyloric sphincter- ileocecal valve   show
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10"; ‘C’ shaped & is retroperitoneal; bile duct & pancreatic duct open here; entry is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi   show
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show jejunum  
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12"; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve; suspended from posterior abdominal wall by mesentery   show
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show circular folds, villi, & microvilli  
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1cm tall; folds of mucosa & submucosa   show
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circular folds also called   show
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show villi  
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projections of plasma membrane of absorptive cells ((brush border)   show
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show brush border  
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show liver  
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separates the (larger) right & (smaller) left lobes   show
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falciform ligament attaches liver to   show
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hexagonal units; composed of plates of liver cells   show
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liver lobules filter & process   show
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liver lobules contain __, which are leaky capillaries btwn plates of hepatocytes that contain macrophages   show
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show hepatocytes  
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hepatocytes use __ __ to form plasma proteins   show
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hepatocytes store __ vitamins   show
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show converting ammonia to urea  
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show secrete  
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liver produces 500- 1000 ml __ which is conveyed to the duodenum   show
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yellow-green solution; contains bile salts, bilirubin, & cholesterol   show
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cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification & absorption   show
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pigment formed from destruction of red blood cells   show
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triglycerides & phospholipids in bile   show
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show reabsorbed & recycled  
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show lost in feces  
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stores & concentrates bile, by absorbing its water & ions   show
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when gall bladder muscle wall contracts it   show
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show release cholecystokinin (CCK)  
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cholecystokinin (CCK) causes __ of gall bladder   show
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show relax  
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result of cholecystokinin (CCK) release by gall bladder, bile   show
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pancreatic acini secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff   show
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release of insulin & glucagon by cells in islets of Langerhans   show
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watery bicarbonate rich fluid containing enzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsin amylase, lipase)   show
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show trypsinogen  
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show HCO3  
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when fatty/acidic chyme enters duodenum secretin & CCK are released, which then   show
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show secretin & CCK  
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as chyme enters duodenum   show
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show as chyme enters duodenum  
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show completed  
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show nutrient  
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show water absorption  
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show bile, enzymes, & bicarbonate ions  
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show enzyme  
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show enzyme poor  
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intestinal juice secreted by intestinal glands is __ __ with some mucous   show
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mix chyme w/bile, pancreatic & intestinal juices, & move food residues through ileocecal valve into large intestine   show
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show segmentation  
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show intestinal epithelium for absorption  
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show it allows enough time for digestion & absorption  
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show peristalsis after digestion in small intestines  
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show large intestine  
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show teniae coli  
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show haustra  
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fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum   show
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teniae coli, haustra, & epiploic appendages are   show
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large intestine is subdivided into   show
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show distinct regions of colon  
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portions of colon that are anchored via mesenteries called mesocolons   show
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show sigmoid  
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last segment of large intestine that opens to exterior at anus   show
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anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle   show
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anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle   show
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show closed  
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show bacterial flora of large intestine  
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show ferment indigestible carbohydrates  
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show irritating acids & gases (flatus)  
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bacterial flora of large intestine serve, without harming host, to   show
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when __ __ is present colon becomes motile   show
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slow short lived movements of haustra occur one after another that move contents of colon   show
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show water; salt  
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show mass peristalsis  
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show feces toward rectum  
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show mass movements of colon  
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show defecation reflex  
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show contraction of rectal walls  
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show internal anal sphincter  
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show external sphincter initially  
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stimulate relaxation of external anal sphincter & defecation occurs under   show
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salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, & intestinal brush border enzymes are used to   show
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show salivary amylase  
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show pancreatic amylase  
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convert disaccharides to monosaccharides   show
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digests protein into polypeptides & a small number of amino acids, in stomach   show
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show trypsin & chymotrypsin  
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show brush border peptidases  
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show pancreatic lipases  
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show bile salts  
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bile salts convert triglycerides to   show
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show reaches ileum  
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show intestinal villi by active transport  
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amino acids & glucose enter __ __ in intestinal villus & are ultimately transported to __ __ blood   show
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show diffusion; lacteals  
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show lacteals  
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show fat absorption  
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show micelles  
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lipid substances leave micelles & enter intestinal cells   show
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show chylomicrons  
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chylomicrons leave epithelial cells, in small intestines, enter __, & are transported to circulation via __   show
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chief cell is digestive system cell that   show
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show makes hormones  
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show produces lysozyme  
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parietal cell is digestive system cells that   show
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show is phagocytic  
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ingestion is   show
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show chewing, mixing, churning, & segmentation of food  
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chemical digestion is   show
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show passage of digested materials from lumen of GI tract into blood/lymph  
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defecation is   show
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show direct contact  
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submucosa is __ __ with many elastic fibers   show
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show smooth muscle  
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serosa is same structure as __ __   show
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show lying behind ear  
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sublingual gland is salivary gland   show
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submandibular gland is smaller salivary gland   show
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lingual frenulum   show
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show folds of mucosal layer  
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show inferior end & controls stomach emptying  
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gastroesophogeal sphincter   show
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body of stomach is   show
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cephalic phase is stimulated by   show
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show distention of stomach & low acidity  
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intestinal phase is stimulate by   show
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inhibits gastric gland secretions   show
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increases the secretions of enzyme rich pancreatic juice   show
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stimulated by partially digested proteins in the stomach and increases gastric gland secretions   show
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show GIP  
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contains openings for bile and pancreatic ducts   show
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show plicae circulars  
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show ileum  
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finger-like projections of the mucosa   show
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AKA brush border   show
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show carbohydrates  
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triglycerides are the most common in diet   show
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show proteins  
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made up of ribose/deoxyribose sugars & nitrogenous bases   show
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begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth   show
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show trypsin  
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show bile  
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brush border enzyme that act on disaccharides   show
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in order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases   show
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during deglutition, bolus passes into stomach from esophagus through   show
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during the intestinal phase of gastric regulation   show
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show Peyer's patches  
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proteins are   show
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peristalsis   show
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characteristic of the large intestine   show
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show regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility  
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layering of the wall of the GI tract, starting from the layer next to the lumen   show
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hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed from the union of   show
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effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi   show
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show HCl & intrinsic factor  
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show monosaccharides  
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short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by   show
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most common cause of peritonitis   show
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myxovirus causes   show
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increased activity of anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue causes   show
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condition directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke   show
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only stomach function that is essential to life is   show
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show cephalic  
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show plasticity  
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many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by   show
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condition that affects the large bowel and has no physiological or anatomical cause   show
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show emulsifying agent  
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show sympathetic spinal cord reflex  
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show gastrin, serotonin, histamine  
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stomach produces serotonin and histamine to __ smooth muscle contraction   show
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show hepatic artery & portal vein, and bile duct  
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show protein digestion  
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pancreas does NOT have a serosa layer, making it   show
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pyloric sphincter regulates passage of __ from the stomach into the duodenum   show
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show digested fats  
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show motility of digestive tract  
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continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus; its walls are constructed by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines   show
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oblique layer allows stomach to churn/mix food, reducing into smaller pieces   show
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muscularis externa differs from that of other GI organs in that   show
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show gastroesophageal junction  
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non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus relates to its function in that   show
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show specialized for secretion  
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show where food exits after passing through large intestine  
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show mesentery  
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show finger-like extensions of intestinal mucosa that increase surface area for absorption  
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show large collections of lymphoid tissue found in submucosa of small intestine  
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circular folds are   show
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show regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically  
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pharynx is   show
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show structures continuous w/and representing modifications of peritoneum  
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show has no digestive/absorptive function  
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rugae are   show
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show sacculations of large intestine  
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show projections of plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell  
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ileocecal   show
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show primary region of food/water absorption  
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frenulum is   show
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show absorbs water & forms feces  
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show area btwn teeth & lips/cheeks  
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appendix is   show
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show initiates protein digestion  
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lesser omentum is   show
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small intestine is   show
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pyloric   show
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show posterosuperior boundary of oral cavity  
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small intestine/duodenum is   show
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show serous lining of abdominal cavity wall  
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large intestine is   show
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anus is   show
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hard palate is   show
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visible portion of tooth in situ   show
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show dentin  
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show enamel  
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periodontal ligament   show
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root   show
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show forms major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone  
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show produces dentin  
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pulp   show
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anatomical crown   show
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produces mucus; found in submucosa of small intestine   show
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show salivary glands  
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produces whole spectrum of enzymes & alkaline fluid that is secreted into duodenum   show
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show liver  
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produces HCl & pepsinogen   show
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found in mucosa of small intestine; produces intestinal juice   show
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show mainly serous  
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show store & concentrate bile  
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hepatic artery, portal vein, & common bile duct are three   show
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Kupffer cells are found on   show
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Kupffer cells functions is to   show
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show this is where hemoglobin from dead RBCs are broken down & recycled  
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show acinar cells  
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