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A&P - Ch 23
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alimentary canal; digests and absorbs food; mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine | digestive system |
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder & pancreas | accessory digestive organs |
| taking food into the digestive tract | ingestion |
| moving of food through gut | propulsion |
| propulsion includes | swallowing & peristalsis |
| alternate waves of contraction & relaxation | peristalsis |
| chewing, mixing food with saliva by tongue, peristalsis in stomach | mechanical digestion |
| more/less stationary alternate contractions & relaxations | segmentation |
| in peristalsis, adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs | alternately contract & relax, which moves food along tract distally |
| in segmentation, nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax | moving food forward then backward |
| food mixing & slow food propulsion occurs | during segmentation |
| complex food molecules are broken down into simpler ones by enzymes | chemical digestion |
| passage of digested end products along w/water from lumen of gut into blood/lymph | absorption |
| elimination of indigestible substances from body as feces | defecation |
| serous membrane of abdominal cavity | peritoneum |
| located on external surface of most digestive organs | visceral peritoneum |
| lines the body wall | parietal peritoneum |
| located btwn two peritoneums; fluid lubricates mobile organs | peritoneal cavity |
| double layer of peritoneum | mesentery |
| travel in the mesentery | blood vessels, lymphatics, & nerves |
| functions of the mesentery include | holding organs in place & storing fat |
| lies posterior to peritoneum | retroperitoneal organs |
| are surrounded by peritoneum | intraperitoneal organs |
| mucous membrane layer of alimentary canal | mucosa |
| connective tissue layer of alimentary canal | submucosa |
| inner circular, outer longitudinal muscle layers of alimentary canal | muscularis externa |
| visceral peritoneum layer of alimentary canal | serosa |
| arterial supply that supports hepatic, splenic, & gastric, and inferior & superior mesenteric | abdominal aorta |
| drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs & delivers it to liver first | hepatic portal vein |
| alimentary canal has its own __ __ neurons | intrinsic enteric |
| in alimentary canal, this regulates glands & smooth muscle in mucosa | submucosal nerve plexus |
| in alimentary canal, this is located btwn muscle layers & controls GI tract motility | myenteric nerve plexus |
| sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves are the __ __ of alimentary canal nervous system | extrinsic control |
| in alimentary canal, this inhibits secretion & motility | sympathetic nerves |
| in alimentary canal, this stimulates secretion & motility | parasympathetic nerves |
| oral/buccal cavity is lined with | stratified squamous epithelium |
| area btwn lips & cheeks, then teeth & gums | vestibule |
| area that lies within teeth & gums | oral cavity proper |
| area of median attachment of each lip to gums | labial frenulum |
| palatine bones & palatine processes of maxillae | hard palate |
| fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle, within oral cavity | soft palate |
| closes off nasopharynx during swallowing | function of soft palate |
| uvula __ __ from soft palate free edge | projects downward |
| taste, mixing food during chewing, formation of bolus, helps in swallowing & speech | functions of tongue |
| has intrinsic & extrinsic muscles | tongue |
| attachment of lips to the gums | lingual frenulum |
| surface of tongue shows | papillae |
| whitish, provide friction; located on surface of tongue | filiform papillae |
| reddish, scattered over tongue surface | fungiform |
| V-shaped row in back of tongue surface | circumvallate/vallate |
| papillae that are associated w/taste buds | fungiform & circumvallate |
| arterial supply from abdominal aorta & hepatic portal vein make up | splanchnic circulation |
| gland located anterior to ear | parotid |
| open into vestibule next to 2nd upper molar | parotid duct |
| gland medial to body of mandible | submandibular gland |
| each submandibular gland duct opens | on each side of lingual frenulum |
| gland located under tongue | sublingual gland |
| sublingual gland ducts open | into floor of mouth |
| contains electrolytes, salivary amylase, lipase & mucin and also lysozyme, defensins | saliva |
| part of saliva that protects against bacteria | lysozyme & defensins |
| continuously keep mouth moist | intrinsic glands |
| parotid, submandibular, & sublingual glands are | extrinsic |
| produce secretions when ingested food increases salivation | stimulates receptors in mouth & parasympathetic stimulation |
| sympathetic stimulation inhibits | salivation causing dry mouth |
| 20 primary teeth are called | deciduous |
| have deciduous teeth from | 6-24 month of age |
| deciduous teeth include | 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 molars |
| permanent teeth develop, when roots are resorbed & teeth fall out at | 6–12 years of age |
| there are 32 __ teeth | permanent |
| permanent teeth include | 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars |
| oropharynx & laryngopharynx make up | pharynx |
| functions of oropharynx & laryngopharynx | allow passage of food & air |
| oropharynx & laryngopharynx are made up of | stratified squamous epithelium lining |
| oropharynx & laryngopharynx have __ muscle layer wall | skeletal |
| muscular wall of oropharynx & laryngopharynx serves to | contract & propel food into esophagus |
| is 10-inch muscular tube extends from pharynx to stomach | esophagus |
| esophagus pierces diaphragm at | esophageal hiatus |
| lined by stratified squamous epithelium | esophageal mucosa |
| glands in submucosa of esophagus, secrete mucus that | helps in bolus movement |
| made up of skeletal muscle superiorly & smooth muscle inferiorly | muscularis layer of esophagus |
| outermost connective tissue layer of esophagus | adventitia |
| ingestion of food; mechanical digestion; chemical digestion; propulsion are all | digestive processes of mouth |
| chewing is __ digestion | mechanical |
| salivary amylase breaks up polysaccharides during | chemical digestion in mouth |
| propulsion in mouth/swallowing is called | deglutition |
| voluntary contraction of tongue; 1st phase of deglutition | buccal phase |
| involuntary contraction of tongue; 2nd phase of deglutition | pharyngeal-esophageal phase |
| cardiac region of stomach surrounds | cardiac orifice |
| dome-shaped region of stomach | fundus |
| mid-portion of stomach | body |
| antrum, pyloric canal, & pylorus | pyloric region |
| convex; greater omentum hangs from it | greater curvature |
| concave; extends lesser omentum btwn it & the liver | lesser curvature |
| increase surface area of stomach | ruggae |
| omentum is __ that __ stomach | mesentery; surrounds |
| muscularis externa is made up of | inner circular, outer longitudinal, & oblique muscle layers |
| activates pepsin, & kills many bacteria | HCl acid |
| required for Vit. B12 absorption (lack of intrinsic factor → pernicious anemia | intrinsic factor |
| ( inactive form of pepsin) for protein digestion | pepsinogen |
| gastrin is a(n) | hormone |
| prevents self digestion of stomach | mucosal barrier |
| mucosal barrier consists of layer of __ mucus | bicarbonate-rich |
| mucosal barrier consists of __ __ between epithelial cells | tight junctions |
| mucosal barrier consists of __ __ cells being quickly replaced by new cells | damaged epithelial |
| inflammation caused by anything that breaches mucosal barrier | gastritis |
| erosion of the stomach wall | gastric ulcer |
| important cause of gastritis & ulcers | Helicobacter pylori bacteria |
| __ of proteins by HCl is digestive process in stomach | denaturation |
| protein __ begins by pepsin in stomach | digestion |
| stomach delivers __ to small intestine | chyme |
| neural control of stomach is through | parasympathetic |
| hormonal control of stomach is through | gastrin |
| stimulation of gastric secretion is under | neural & hormonal controls |
| even before food enters stomach- by the site, smell & taste of food | cephalic (reflex) phase |
| in cephalic (reflex) phase, signals from smell & taste receptors reach brain, resulting in | vagus nerve stimulating the stomach |
| once food reaches the stomach; phase lasts for 3–4 hours provides most of gastric juice | gastric phase |
| neural stimulation & gastrin involved in __ of gastric secretion | regulation |
| intestinal gastrin as partially digested food enters duodenum (brief); increase gastric secretion | stimulatory effect |
| decreases gastric secretion | inhibitory effects |
| inhibitory effects work through neural pathway of | enterogastric reflux |
| inhibitory effects work through neural pathway of | intestinal hormones of CCK, secretin |
| also causes increase in HCl secretion | histamine |
| stomach stretches in __ of food | anticipation |
| stomach stretches to __ food as it enters without greatly increasing tension | accommodate |
| stomach pressure __ __ until 1.5L of food is ingested | remains constant |
| increased by distension of stomach by food & gastrin | peristalsis |
| stretching & peristalsis are involved in | gastric motility & emptying |
| peristaltic waves move from the fundus toward the pylorus | propulsion |
| most vigorous peristalsis & mixing action occur close to pylorus | grinding |
| pyloric end of stomach acts as pump that delivers small amounts of chyme into duodenum, simultaneously forcing most of contained material backward into stomach | retropulsion |
| pyloric valve opens slightly | during retropulsion |
| during cephalic phase of gastric motility, | signals from smell & taste receptors reach brain; results in vagus nerve increase stomach motility |
| during gastric phase of gastric motility, | distention of stomach w/food |
| both neural stimulation & gastrin increase | stomach motility |
| intestinal phase of gastric motility | distention of duodenum w/chyme decreased stomach motility |
| stomach __ 4 hours after a meal | empties |
| as chyme enters the duodenum, receptors | respond to stretch- neural reflex |
| fatty, acidic chyme- (by hormones & neural reflexes) | chyme contents |
| decrease stomach motility & gastric emptying (and further duodenal filling) | chyme |
| major organ of digestion/absorption; 20 ft long from pyloric sphincter- ileocecal valve | stomach |
| 10"; ‘C’ shaped & is retroperitoneal; bile duct & pancreatic duct open here; entry is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi | duodenum |
| 8" long; suspended from posterior abdominal wall by mesentery | jejunum |
| 12"; joins large intestine at ileocecal valve; suspended from posterior abdominal wall by mesentery | ileum |
| structural modifications increase surface area for nutrient absorption | circular folds, villi, & microvilli |
| 1cm tall; folds of mucosa & submucosa | circular folds |
| circular folds also called | plicae circulares |
| finger-like extensions of the mucosa | villi |
| projections of plasma membrane of absorptive cells ((brush border) | microvilli |
| microvilli contain __ __ enzymes, only found in small intestines; responsible for "fine-tuning" | brush border |
| largest gland in body; right, left, caudate, & quadrate lobes; contains falciform ligament | liver |
| separates the (larger) right & (smaller) left lobes | falciform ligament |
| falciform ligament attaches liver to | anterior abdominal wall |
| hexagonal units; composed of plates of liver cells | liver lobules |
| liver lobules filter & process | nutrient-rich blood |
| liver lobules contain __, which are leaky capillaries btwn plates of hepatocytes that contain macrophages | sinusoids |
| process nutrients reaching them through portal blood; store glucose as glycogen | hepatocytes |
| hepatocytes use __ __ to form plasma proteins | amino acids |
| hepatocytes store __ vitamins | fat-soluble |
| hepatocytes detoxify by | converting ammonia to urea |
| hepatocytes __ bile | secrete |
| liver produces 500- 1000 ml __ which is conveyed to the duodenum | bile/day |
| yellow-green solution; contains bile salts, bilirubin, & cholesterol | bile |
| cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification & absorption | bile salts |
| pigment formed from destruction of red blood cells | bilirubin |
| triglycerides & phospholipids in bile | cholesterol |
| most bile salts are | reabsorbed & recycled |
| most of bilirubin is | lost in feces |
| stores & concentrates bile, by absorbing its water & ions | gall bladder |
| when gall bladder muscle wall contracts it | releases bile into its cystic duct, then flows into bile duct |
| acidic, fatty chyme causes duodenum to | release cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| cholecystokinin (CCK) causes __ of gall bladder | contraction |
| cholecystokinin (CCK) causes sphincter of Oddi to | relax |
| result of cholecystokinin (CCK) release by gall bladder, bile | enters into duodenum |
| pancreatic acini secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff | exocrine function of pancreas |
| release of insulin & glucagon by cells in islets of Langerhans | endocrine function of pancreas |
| watery bicarbonate rich fluid containing enzymes (trypsinogen, chymotrypsin amylase, lipase) | pancreatic juice |
| activated in the duodenum to trypsin | trypsinogen |
| neutralizes acid chyme & provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes | HCO3 |
| when fatty/acidic chyme enters duodenum secretin & CCK are released, which then | induce secretion of pancreatic juice |
| Vagal stimulation also stimulates release of __ & __ by duodenum | secretin & CCK |
| as chyme enters duodenum | carbohydrates & proteins are only partially digested |
| no fat digestion has taken place | as chyme enters duodenum |
| digestion is __ in small intestine | completed |
| all __ absorption takes place in small intestine | nutrient |
| most of __ __ takes place in small intestine | water absorption |
| delivered from liver & pancreas to small intestines | bile, enzymes, & bicarbonate ions |
| optimal pH required for __ activity in small intestines | enzyme |
| intestinal juice secreted by intestinal glands is __ __ | enzyme poor |
| intestinal juice secreted by intestinal glands is __ __ with some mucous | mostly water |
| mix chyme w/bile, pancreatic & intestinal juices, & move food residues through ileocecal valve into large intestine | small intestine movements |
| most common motion of small intestine in which chyme moves backwards & forwards | segmentation |
| during segmentation, chyme is mixed and brought it in contact with | intestinal epithelium for absorption |
| because segmentation allows slow movement of chyme towards ileocecal valve | it allows enough time for digestion & absorption |
| begins with each wave starting distal to previous; meal residue, bacteria, mucosal cells & debris are moved into large intestine via | peristalsis after digestion in small intestines |
| function is to absorb remaining water & some electrolytes from food residue & to eliminate residue as feces | large intestine |
| 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in large intestine muscularis | teniae coli |
| pocket-like sacs caused by tone of teniae coli | haustra |
| fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum | epiploic appendages |
| teniae coli, haustra, & epiploic appendages are | unique features of large intestines |
| large intestine is subdivided into | cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, & anal canal |
| ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, & sigmoid colon | distinct regions of colon |
| portions of colon that are anchored via mesenteries called mesocolons | transverse & sigmoid |
| potion of colon that joins rectum | sigmoid |
| last segment of large intestine that opens to exterior at anus | anal canal |
| anal sphincter composed of smooth muscle | internal |
| anal sphincter composed of skeletal muscle | external |
| anal sphincters are __ except during defecation | closed |
| consist of bacteria surviving small intestine that enter cecum, & those entering via anus | bacterial flora of large intestine |
| bacterial flora of large intestine serve, without harming host, to __ __ __ | ferment indigestible carbohydrates |
| bacterial flora of large intestine serve, without harming host, to release | irritating acids & gases (flatus) |
| bacterial flora of large intestine serve, without harming host, to | synthesize B complex vitamins & vitamin K |
| when __ __ is present colon becomes motile | food residue |
| slow short lived movements of haustra occur one after another that move contents of colon | segmentations |
| during segmentations __ & __ is absorbed | water; salt |
| stronger & occur after eating; presence of food in stomach initiates reflex | mass peristalsis |
| mass peristalsis force | feces toward rectum |
| feces are forced into rectum by | mass movements of colon |
| stretching of rectal walls by feces initiates | defecation reflex |
| defecation reflex stimulates | contraction of rectal walls |
| defecation reflex relaxes | internal anal sphincter |
| defecation reflex contracts | external sphincter initially |
| stimulate relaxation of external anal sphincter & defecation occurs under | voluntary signals/conscious controls |
| salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, & intestinal brush border enzymes are used to | break down carbohydrates |
| chemical digestion of starch; begins in mouth; breaks it down into 2-8 glucose units | salivary amylase |
| continues starch digestion, after salivary amylase | pancreatic amylase |
| convert disaccharides to monosaccharides | brush border enzymes |
| digests protein into polypeptides & a small number of amino acids, in stomach | pepsin |
| break up proteins into smaller peptides, in small intestine; pancreatic enzyme | trypsin & chymotrypsin |
| release free amino acids | brush border peptidases |
| small intestine is sole site of fat digestion brought about by | pancreatic lipases |
| emulsify large fat globules into tiny small droplets of fat which can easily be acted upon by lipases | bile salts |
| bile salts convert triglycerides to | free fatty acids & monoglycerides |
| most absorption is complete by time chyme | reaches ileum |
| amino acids & glucose are absorbed through mucosa of | intestinal villi by active transport |
| amino acids & glucose enter __ __ in intestinal villus & are ultimately transported to __ __ blood | capillary blood; hepatic portal |
| fats digestion products are absorbed by __ & enter blood through __ | diffusion; lacteals |
| lymphatic capillaries | lacteals |
| bile salts are also needed for | fat absorption |
| products of fat digestion associate w/bile salts to form very small __ which can come into close contact with epithelial cell surfaces | micelles |
| lipid substances leave micelles & enter intestinal cells | via diffusion |
| microscopic particles of emulsified fat found in the blood and lymph and formed during the digestion of fats | chylomicrons |
| chylomicrons leave epithelial cells, in small intestines, enter __, & are transported to circulation via __ | lacteals; lymph |
| chief cell is digestive system cell that | produces an inactive enzyme |
| islet cell is digestive system cell that | makes hormones |
| paneth cell is digestive system cells that | produces lysozyme |
| parietal cell is digestive system cells that | makes intrinsic factor |
| Kupffer cell is digestive system cells that | is phagocytic |
| ingestion is | taking food into the digestive system |
| mechanical digestion is | chewing, mixing, churning, & segmentation of food |
| chemical digestion is | enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules |
| absorption is | passage of digested materials from lumen of GI tract into blood/lymph |
| defecation is | elimination of indigestible food stuffs |
| mucosa is in __ __ w/ingested food | direct contact |
| submucosa is __ __ with many elastic fibers | dense CT |
| muscularis is composed of longitudinal & circular layer of __ __ | smooth muscle |
| serosa is same structure as __ __ | visceral peritoneum |
| paratoid gland is large salivary gland | lying behind ear |
| sublingual gland is salivary gland | below tongue |
| submandibular gland is smaller salivary gland | located under jaw |
| lingual frenulum | secures tongue to floor of oral cavity |
| rugae are | folds of mucosal layer |
| pyloric sphincter is located at | inferior end & controls stomach emptying |
| gastroesophogeal sphincter | lies at superior end & regulated movement of food from esophagus |
| body of stomach is | able to stretch & hold large amounts of food |
| cephalic phase is stimulated by | sight/smell of food |
| gastric phase is stimulated by | distention of stomach & low acidity |
| intestinal phase is stimulate by | partially digested proteins & fats |
| inhibits gastric gland secretions | secretin |
| increases the secretions of enzyme rich pancreatic juice | CCK |
| stimulated by partially digested proteins in the stomach and increases gastric gland secretions | gastrin |
| inhibits gastric gland secretions; released in response to presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine | GIP |
| contains openings for bile and pancreatic ducts | duodenum |
| deep permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa | plicae circulars |
| contains valve that connects to large intestines | ileum |
| finger-like projections of the mucosa | villi |
| AKA brush border | microvilli |
| most is ingested in the form of starch | carbohydrates |
| triglycerides are the most common in diet | lipids |
| built of long chains of amino acids | proteins |
| made up of ribose/deoxyribose sugars & nitrogenous bases | nucleic acids |
| begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth | salivary amylase |
| digests proteins in small intestines | trypsin |
| emulsifies fats for digestion | bile |
| brush border enzyme that act on disaccharides | sucrase, lactase, maltase |
| in order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases | occurs in duodenum |
| during deglutition, bolus passes into stomach from esophagus through | gastroesophageal sphincter |
| during the intestinal phase of gastric regulation | stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited |
| protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages occur in | Peyer's patches |
| proteins are | main organic molecule digested in the stomach |
| peristalsis | propulsive function that occurs in the esophagus |
| characteristic of the large intestine | contains a large number of bacteria |
| gastrin | regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility |
| layering of the wall of the GI tract, starting from the layer next to the lumen | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
| hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed from the union of | bile duct and main pancreatic duct |
| effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi | decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur |
| stomach produces | HCl & intrinsic factor |
| final product of carbohydrate digestion | monosaccharides |
| short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by | enteric plexus |
| most common cause of peritonitis | burst appendix |
| myxovirus causes | mumps |
| increased activity of anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue causes | halitosis |
| condition directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke | periodontitis |
| only stomach function that is essential to life is | secretion of intrinsic factor |
| phase of gastric secretion is considered a conditioned reflex | cephalic |
| hollow organs, like the stomach, that act as reservoirs exhibit | plasticity |
| many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by | absorption of whole proteins |
| condition that affects the large bowel and has no physiological or anatomical cause | irritable bowel |
| bile is a(n) | emulsifying agent |
| defecation is mediated by | sympathetic spinal cord reflex |
| three excitatory gastric hormones | gastrin, serotonin, histamine |
| stomach produces serotonin and histamine to __ smooth muscle contraction | regulate |
| triads have a branch of | hepatic artery & portal vein, and bile duct |
| begins in the stomach under the action of pepsin | protein digestion |
| pancreas does NOT have a serosa layer, making it | retroperitoneal |
| pyloric sphincter regulates passage of __ from the stomach into the duodenum | chyme |
| absorbed into lymphatic lacteals | digested fats |
| myenteric plexus controls | motility of digestive tract |
| continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus; its walls are constructed by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines | alimentary canal/GI tract |
| oblique layer allows stomach to churn/mix food, reducing into smaller pieces | modification of muscularis externa |
| muscularis externa differs from that of other GI organs in that | it has three layers of smooth muscle instead of two |
| nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium transitions to simple columnar epithelium at | gastroesophageal junction |
| non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of esophagus relates to its function in that | it is abrasive resistant |
| simple columnar epithelium of stomach relates to its function in that it is | specialized for secretion |
| differentiation of colon from large intestine, is that colon is | where food exits after passing through large intestine |
| structure that suspends small intestine from posterior body | mesentery |
| villi are | finger-like extensions of intestinal mucosa that increase surface area for absorption |
| Peyer's patches are | large collections of lymphoid tissue found in submucosa of small intestine |
| circular folds are | deep folds of mucosa & submucosa that extend completely/partially around circumference of small intestine |
| stomach & oral cavity are | regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically |
| pharynx is | conduit for both air & food |
| lesser/greater omentum & mesentery are | structures continuous w/and representing modifications of peritoneum |
| esophagus/gullet | has no digestive/absorptive function |
| rugae are | folds of gastric mucosa |
| haustra are | sacculations of large intestine |
| microvilli are | projections of plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell |
| ileocecal | valve at junction of small/large intestine |
| small intestine is | primary region of food/water absorption |
| frenulum is | membrane securing tongue to floor of mouth |
| large intestine | absorbs water & forms feces |
| vestibule is | area btwn teeth & lips/cheeks |
| appendix is | worm-like sac that out-pockets from cecum |
| stomach | initiates protein digestion |
| lesser omentum is | structure attached to lesser curvature of stomach |
| small intestine is | organ distal to stomach |
| pyloric | valve controlling food movement from stomach to duodenum |
| soft palate is | posterosuperior boundary of oral cavity |
| small intestine/duodenum is | location of hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions & bile pass |
| parietal peritoneum is | serous lining of abdominal cavity wall |
| large intestine is | principal site for synthesis of Vit K by microorganisms |
| anus is | region containing 2 sphincters through which feces are expelled from body |
| hard palate is | bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of oral cavity |
| visible portion of tooth in situ | clinical crown |
| material covering tooth root | dentin |
| hardest substance in body | enamel |
| periodontal ligament | attaches tooth to bone & surrounding alveolar structures |
| root | portion of tooth embedded in bone |
| cementum | forms major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone |
| odontoblast | produces dentin |
| pulp | site of blood vessels, nerves, & lymphatics |
| anatomical crown | entire portion of tooth covered w/enamel |
| produces mucus; found in submucosa of small intestine | gastric glands |
| produces product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in mouth | salivary glands |
| produces whole spectrum of enzymes & alkaline fluid that is secreted into duodenum | pancreas |
| produces bile that secrete into duodenum via bile duct | liver |
| produces HCl & pepsinogen | intestinal crypts |
| found in mucosa of small intestine; produces intestinal juice | duodenal glands |
| paratoid secretions are | mainly serous |
| role of gallbladder is to | store & concentrate bile |
| hepatic artery, portal vein, & common bile duct are three | structures always found in portal triad regions of liver |
| Kupffer cells are found on | lining of sinusoids in liver |
| Kupffer cells functions is to | remove debris from blood |
| liver is dark red in living animal because | this is where hemoglobin from dead RBCs are broken down & recycled |
| secretory cells of pancreas that serve digestive process | acinar cells |
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lfrancois