The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
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show | 1.Support; 2.Protection; 3.Assistance in movement; 4.Mineral homeostasis; 5.Blood cell production; 6.Triglyceride storage
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show | 18%
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What are the two main minerals that bone tissue stores? | show 🗑
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show | About 99% of the body's calcium
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show | Blood cell production; which occurs in red bone marrow after birth
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Red bone marrow | show 🗑
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Yellow bone marrow | show 🗑
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show | Is the bones shaft or body
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show | Proximal and distal ends of the bone
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show | Regions between the diaphysis and epiphyses
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Epiphyseal (growth) plate | show 🗑
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Epiphyseal line | show 🗑
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show | Thin layer of hyline cartilage covering the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint)with another bone
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What is the function of articular cartilage? | show 🗑
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Periosteum | show 🗑
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What is the periosteum consist of? | show 🗑
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show | 1.protects bone; 2.assists in fracture repair; 3.helps nourish bone tissue; 4.serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons
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show | Thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the extracellular bone matrix
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Medullary (marrow) cavity | show 🗑
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show | Membrane that lines the medullary cavity of bones; consisting of osteogenic cells and scattered osteoclasts
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show | Deposition of mineral salts, primary hydroxyapatite, in a framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue hardens
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Osteogenic cells | show 🗑
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Osteoblasts | show 🗑
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Osteocytes | show 🗑
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show | A large multinuclear cell that resorbs (destroys) bone matrix
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Resorption | show 🗑
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Remodeling | show 🗑
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Compact bone tissue | show 🗑
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What is the function of compact bone | show 🗑
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Perforating or Volkmann's canal | show 🗑
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Central canals (haversian canal) | show 🗑
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Concentric lamellae | show 🗑
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Lacuna | show 🗑
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show | A small channel or canal, as in bones, where they connect lacunae; plural: canaliculi
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show | The canaliculi connect lacunse with one another and with the central canals throughout the bone
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Circumferential Lamellae | show 🗑
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Spongy Bone Tissue | show 🗑
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Where is spongy bone found? | show 🗑
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show | 1.Spongy bone tissue is light, which reduces overall weight of bone so that it moves more readily when pulled by skeletal muscle; 2.the trabeculae of spongy bone support and protect the red bone marrow
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show | The spongy bone tissue in the hip bones, ribs, sternum, vertebra, and the ends of long bones; thus where hemopoiesis(blood cell production) occurs in adults
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show | The central (haversian) canals are the main blood supply to the osteocytes of an osteon (haversian system), so their blockage would lead to death of the osteocytes
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show | Like other connective tissues, bone, or osseous tissue, contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells
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show | a bone's hardness depends on the crystallized inorganic mineral salts, a bone's flexibility depends on its collagen fibers; collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide tensile strength, resistance to being stretched or torn apart
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show | The extracellular matrix is about 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50% crystallized mineral salts. The most abundant mineral salt is calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2]. It combines with another mineral salt, calcium hydroxide, to form crystals of hydroxyapa
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show | It is essential for growth in bone thickness, bone repair, and bone nutrition; It also serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons
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How do red and yellow bone marrow differ in composition and function? | show 🗑
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Where do periosteal arteries enter bone tissue and what do they supply? | show 🗑
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Where is the nutrient foramen located and what passes through it? | show 🗑
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show | On entering the medullary cavity, the nutrient artery divides into proximal and distal branches that supply both the inner part of compact bone tissue of the diaphysis and the spongy bone tissue and red marrow as far as the epiphyseal plates (or lines)
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show | It enters the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses
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show | It enters the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses
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show | (1) 1 or 2 nutrient veins accompany the nutrient artery and exit in the diaphysis; (2)many epiphyseal and metaphyseal veins accompany their arteries & exit in the epiphyses; (3)small periosteal veins accompany their arteries and exit in the periosteum
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show | The periosteum is rich in sensory nerves, some of which carry pain sensations; these nerves are especially sensitive to tearing or tension, which explains the severe pain resulting from a fracture or a bone tumor
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show | The process by which bone forms
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show | (1) the initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus; (2) the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence until their adult sizes are reached; (3) the remodeling of bone; (4) the repair of fractures throughout life
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show | (1) intramembranous ossification;it is the simpler of the two methods (2) endochondral ossification
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show | The method of bone formation in which the bone is formed directly in mesenchyme arranged sheet like layers that resemble membranes;
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What are the 4 stages of intramembranous ossification? | show 🗑
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Endochondral ossification | show 🗑
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show | (1)Development of the cartilage model; (2)growth of the model; (3)develpoment of the 1st ossification center; (4)development of the medullary cavity; (5)development of 2nd ossification centers (6)formation of articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate
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show | Growth from within, as in the growth of cartilage; results in an increase in length
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show | Growth due to surface deposition of material, as in the growth in diameter of cartilage and bone; results in an increase in thickness
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show | Secondary ossification centers develop in the regions of the cartilage model that will give rise to the epiphyses
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The growth in length of long bones involves two major events, what are they? | show 🗑
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show | Is a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone; site of lengthwise growth of long bones
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show | 1.Zone of resting cartilage; 2.Zone of proliferating cartilage; 3.Zone of hypertrophic cartilage; 4.Zone of calcified cartilage.
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show | The lengthwise growth of the diaphysis is caused by cell divisions in the zone of proliferating cartilage and replacement of the zone of calcified cartilage with bone (new diaphysis).
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show | That the bone has stopped growing in length
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show | The clavicle
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If a bone fracture damages the epiphyseal (growth) plate,a fractured bone may be shorter than normal once adult stature is reached,why? | show 🗑
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show | Appositional growth
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show | Is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
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What does bone remodling involve? | show 🗑
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Bone resorption | show 🗑
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Bone disposition | show 🗑
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Remodeling may be triggered by 3 factors, what are they? | show 🗑
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show | If too much mineral material is deposited in the bone, the surplus may form thick bumps on the bone that interfere with movement at joints
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show | Osteoporisis
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show | Rickets & osteomalacia
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Abnormal acceleration of the remodeling process results in what condition? | show 🗑
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Normal bone growth in the young and bone remodleing in the adult depend on 3 factors, what are they? | show 🗑
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Open (compound) fracture | show 🗑
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Closed (simple) fracture | show 🗑
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Comminuted fracture | show 🗑
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show | A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not yet fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material
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Impacted fracture | show 🗑
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Pott's fracture | show 🗑
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show | A fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
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Stress fractures | show 🗑
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The repair of bone fractures involves 4 stages, what are they? | show 🗑
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Why does it sometimes take months for a fracture to heal? | show 🗑
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Bone is the body's major calcium reservoir,what percentage of calcium is stored in bone tissue? | show 🗑
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The role of bone in calcium homeostasis is to help “buffer” the blood Ca2+ level, how is this accomplished? | show 🗑
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show | A hormone secreted by the chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium level and decreases blood phosphate level
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Calcitonin (CT) | show 🗑
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What body functions depend on proper levels of Ca2+? | show 🗑
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show | Increasing deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers; example: bones in an athlete
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show | Demineralization and collagen fiber reduction; example: a person that is bed ridden or an astronaut
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show | (1)loss of bone mass; (2)brittleness
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Demineralization | show 🗑
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What causes bones to become brittle? | show 🗑
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