The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
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show | 1.Support; 2.Protection; 3.Assistance in movement; 4.Mineral homeostasis; 5.Blood cell production; 6.Triglyceride storage
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Bone tissue makes up what percentage of the weight of the human body? | show 🗑
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show | Calcium and phosphorus; contribute to the strength of the bone
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What percentage of calcium does bone tissue store? | show 🗑
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What is hemopoiesis? | show 🗑
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show | Produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis
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Yellow bone marrow | show 🗑
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Diaphysis | show 🗑
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Epiphyses | show 🗑
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Metaphyses | show 🗑
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show | Located in the metaphysis of a growing bone; a layer of hyline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length
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show | When a bone ceases growth between ages 18-21; the cartilage in the epiphseal plate is replaced by bone
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Articular cartilage | show 🗑
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show | It reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints
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show | Surrounds the external bone surface wherever it is not covered br articular cartilage
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What is the periosteum consist of? | show 🗑
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What are the functions of the periosteum? | show 🗑
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Perforating (sharpey's) fibers | show 🗑
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Medullary (marrow) cavity | show 🗑
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Endosteum | show 🗑
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Calcification (mineralization) | show 🗑
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Osteogenic cells | show 🗑
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Osteoblasts | show 🗑
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Osteocytes | show 🗑
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show | A large multinuclear cell that resorbs (destroys) bone matrix
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Resorption | show 🗑
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Remodeling | show 🗑
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show | Contains few spaces and is the stongest form of bone tissue; make up about 80% of the skeleton; found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bone
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show | Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement
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show | A minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves form the periosteum penetrate into compact bone
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show | A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of an osteon of mature compact bone, containing blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and nerves
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Concentric lamellae | show 🗑
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show | A small, hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie; plural:lacunae
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show | A small channel or canal, as in bones, where they connect lacunae; plural: canaliculi
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show | The canaliculi connect lacunse with one another and with the central canals throughout the bone
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Circumferential Lamellae | show 🗑
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Spongy Bone Tissue | show 🗑
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Where is spongy bone found? | show 🗑
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show | 1.Spongy bone tissue is light, which reduces overall weight of bone so that it moves more readily when pulled by skeletal muscle; 2.the trabeculae of spongy bone support and protect the red bone marrow
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Where is red bone marrow stored? | show 🗑
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show | The central (haversian) canals are the main blood supply to the osteocytes of an osteon (haversian system), so their blockage would lead to death of the osteocytes
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show | Like other connective tissues, bone, or osseous tissue, contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells
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show | a bone's hardness depends on the crystallized inorganic mineral salts, a bone's flexibility depends on its collagen fibers; collagen fibers and other organic molecules provide tensile strength, resistance to being stretched or torn apart
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What is the composition of the extracellular matrix of bone tissue? | show 🗑
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What is the functional significance of the periosteum? | show 🗑
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How do red and yellow bone marrow differ in composition and function? | show 🗑
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show | Periosteal arteries enter bone tissue through perforations (Volkmann's canals); they supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone
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show | It is a hole located near the center of the diaphysis in compact bone; a large nutrient artery passes through
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show | On entering the medullary cavity, the nutrient artery divides into proximal and distal branches that supply both the inner part of compact bone tissue of the diaphysis and the spongy bone tissue and red marrow as far as the epiphyseal plates (or lines)
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show | It enters the metaphyses of a long bone and, together with the nutrient artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses
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show | It enters the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses
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Veins that carry blood away from long bones are evident in what three places? | show 🗑
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Which part of a bone contains sensory nerves associated with pain? Describe one situation in which this is important | show 🗑
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show | The process by which bone forms
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show | (1) the initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus; (2) the growth of bones during infancy, childhood, and adolescence until their adult sizes are reached; (3) the remodeling of bone; (4) the repair of fractures throughout life
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show | (1) intramembranous ossification;it is the simpler of the two methods (2) endochondral ossification
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show | The method of bone formation in which the bone is formed directly in mesenchyme arranged sheet like layers that resemble membranes;
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show | (1)development of the ossification center; (2)Calcification; (3)formation of trabeculae; (4)development of periosteum
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show | The replacement of cartilage by bone
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What are the 6 stages of endochondral ossification? | show 🗑
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Interstitial growth | show 🗑
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Appositional growth | show 🗑
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Where in the cartilage model do secondary ossification centers develop during endochondral ossification? | show 🗑
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show | (1) interstitial growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate and (2) replacement of cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate with bone by endochondral ossification
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The epiphyseal (growth) plate | show 🗑
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show | 1.Zone of resting cartilage; 2.Zone of proliferating cartilage; 3.Zone of hypertrophic cartilage; 4.Zone of calcified cartilage.
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How does the epiphyseal (growth) plate account for the lengthwise growth of the diaphysis? | show 🗑
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The appearance of the epiphyseal line signifies what? | show 🗑
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show | The clavicle
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If a bone fracture damages the epiphyseal (growth) plate,a fractured bone may be shorter than normal once adult stature is reached,why? | show 🗑
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Bones grow in thickness or diameter due to the addition of new bone tissue by periosteal osteoblasts around the outer surface of the bone, what is this called? | show 🗑
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Bone remodeling | show 🗑
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show | (1)bone resorption;(2)bone deposition
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show | The removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts; results in the destruction of bone extracellular matrix
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Bone disposition | show 🗑
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Remodeling may be triggered by 3 factors, what are they? | show 🗑
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show | If too much mineral material is deposited in the bone, the surplus may form thick bumps on the bone that interfere with movement at joints
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Excessive loss of calcium or tissue weakens the bones, and they may break, in what condition does this happen? | show 🗑
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show | Rickets & osteomalacia
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Abnormal acceleration of the remodeling process results in what condition? | show 🗑
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Normal bone growth in the young and bone remodleing in the adult depend on 3 factors, what are they? | show 🗑
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Open (compound) fracture | show 🗑
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show | Does not break the skin
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Comminuted fracture | show 🗑
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Greenstick fracture | show 🗑
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show | One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other
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show | A fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
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Colle's fracure | show 🗑
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show | Is a series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues
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The repair of bone fractures involves 4 stages, what are they? | show 🗑
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Why does it sometimes take months for a fracture to heal? | show 🗑
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show | 99%
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show | (1)releasing Ca2+ into blood plasma (using osteoclasts) when the level decreases; and (2)absorbing Ca2+ (using osteoblasts) when the level rises
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show | A hormone secreted by the chief (principal) cells of the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium level and decreases blood phosphate level
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Calcitonin (CT) | show 🗑
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What body functions depend on proper levels of Ca2+? | show 🗑
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show | Increasing deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers; example: bones in an athlete
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show | Demineralization and collagen fiber reduction; example: a person that is bed ridden or an astronaut
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What are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue? | show 🗑
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Demineralization | show 🗑
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What causes bones to become brittle? | show 🗑
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