Heart, veins
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| how do Cardiac mm contraction: non-authorythmic cells work? | Depol authorythmic cells, spreads to non-autorythmic & opens
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| what is involved in Circulation? | Bloodflow-volume of BF through vessel at any given time
BP-Force per unit area excerpted on a vessel wall.
Resistance- opposition to BF
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| what is Mid-to-late diastole? | -Ventricular Filling- relaxed
Atrial contraction- area of increased pressure
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| what is Cardiomyopathy? | Change in heart wall; dialated cardiomyopathy- stretches out, bldy sitting around
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| Systemic BP: Capillaries. Pressure in capillaries? Why is it necessary to keep BP low in capillaries? | -35(arteriole end)-15(venous end)
-capillaries will burst and push nutrients out
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| Factors that affect resistance? | -Bld viscosity
-Bld vessel length
-Bld vessel diameter
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| + inotropic factor | -calcium
-digitalis
-epinephrine
-glucagon
-thyroxine
Increase contractility, increase of force of heart
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| ABC of heart health | -Avoid tobacco
-Be active
-Choose good nutrition
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| Vascular shunt | From arterial to venous
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| Other heart rate modifiers | Chemicals-Hormones, Ions
age
gender
exercise
body temp.
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| Areas of few or no capillaries | Cornea & lens
Ligaments & tendons
Epithelium
Cartilage
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| Types of bld vessels | Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
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| Anastomoses are poorly developed in? | Kidnerys
retina
spleen
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| Calcium delivery initiates? | Mm contaction in heart by Ca2+
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| Fenestrated found in? More permeable to? | -Porous, small intestine, kidney, endocrine organs, some endothelial have fenestration
-More permeable to fluid and solutes
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| Tunica Media | Smooth mm allows for vasodialation and elastin
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| Coronary artery disease/ heart attack | Most common
Don't stretch/ tissues die off
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| Mitochondria create? | 15x more in heart. Keeps it from stopping. Produces ATP
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| Arrythmias | Abnormal HR
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| Arteries do what? | Carry bld away from the heart
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| Capellaries have what tunic, and what strengthens it? | -Tunica Intima
-Pericytes- help support wall
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| Characteristics of capillaries | Tunica intima only
length-60,000
width-10 micrometers
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| Heart failure classification | L & R sided heart failure
Systolic heart failure-stretches out; contractility problems
Diastolic heart failure-common in old women
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| Veins characteristics | -3 tunics
-thinner wall, large lumen than arteries, decrease resistance of bld flow
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| what does myocarditis do to the heart? | Inflamation of the heart; viruses cause L ventricle to fail
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| Factors that affect EDV and ESV | Preload
Contractility
Afterload
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| True Capillaries | Exchange vessels
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| Vascular anastomosis parts developed best for it? | Joints
abdominal organs
brain
heart
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| Blood flow through capillaries | slow and intermittent
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| Elastic arteries | largest arteries in heart, closer to the heart, do not vasodialate or vasoconstrict
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| Capillaries job and position? | B arteries and veins
Only bld vessel type with diffusion of O2 and nutrients
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| Sinusoidal | Bone marrow
Leaky capillaries with large clefts and pores, large molecules and blood cells can pass through
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| Types of veins | Venule
Veins
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| Muscular arteris | Futher away from heart
Deliver bld to specific body organs- kidney gonads
Thickest tunica media
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| 3 types of capillares | Continious
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
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| Ventricular systole | Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
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| FAulty heart valves | Regurgitation and increase work load on heart stenosis
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| Extrinsice innervation of the heart | Heart beats on its own, ANS can modify HR and force of contraction
-Sympathetic-Neurotransmitter Norapanephrin
-Parasympathetic-Neurotransmitter acetacholamine
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| Cardiac mm contraction- autorythmic cells | K+ channels close at repol
Na+ channels spontaneously open
When depol to threshold (-40mv) ca2+ channels open, depols cell further
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| Venous adaptation for overcoming gravity | large lumens
One-way valves
Resperatiory "pump"
Skeletal "pump"
constriction of tunica media
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| Intercalated disks | Lets cells know it is time to contract, contraction travels from cell to cell
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| The cardiac cycle | systole- time contraction of ventricles
diastole- time relaxation of ventricles
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| Tunics of bld vessel walls? | Tunica intima, media and externa
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| Circulation formula | BF=distance between two points over resistance
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| layers of the tunica intima? | Endothelium
Subendothelium
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| What affects cardiac output? Formula? | SV=EDV-ESV
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| Veins do what? | Carry bld to heart
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| Heart rate modifier:age | fetus-140-160
newborn-100-160
under 10-70-120
over 10-60-100
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| Hypertension | Afterload problem, increase force on L ventricle, diastole heart failure
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| Varicose veins: What happens when valves malfunction? | Aging
sex
genetics
obesity
standing or sitting still for long periods of time
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| Tunica Externa | Collagen-stronger than steel
Vasa Vasorum-penetrate through bld vessels to sustain tissue
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| Common causes of heart failure- | Arrythmias
Congenital heart failure
Cardiomyopathy
Faulty heart valves
Heart attack
Hypertension
Myocarditis
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| Means of stimulation, generates signal how? | Autorythmic spontaneously generate signal
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| Heart failure signs and symptoms | Fatigue-lack of O2
Fast HR
Leg swelling
SOB
stretching/ thickening of myocardium
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| What affects CO? | Changes in HR
-chemical, age, gender, exercise, body temp
-tachycardia and bradycardia
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| types of arteries? | Muscular, elastic, arterioles
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| Arterioles feed into what? | Smallest arteries, feed into walls to supply nutrients
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| HR modifiers-Chemicals | Hormones-Thyroxine, epinephrine
Ions-Calcium, Potassium
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| CO formula? amt of bld through heart in? | CO=HRxSV, amt of bld pumped through L vent in 1 min
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| Congenital heart defects common in? how does it affect heart? | Increase in newborns, heart is overworked
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| Short-term mechanisms for regulating BP, 2 types of hormones? | Regulate BP by altering R to BF
-Norepinephrine and epinephrine- released in response to stress and nicotine, both cause vasoconstriction
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| Atrial natrueretic peptide releaseed in response to? cause bld volume to? | ANP-produced by heart
Relaxed by atrial myocytes in response to:
atrial dystension, sympathetic stimulation of heart, increase Na+ lvls, angiotension 2, endothelium
Cause bld volume to decrease
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| Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) produced by? cause kidneys to? | Produced by hypothalamus when bp is low
cause kidneys to conserve H2O
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| Organ vs. Motor Unit singal what | Intercalated disks signal every mm to contract
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| Systemic BP: do veins pulsate? | Does not pulsate, lumen get large as pressure decreases
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| Angiotensin 2, kidneys release? | Kidneys receive inadequate flow, they release renin
Renin acts as an enzyme to make angiotensin 2
Angiotensin 2 causes increase in BP; release aldosterone & ADH
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| 4 routs by which nutrients & resp gases cross capillary walls | Lipid soluble substances diffuse through lipid bilayer
H2O soluble pass through fluid-filled intercellular clefts
fenestrations
large molecules are actively transported by pinocytotic vesicles or cabeolae
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| Myogenic controls of autoregulation | Vascular mm responds to stretch
Keeps tissue perfusion fairly constant despite changes in systemic BP
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| Precapillary sphincter | At base of true capillares
So blood can move from arteries to veins, into capellaries
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| Preload | Amt to which heart mm is stretched before contraction
-Venous Return- bld returning to heart increase force of contraction
increase VR=increase EDV=increase CO
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| Capillary Beds | Microcirculation- flows of bld through a capillary bed
Vascular shunt
True capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
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| Cardiac anitomical differences | Intercalated disks
Mitochondria
Calcium delivery
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| Direct renal mechanism; independent or dependent of hormones? | Independent of hormones
Increase in bld volume or pressure lead to increase in kidney filtration(vice versa)
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| Afterload | Force that needs to be generated in ventricle to open SL valves and eject bld into aorta
- Hypertension- increase pressure, vent. has to work hard to contract
increase ESV=increase AL= decrease CO
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| Continious | brain skin and mm
Blood brain barrier
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| What factors affect contractility? | + and - inotropic factors
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| Differences in mechanism of contraction : cardiac | means of stimulation
organ vs. motor unit
length of absolute refractory period
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| - inotropid factor | Acidosis( excess H+)
Ca2+ channel blockers
Rising extracellular K+ levels
decrease contractility, decrease force of heart
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| Anatomy of venule | Multiple capalaries drop O2 bld here
-smallest veins
-endothelium with a few pericytes & maybe some smooth mm cells
-porous
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| Indirect renal mechanism; kidneys release what? | Renin- angiotension mechanism
when arterial bld pressure decrease kidneys, release renin which produces angiotensin 2
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| Pathology of BP regulation: Hypotension: causes- | Anaphylaxis
Blood loss
Cardiac problems
Dehydration
Endocrine problems
Medications
Postural(orthostatics)
Pregnancy
Septic shock
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| Hypertenstion; 3 categories of hypertension? | prehypertension- 121-139/81-89
stage 1 hypertension140-159/90-99
stage 2 hypertension-160+/100+
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| Maintaining BP- 3 mechanisms of maintaing BP | Short Term
-CO
-Resistance
Long term
-Bld volume
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| Regulating BP; how do they maintain BP? | Neural controls; maintain BP by altering resistance to BF
-Baroreceptrors-stretch receptors
-Chemoreceptors-detect chemicals in bld
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| Baroreceptors; where are they located and what do they do? | Respond to stretch in arteries caused by increased BP. cause vasodialation/restriction when stretched.
Located in walls of:
Carotid sinuses
--CArotid sinus reflex
aortic arch
most large arteries in neck & thorax
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| Chemoreceptors respond to decrease in? increase in? when activated, causes? | Respond to decrease in O2&bld ph, as well as increase in CO2
Increased CO
Vasoconstriction
Increased - decreased CO2 and increased O2
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| Early Diastole | Isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling
N-systolic volume- blood left over after contraction
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| Hypertenstion; Primary identifiable or unidentifiable? | primary-unidentifiable cause, but involve
diet
obesity
age diabetes mellitus
heredity
stress
smoking
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| Hypertensition; Secondary identifiable of unidentifiable? | Indentifiable, underlying conditions
10% have it, atherosclerosis, hyperthyroid
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| Tissue perfusion is necessary for? | Bld flow to body tissues
Necessary for
delivery of O2& nutrients to cells
Removal of waste from cells
exchange of gas in lungs
absorption of nutrients from GI tract
Urine formation- needs lots of O2 to filter
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| Autoreglation is done by? | Automatic adjustment of BF to each tissue in proportion to needs.
Done by: metabolically- increase tissue perfussion
Myogencially- autoregulation in smooth mm
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| Myo | mm
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| gen | origin
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| Metabolic controls of autoregulation | decrease in O2 and nutrient levels
increase in K+, H+, adenosine, lactic acid, prostaglandius
increase in inflammatory chemicals
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