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anatomy test #2
Heart, veins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how do Cardiac mm contraction: non-authorythmic cells work? | Depol authorythmic cells, spreads to non-autorythmic & opens |
| what is involved in Circulation? | Bloodflow-volume of BF through vessel at any given time BP-Force per unit area excerpted on a vessel wall. Resistance- opposition to BF |
| what is Mid-to-late diastole? | -Ventricular Filling- relaxed Atrial contraction- area of increased pressure |
| what is Cardiomyopathy? | Change in heart wall; dialated cardiomyopathy- stretches out, bldy sitting around |
| Systemic BP: Capillaries. Pressure in capillaries? Why is it necessary to keep BP low in capillaries? | -35(arteriole end)-15(venous end) -capillaries will burst and push nutrients out |
| Factors that affect resistance? | -Bld viscosity -Bld vessel length -Bld vessel diameter |
| + inotropic factor | -calcium -digitalis -epinephrine -glucagon -thyroxine Increase contractility, increase of force of heart |
| ABC of heart health | -Avoid tobacco -Be active -Choose good nutrition |
| Vascular shunt | From arterial to venous |
| Other heart rate modifiers | Chemicals-Hormones, Ions age gender exercise body temp. |
| Areas of few or no capillaries | Cornea & lens Ligaments & tendons Epithelium Cartilage |
| Types of bld vessels | Arteries Capillaries Veins |
| Anastomoses are poorly developed in? | Kidnerys retina spleen |
| Calcium delivery initiates? | Mm contaction in heart by Ca2+ |
| Fenestrated found in? More permeable to? | -Porous, small intestine, kidney, endocrine organs, some endothelial have fenestration -More permeable to fluid and solutes |
| Tunica Media | Smooth mm allows for vasodialation and elastin |
| Coronary artery disease/ heart attack | Most common Don't stretch/ tissues die off |
| Mitochondria create? | 15x more in heart. Keeps it from stopping. Produces ATP |
| Arrythmias | Abnormal HR |
| Arteries do what? | Carry bld away from the heart |
| Capellaries have what tunic, and what strengthens it? | -Tunica Intima -Pericytes- help support wall |
| Characteristics of capillaries | Tunica intima only length-60,000 width-10 micrometers |
| Heart failure classification | L & R sided heart failure Systolic heart failure-stretches out; contractility problems Diastolic heart failure-common in old women |
| Veins characteristics | -3 tunics -thinner wall, large lumen than arteries, decrease resistance of bld flow |
| what does myocarditis do to the heart? | Inflamation of the heart; viruses cause L ventricle to fail |
| Factors that affect EDV and ESV | Preload Contractility Afterload |
| True Capillaries | Exchange vessels |
| Vascular anastomosis parts developed best for it? | Joints abdominal organs brain heart |
| Blood flow through capillaries | slow and intermittent |
| Elastic arteries | largest arteries in heart, closer to the heart, do not vasodialate or vasoconstrict |
| Capillaries job and position? | B arteries and veins Only bld vessel type with diffusion of O2 and nutrients |
| Sinusoidal | Bone marrow Leaky capillaries with large clefts and pores, large molecules and blood cells can pass through |
| Types of veins | Venule Veins |
| Muscular arteris | Futher away from heart Deliver bld to specific body organs- kidney gonads Thickest tunica media |
| 3 types of capillares | Continious Fenestrated Sinusoidal |
| Ventricular systole | Isovolumetric contraction Ventricular ejection |
| FAulty heart valves | Regurgitation and increase work load on heart stenosis |
| Extrinsice innervation of the heart | Heart beats on its own, ANS can modify HR and force of contraction -Sympathetic-Neurotransmitter Norapanephrin -Parasympathetic-Neurotransmitter acetacholamine |
| Cardiac mm contraction- autorythmic cells | K+ channels close at repol Na+ channels spontaneously open When depol to threshold (-40mv) ca2+ channels open, depols cell further |
| Venous adaptation for overcoming gravity | large lumens One-way valves Resperatiory "pump" Skeletal "pump" constriction of tunica media |
| Intercalated disks | Lets cells know it is time to contract, contraction travels from cell to cell |
| The cardiac cycle | systole- time contraction of ventricles diastole- time relaxation of ventricles |
| Tunics of bld vessel walls? | Tunica intima, media and externa |
| Circulation formula | BF=distance between two points over resistance |
| layers of the tunica intima? | Endothelium Subendothelium |
| What affects cardiac output? Formula? | SV=EDV-ESV |
| Veins do what? | Carry bld to heart |
| Heart rate modifier:age | fetus-140-160 newborn-100-160 under 10-70-120 over 10-60-100 |
| Hypertension | Afterload problem, increase force on L ventricle, diastole heart failure |
| Varicose veins: What happens when valves malfunction? | Aging sex genetics obesity standing or sitting still for long periods of time |
| Tunica Externa | Collagen-stronger than steel Vasa Vasorum-penetrate through bld vessels to sustain tissue |
| Common causes of heart failure- | Arrythmias Congenital heart failure Cardiomyopathy Faulty heart valves Heart attack Hypertension Myocarditis |
| Means of stimulation, generates signal how? | Autorythmic spontaneously generate signal |
| Heart failure signs and symptoms | Fatigue-lack of O2 Fast HR Leg swelling SOB stretching/ thickening of myocardium |
| What affects CO? | Changes in HR -chemical, age, gender, exercise, body temp -tachycardia and bradycardia |
| types of arteries? | Muscular, elastic, arterioles |
| Arterioles feed into what? | Smallest arteries, feed into walls to supply nutrients |
| HR modifiers-Chemicals | Hormones-Thyroxine, epinephrine Ions-Calcium, Potassium |
| CO formula? amt of bld through heart in? | CO=HRxSV, amt of bld pumped through L vent in 1 min |
| Congenital heart defects common in? how does it affect heart? | Increase in newborns, heart is overworked |
| Short-term mechanisms for regulating BP, 2 types of hormones? | Regulate BP by altering R to BF -Norepinephrine and epinephrine- released in response to stress and nicotine, both cause vasoconstriction |
| Atrial natrueretic peptide releaseed in response to? cause bld volume to? | ANP-produced by heart Relaxed by atrial myocytes in response to: atrial dystension, sympathetic stimulation of heart, increase Na+ lvls, angiotension 2, endothelium Cause bld volume to decrease |
| Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) produced by? cause kidneys to? | Produced by hypothalamus when bp is low cause kidneys to conserve H2O |
| Organ vs. Motor Unit singal what | Intercalated disks signal every mm to contract |
| Systemic BP: do veins pulsate? | Does not pulsate, lumen get large as pressure decreases |
| Angiotensin 2, kidneys release? | Kidneys receive inadequate flow, they release renin Renin acts as an enzyme to make angiotensin 2 Angiotensin 2 causes increase in BP; release aldosterone & ADH |
| 4 routs by which nutrients & resp gases cross capillary walls | Lipid soluble substances diffuse through lipid bilayer H2O soluble pass through fluid-filled intercellular clefts fenestrations large molecules are actively transported by pinocytotic vesicles or cabeolae |
| Myogenic controls of autoregulation | Vascular mm responds to stretch Keeps tissue perfusion fairly constant despite changes in systemic BP |
| Precapillary sphincter | At base of true capillares So blood can move from arteries to veins, into capellaries |
| Preload | Amt to which heart mm is stretched before contraction -Venous Return- bld returning to heart increase force of contraction increase VR=increase EDV=increase CO |
| Capillary Beds | Microcirculation- flows of bld through a capillary bed Vascular shunt True capillaries Precapillary sphincters |
| Cardiac anitomical differences | Intercalated disks Mitochondria Calcium delivery |
| Direct renal mechanism; independent or dependent of hormones? | Independent of hormones Increase in bld volume or pressure lead to increase in kidney filtration(vice versa) |
| Afterload | Force that needs to be generated in ventricle to open SL valves and eject bld into aorta - Hypertension- increase pressure, vent. has to work hard to contract increase ESV=increase AL= decrease CO |
| Continious | brain skin and mm Blood brain barrier |
| What factors affect contractility? | + and - inotropic factors |
| Differences in mechanism of contraction : cardiac | means of stimulation organ vs. motor unit length of absolute refractory period |
| - inotropid factor | Acidosis( excess H+) Ca2+ channel blockers Rising extracellular K+ levels decrease contractility, decrease force of heart |
| Anatomy of venule | Multiple capalaries drop O2 bld here -smallest veins -endothelium with a few pericytes & maybe some smooth mm cells -porous |
| Indirect renal mechanism; kidneys release what? | Renin- angiotension mechanism when arterial bld pressure decrease kidneys, release renin which produces angiotensin 2 |
| Pathology of BP regulation: Hypotension: causes- | Anaphylaxis Blood loss Cardiac problems Dehydration Endocrine problems Medications Postural(orthostatics) Pregnancy Septic shock |
| Hypertenstion; 3 categories of hypertension? | prehypertension- 121-139/81-89 stage 1 hypertension140-159/90-99 stage 2 hypertension-160+/100+ |
| Maintaining BP- 3 mechanisms of maintaing BP | Short Term -CO -Resistance Long term -Bld volume |
| Regulating BP; how do they maintain BP? | Neural controls; maintain BP by altering resistance to BF -Baroreceptrors-stretch receptors -Chemoreceptors-detect chemicals in bld |
| Baroreceptors; where are they located and what do they do? | Respond to stretch in arteries caused by increased BP. cause vasodialation/restriction when stretched. Located in walls of: Carotid sinuses --CArotid sinus reflex aortic arch most large arteries in neck & thorax |
| Chemoreceptors respond to decrease in? increase in? when activated, causes? | Respond to decrease in O2&bld ph, as well as increase in CO2 Increased CO Vasoconstriction Increased - decreased CO2 and increased O2 |
| Early Diastole | Isovolumetric relaxation Ventricular filling N-systolic volume- blood left over after contraction |
| Hypertenstion; Primary identifiable or unidentifiable? | primary-unidentifiable cause, but involve diet obesity age diabetes mellitus heredity stress smoking |
| Hypertensition; Secondary identifiable of unidentifiable? | Indentifiable, underlying conditions 10% have it, atherosclerosis, hyperthyroid |
| Tissue perfusion is necessary for? | Bld flow to body tissues Necessary for delivery of O2& nutrients to cells Removal of waste from cells exchange of gas in lungs absorption of nutrients from GI tract Urine formation- needs lots of O2 to filter |
| Autoreglation is done by? | Automatic adjustment of BF to each tissue in proportion to needs. Done by: metabolically- increase tissue perfussion Myogencially- autoregulation in smooth mm |
| Myo | mm |
| gen | origin |
| Metabolic controls of autoregulation | decrease in O2 and nutrient levels increase in K+, H+, adenosine, lactic acid, prostaglandius increase in inflammatory chemicals |
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celdia
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