Urinary system
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| Kidney | regulate volume and chemical composition of blood by adjusting amounts of water and electrolytes and eliminate waste endocrine gland secretes erythropoietin(EPO) which stimulates production of red blood cells and produces Renin which raises blood pressure
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| waste products | uria, uric acid,creatine
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| soultes | water and other dissolved substances
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| homeostasis | stable internal body environment
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| home/o | same
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| stasis | control
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| urinary system(urinary tract) | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters,1 bladder,1 urethra
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| retroperitoneal | behind peritoneal membrane
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| adipose tissue | thick cushion of fatty tissue protect and support kidney and anchor it to body wall
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| cortex | outer layer of kidney of body or stucture
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| nephrons | microscopic units functional units of kidney
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| glomerulus | ball shaped collection of very tiny coiled and intertwined cappilaries
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| renal capsule(bowman's capsule | double walled cup surrounding glomerulus
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| proximal convuluted(coiled tube | 1st part of renal tubule
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| loop of henle | 2nd part of tubule
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| distal convuluted tubule | 3rd part of tubule empties into collecting tublule and leads to inner part of kidney
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| medulla | inner region of kidney
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| renal pyramids | triangular tissues in renal medulla contain loops and collecting tubules of nephron
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| minor calyx | tip of pyramid extends into cup like urine collection cavity
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| major calyx | several minor calyx merge
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| renal pelvis | central collecting area of kidney that narrows into large upper end of ureter formed whem major calyce merge recieves urine form calyces and drains it into ureters
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| ureters | muscular tubes lined with mucous membrane lead from kidney to bladder carries urine
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| peristalsis | wavelike contractions
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| bladder | hollow muscular sac in pelvic cavity that serves as temporary reservoir for urine holds 1 quart of urine
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| urethra | where urine exits bladder mucous membrane lined tube that leads from bladder to exterior of body female just urine male reproductive as well
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| urinary meatus | external opening of urethra
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| external sphincter | controls release of urine from bladder
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| hilum | depression or pit of kidney where vessels and nerves enter
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| arterioles | smallest branch of arteries lead to glomerulus
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| glomerulus | ball shaped collection of capillaries where urine formation begins in cortex of kidney
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| glomerular filtration | blood passing through glomeruli within cortex of kidneys and blood pressure forces materials through glomerular walls into bowman's capsule
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| glomerular filtrate | filtered waste products and toxins collect in bowman's caspule to be eliminated through urine filter out of blood through glomeruli
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| tubular reabsorption | glomerular filtrate passes through bowman's capsule into renal tubule and water,sugar,salt is returned to blood stream through capillaries
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| tubular secretion | materials selectively transferred from blood into filtrate to be excreted in urine occurs in renal tubules substances that may be excreted are potassium,hydrogen,drugs
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| urine | fluid released by kidneys transported by ureters retained in bladder and eliminated through urethra consists of water and other materials that were filtered or secreted into tubules but were not reabsorbed about 2 quarts excreted a day 95% water 5% urea,c
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| micturition | urination
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| sphinchters | circular muscles surrounding urethra
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| urine formation | blood stream, glomerulus,bowman's capsule,renal tubule-proximal convuluted tubule,loopof henle,distal convoluted tubule collecting tubule, renal pelvis,ureter, bladder, urethra,urinary meatus
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| antiseptic | inhibit growth and reproduction of microorganisms
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| sept/o | infection
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| aseptic technique | prevent contamination of microorganisms
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| asymptomatic | without symptoms
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| azotemia(uremia) | excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism nitrogenous compounds in blood caused by failure of kidneys toremove urea from blood
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| azot/o | nitrogen
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| Bowman's capsule(glomerular capsule) | cup shaped end of renal tubule containing glomerulus
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| calyx | cup shaped division of renal pelvis where urine passes from renal tubules
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| catheter | hollow,flexible tube that can be inserted into body cavity or vessel to instill or withdraw fluid
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| cytometer | instument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure
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| cyst/o | bladder,sac,or cyst
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| cystoscope | instrument used to view interior of bladder
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| dialysate(bath) | solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wasted
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| lys/o | breakdown or destruction
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| ate | something that
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| dialysis | remove waste products form blood when kidneys can't
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| hemodialysis | passing blood through artificial kidney
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| peritoneal dialysis | introduce fluid into abdomen through catheter
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| osmosis | fluid draws waste products out of capillaries into abdomenal cavity and fluid is removed by catheter
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| dwell time | length of time dialysis solution stays in peritoneal cavity
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| fossa | depression especially on surface of end of bone
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| hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by liquid
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| hydroureter | distension of ureter with urine due to blockage from obstruction
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| meatus | opening or tunnel through part of body urinary meatus is external opening of urethra
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| medulla | most internal part of structure or organ
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| nephrolith | kidney stone
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| nephrolithiasis | the condition of kidney stones
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| palpable | touch
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| peritoneum | specific serous membrane that covers entire abdominal wall of body and id reflected over viscera or inner lining of abdominal cavity
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| peritonitis | inflammation of peritoneum
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| pyelitis | inflammation of renal pelvis
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| radiopaque | not permitting passage of x rays or other radiant energy apeears white on film
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| renal artery | one of pair of large arteries branching form abdominal aorta that supplys bold to kidneys,adrenal glands,ureters
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| renal calculus | stone formation in kidney
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| renal tubule | long twisted tube leading away form glomerulusto collecting tubules
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| renal vein | 1 of 2 vessels that carries blood away from kidneys
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| residual urine | urine remaining in bladder after urination
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| solute | substance disolved in solution
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| specific gravity | weight of substance compared with equal volume of water
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| turbid | cloudy
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| uretritis | inflammation of urethra
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| urinary incontinence | inability to control urination
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| urinary retention | accumulation of urine in bladder
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| vesicocele(cystocele) | herniation or sownward protrusion of bladder through wall of vagina
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| cali/o calic/o | calyx,calyces
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| olig/o | few,little,scanty
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| pyel/o | renal pelvis
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| normal urine color | pale yellow to deep gold
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| clarity of urine | normal is clear cloudy could indicate pyuria(pus in urine) or bacteria
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| odor of urine | normal is strong,agreeable,foul odor could indicate infection friuty odor could be diabetes starvation or dehydration
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| specific gravity of urine | normal would be 1.003 to 1.030 measures amount of solids in urine low could be kidney disease and high could be diabetes
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| PH | normal 4.5 to 8.0 acid 6.0 measures acid may be alkaline high acid could be infection
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| protein | normal small amounts albumin-kidney disease
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| albuninuria(proteinuria) | large amounts of protein in urine could be leak in glomerular membrane
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| glucose | normal no glucose could be some causes for glucose in normal urine glucose could be diabetes
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| ketones | none in normal could also be starvation,dehydration, too much aspirin
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| anuria | no urine production
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| bacteriuria | bacteria in urine
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| dysuria | painful urination
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| enuresis | urinary incontinence at night
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| esis | condition of
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| fatigue | exhaustion or loss of strengh or endurance
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| frequency | number of repetitions within a fixed period of time could be bladder infection sign
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| glycosuria | sugar in urine
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| hematuria | blood in urine
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| ketonuria(ketoaciduria) | excessive amounts of ketone bodies in urine
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| lethargy | without emotion or sluggish
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| malaise | weakness or discomfort
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| nocturia | excessive urination at night
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| oliguria | diminished urine output
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| polyuria | large amounts of urine
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| pyuria | excessive white blood cells and pus in urine
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| urgency | need to void immediately
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| cystitis | inflammation of the bladder
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| glomerulonephritis (acute) | inflammation of glomerulus of kidneys
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| periorbital | around eye socket
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| hydronephrosis | distension of pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in ureter
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| hydroureter | distended ureter
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| nephrotic syndrome | droup of symptomes occuring when damage to glomerulus of kidney is present and there is large amounts of protein in the urine
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| albumin | excessive loss of protein
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| polycystic kidney disease | heridetary disorder of kidneys grapelike fluid filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissue
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| uremia | kidney failure
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| pyelonephritis | bacterial infection of renal pelvis of kidney
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| renal calculi | stone formations in the kidney
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| renal colic | severe attack of pain in region of kidney and toward thigh
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| renal cell carcinoma | a malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in adulthood
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| renal failure chronic | slow developing kidney failure
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| epogen | injectable erthropoietin
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| vesicoureteral reflux | abnormal backflow of urine to ureter
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| wilm's tumor | malignant tumor of kidney mainly occuring in childhood
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| dialysis | mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of waste products,draw excessive fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys can't
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| peritoneal dialysis | peritoneal membrane or peritoneum is used as filter catheter in lower abdomen dialysate solution is used drains fluid
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| exchange cycle | draining and infusing dialysate
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| continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) | does not require machine patient can do several times a day
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| continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) | machine used at night when pt is sleeping takes 8-10 hrs
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| dwell time | retention of solution in abdominal cavity
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| hemodialysis | remove excess fluids and toxins from blood 3 times a average time is 3-4 hrs
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| arteriovenous fistula | opening or fistula created between artery and vein in forearm
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| kidney transplantation | surgical implantation of a healthy human donor kidney into body of patient with irreversible kidney failure could be living or nonliving renal artery of donor kidney connected to recipient's iliac artery and iliac veins are connected
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| blood urea nitrogen(BUN) | blood test to determine amount of urea and nitrogen in blood
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| catheterization | introduce catheter into body cavity or organ ot instill substance or remove fluid
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| creatine clearance test | test for kidney function measures filtration
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| cystometrography | evaluate bladder pressure during filling and voiding with catheter and cystometer
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| cystoscopy | process of viewing interior of bladder using cystoscope
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| extracorporeal lithotripsy(extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy) | noninvasive procedure using sound waves to break renal calculi so they can pass through ureters
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| Intravenous pyelogram(IVP)(intravenous pyelography, excretory urogram) | radiographic procedure that provides visualization of entire urinary tract kidneys ureters bladder urethra IV contrast dye is used
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| Kidneys,ureters,bladder(KUB) | x-ray of lower abdomen that defines shape,size, location of kidneys ureters and bladder without contrast medium
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| renal angiography | x-ray visualization of internal anatomy of renal blood vessels after injection of contrast medium
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| renal scan | radioactive tracer through IV and radioactivity over kidney is measured as tracer passes through kidney
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| retrograde pyelogram (RP) | radiographic procedure where small caliber catherters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to viusalize the ureters and renal pelvis
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| ultrasonography | sound waves transmitted into body structures as transducer is passed over skin
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| urinalysis | physical,chemical,microscopic examination of urine
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| urine culture | urine sample tested for bacteria in urine
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| c | urine culture and sensitivity
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| 24-hour urine specimen(composite ureine specimen) | collect all urine excreted over 24 hour period collected in 1 larde container blood sample taken as well
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| voiding cystourethrography | x-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during voiding after bladder is filled with contrast
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| catheterized specimen | urine specimen withdrawed through catheter
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| clean catch specimen | external genitalia is cleansed with antiseptic wipe expell small amount of urine then specimen is collected in sterile container and then patient can expell the rest of the urine avoids contamination
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| first voided specimen(early morning specimen) | collect first voided specimen of morning and refrigerate until taken to medical office or laboratory done when more concentrated urine is needed
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| random specimen | collected at any time tested in medical office immediately
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| residual urine specimen | obtained by catheterization anfter patient voids to empty bladder measures amount of urine left in bladder after voiding
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