Vocabulary & Terminology
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| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the blood stream.
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| achlorhydria | Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
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| amino acids | The chief consituents of proteins there are 20 amino acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested.
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| amylase | An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starched into simpler substances (such as sugars).
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| anastomosis | A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ.
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| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
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| appendectomy | Removal or excision of the appendix
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| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix
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| appendix | Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen
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| bile | Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats
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| biliary | Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum)
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| bilirubin | A yellow-orange pigment found in bile
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| bowel | Intestine. The large bowell is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine
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| buccal mucosa | Muccous membrane lining the cheeck
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| canine teeth | Four, pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw.
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| cecal | Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon)
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| cecum | First part of the large intestine (colon)
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| celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen
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| cheilitis | Inflammation of the lip
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| cholecystectomy | Excision or removal of the gallbladder
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| choledochojejunostomy | Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening)between the common bile duct and the jejunum
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| choledocholithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct
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| choledochotomy | Incision of the common bile duct
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| cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of gallstones
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| cirrhosis | Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver
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| colon | Large intestine (bowel)
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| colonic | Pertaining to the colon
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| colonic polyposis | Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining th colon
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| colonoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the colon
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| colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
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| colostomy | New opening of the colon through the adominal wall to the outside of the body
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| common bile duct | Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine
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| constipation | Difficulty in passing (eliminating) fecus (stool)
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| Crohn disease | Inflammation bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss
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| defecation | Eliminatiing waste and undigested foods through the rectum
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| deglutition | Swallowing
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| dental caries | Tooth decay
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| dentibuccal | Pertaing to cheeck and teeth
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| dentin | The cheif substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown
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| diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
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| digestion | The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
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| diverticula | Small, pouch-le herniations through the muscular wall of a tublar organ such as the colon
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| diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diveticula; adominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms
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| diverticulosis | Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation
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| duodenal | Pertaining to the duodenum
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| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine
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| dysentery | Painful intestines; marked by inflammaiton and infection, especially of the colon with abdominal pain and diarrhea
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| dysphagia | Difficulty swalling
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| elimination | Discharge from the body indigestible materials or wastes
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| emulsification | Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles
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| enamel | White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth
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| endodontist | A dental specialist in the inner parts fo the tooth
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| enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and colon
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| enterocolostomy | New surgical connection between the small intestine and colon
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| enzyme | Proteins that speed up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme
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| eructation | Gas expelled grom the stomach through the mouth
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| esophageal | Pertaing to the esophagus
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| esophageal varices | Swallon, twisted veings at the lower end of the esophagus
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| esophagus | Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
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| etiology | Study of the cause of disease
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| facial | Pertaing to the face
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| fatty acids | Substances that are produce when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat
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| feces | Solid wastes; stools
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| gallbladder | Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored
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| gastric carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Backflow of solds and fluid from the stomach of the mouth against its normal direction of movement
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| gastrointestinal tract | The tubular system related the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus
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| gastrojejunostomy | New surgical opening between the stomach and jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery
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| gastrostomy | New opening of the stomach through the adominal wall to the outside of the body
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| gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums
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| gluconeogenesis | Processing of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the lvier
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| glucose | Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells
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| glycogen | Storage from of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when ist is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells
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| glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar
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| hematochezia | Passage of bright red blood from the rectum
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| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted varicose veings in the rectal region
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| hepatoma | Tumor (malignant) of the liver cells; hepatocellular carinoma
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| hepatomegaly | Englargement of the leiver
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| herpetic stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infoection and known as cold sores or fever blisters
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| hiatal hernia | Protrusion of the upper protion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm
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| hydrochloric acid | Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion
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| hyperbilirubinemia | High levels billirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice
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| hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus
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| hypoglossal | Pertaing to below the tongue
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| icterus | Jaundice; yellow-orante coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of billirubin in the blood
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| idiopathic | Pertaing to unknown cause of disease
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| ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine)
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| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine)
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| ileostomy | Surgical formation of an artifical opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall
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| ileum | Third (and final) portion of the small intestine
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| ileus | Failure of peristalsis with obstruciton of the intestines
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| incisor | One of four front teeth on eithr jaw
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| inflammatory bowel disease | Severe inflammtion of the samll and large intestine (colon); examples Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
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| inguinal hernia | A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle
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| insulin | Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilities transport of sugar from the blood into the body cells
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| intussusception | One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines
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| irritable bowel syndrome | Group of gastroentestinal symptoms (adominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension
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| jaundice | A symptom of illnes marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess billirubin in the blood
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| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine
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| labial | Pertaining to the lip
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| laparoscopy | Laparoscopy visual (endoscopic)exmination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small adominal incisions
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| lipase | Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum
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| lithogenesis | Formation of stone (calculi)
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| liver | Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)of the adomen. It secretes bile, forms proteins and metabolizes fats, proteings, and sugar
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| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach
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| mastication | Process of chewing
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| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood
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| mesentery | Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall
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| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eigth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.
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| nausea | Unpleasant senstation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
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| odynophagia | Painful swalling
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| oral | Pertaining to the mouth
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| oral leukoplakia | White plaques or pathches on the mucus membrane of the mouth
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| orthodontist | Dentist specializing in straightening teeth
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| palate | Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posteriour fleshy part near the throat
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| palatoplasty | Surgical repair of the palate
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| pancreas | Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells
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| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas
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| papillae | Small elevationson the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
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| parenteral | Petaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection
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| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheeck, just anterior to the ear
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| peptic ulcer | Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum
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| periodontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
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| periodontist | Denttist specializing in treating the gums
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| peristalsis | Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures
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| peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum
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| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the pharynx or throat
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| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
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| postprandial | Pertaining to after meas
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| premolar teeth | Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behine the canine teeth and in front of the molars
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| proctologist | Specialist in the study of the anus and rectum
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| protease | Enzymes that digest proteins
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| pulp | Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels
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| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum
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| pyloroplasty | Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter
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| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum
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| rectocele | Hernia of the wall of the rectum
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| rugae | Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth
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| saliva | Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreated by salivary glands
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| salivary glands | Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands
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| sialadenitis | Inflammation of a salivary gland
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| sialolith | Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct
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| sigmoid colon | Distal, lower end of the colon
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| sigmoidoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon
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| steatorrhea | Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion malabsorption of fat
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| stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth
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| sublingual | Pertaining to below the tongue
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| submandibular | Pertaining to below the lower jaw (mandible)
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| triglycerides | Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of gylcerol
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| ulcerative colitis | Inflammation of the colon and rectum with presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease
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| uvula | Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
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| uvulectomy | Removal (excision) of the uvula
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| viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
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| volvulus | Twisted of the intestine upon itself
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