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Chapter - 5
Vocabulary & Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine and into the blood stream. |
| achlorhydria | Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. |
| amino acids | The chief consituents of proteins there are 20 amino acids that contribute to protein synthesis. Amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested. |
| amylase | An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starched into simpler substances (such as sugars). |
| anastomosis | A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ. |
| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body |
| appendectomy | Removal or excision of the appendix |
| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix |
| appendix | Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen |
| bile | Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats |
| biliary | Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum) |
| bilirubin | A yellow-orange pigment found in bile |
| bowel | Intestine. The large bowell is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine |
| buccal mucosa | Muccous membrane lining the cheeck |
| canine teeth | Four, pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw. |
| cecal | Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon) |
| cecum | First part of the large intestine (colon) |
| celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen |
| cheilitis | Inflammation of the lip |
| cholecystectomy | Excision or removal of the gallbladder |
| choledochojejunostomy | Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening)between the common bile duct and the jejunum |
| choledocholithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct |
| choledochotomy | Incision of the common bile duct |
| cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of gallstones |
| cirrhosis | Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver |
| colon | Large intestine (bowel) |
| colonic | Pertaining to the colon |
| colonic polyposis | Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining th colon |
| colonoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the colon |
| colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both |
| colostomy | New opening of the colon through the adominal wall to the outside of the body |
| common bile duct | Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine |
| constipation | Difficulty in passing (eliminating) fecus (stool) |
| Crohn disease | Inflammation bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss |
| defecation | Eliminatiing waste and undigested foods through the rectum |
| deglutition | Swallowing |
| dental caries | Tooth decay |
| dentibuccal | Pertaing to cheeck and teeth |
| dentin | The cheif substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown |
| diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose, watery stools |
| digestion | The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine |
| diverticula | Small, pouch-le herniations through the muscular wall of a tublar organ such as the colon |
| diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diveticula; adominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms |
| diverticulosis | Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation |
| duodenal | Pertaining to the duodenum |
| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine |
| dysentery | Painful intestines; marked by inflammaiton and infection, especially of the colon with abdominal pain and diarrhea |
| dysphagia | Difficulty swalling |
| elimination | Discharge from the body indigestible materials or wastes |
| emulsification | Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles |
| enamel | White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin) of the crown of the tooth |
| endodontist | A dental specialist in the inner parts fo the tooth |
| enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and colon |
| enterocolostomy | New surgical connection between the small intestine and colon |
| enzyme | Proteins that speed up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix -ase means enzyme |
| eructation | Gas expelled grom the stomach through the mouth |
| esophageal | Pertaing to the esophagus |
| esophageal varices | Swallon, twisted veings at the lower end of the esophagus |
| esophagus | Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach |
| etiology | Study of the cause of disease |
| facial | Pertaing to the face |
| fatty acids | Substances that are produce when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat |
| feces | Solid wastes; stools |
| gallbladder | Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored |
| gastric carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Backflow of solds and fluid from the stomach of the mouth against its normal direction of movement |
| gastrointestinal tract | The tubular system related the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus |
| gastrojejunostomy | New surgical opening between the stomach and jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of a gastric bypass surgery |
| gastrostomy | New opening of the stomach through the adominal wall to the outside of the body |
| gingivitis | Inflammation of the gums |
| gluconeogenesis | Processing of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the lvier |
| glucose | Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells |
| glycogen | Storage from of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when ist is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells |
| glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar |
| hematochezia | Passage of bright red blood from the rectum |
| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted varicose veings in the rectal region |
| hepatoma | Tumor (malignant) of the liver cells; hepatocellular carinoma |
| hepatomegaly | Englargement of the leiver |
| herpetic stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infoection and known as cold sores or fever blisters |
| hiatal hernia | Protrusion of the upper protion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm |
| hydrochloric acid | Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion |
| hyperbilirubinemia | High levels billirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice |
| hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus |
| hypoglossal | Pertaing to below the tongue |
| icterus | Jaundice; yellow-orante coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of billirubin in the blood |
| idiopathic | Pertaing to unknown cause of disease |
| ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine) |
| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine) |
| ileostomy | Surgical formation of an artifical opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall |
| ileum | Third (and final) portion of the small intestine |
| ileus | Failure of peristalsis with obstruciton of the intestines |
| incisor | One of four front teeth on eithr jaw |
| inflammatory bowel disease | Severe inflammtion of the samll and large intestine (colon); examples Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis |
| inguinal hernia | A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle |
| insulin | Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilities transport of sugar from the blood into the body cells |
| intussusception | One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines |
| irritable bowel syndrome | Group of gastroentestinal symptoms (adominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension |
| jaundice | A symptom of illnes marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess billirubin in the blood |
| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine |
| labial | Pertaining to the lip |
| laparoscopy | Laparoscopy visual (endoscopic)exmination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small adominal incisions |
| lipase | Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum |
| lithogenesis | Formation of stone (calculi) |
| liver | Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)of the adomen. It secretes bile, forms proteins and metabolizes fats, proteings, and sugar |
| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach |
| mastication | Process of chewing |
| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood |
| mesentery | Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall |
| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eigth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth. |
| nausea | Unpleasant senstation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit |
| odynophagia | Painful swalling |
| oral | Pertaining to the mouth |
| oral leukoplakia | White plaques or pathches on the mucus membrane of the mouth |
| orthodontist | Dentist specializing in straightening teeth |
| palate | Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posteriour fleshy part near the throat |
| palatoplasty | Surgical repair of the palate |
| pancreas | Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells |
| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas |
| papillae | Small elevationson the surface of the tongue containing taste buds |
| parenteral | Petaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection |
| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheeck, just anterior to the ear |
| peptic ulcer | Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum |
| periodontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone |
| periodontist | Denttist specializing in treating the gums |
| peristalsis | Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures |
| peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum |
| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the pharynx or throat |
| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
| postprandial | Pertaining to after meas |
| premolar teeth | Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behine the canine teeth and in front of the molars |
| proctologist | Specialist in the study of the anus and rectum |
| protease | Enzymes that digest proteins |
| pulp | Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels |
| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum |
| pyloroplasty | Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter |
| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum |
| rectocele | Hernia of the wall of the rectum |
| rugae | Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth |
| saliva | Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreated by salivary glands |
| salivary glands | Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands |
| sialadenitis | Inflammation of a salivary gland |
| sialolith | Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct |
| sigmoid colon | Distal, lower end of the colon |
| sigmoidoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon |
| steatorrhea | Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion malabsorption of fat |
| stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth |
| sublingual | Pertaining to below the tongue |
| submandibular | Pertaining to below the lower jaw (mandible) |
| triglycerides | Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of gylcerol |
| ulcerative colitis | Inflammation of the colon and rectum with presence of ulcers; an inflammatory bowel disease |
| uvula | Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth. |
| uvulectomy | Removal (excision) of the uvula |
| viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus |
| volvulus | Twisted of the intestine upon itself |
Created by:
missb
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