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| Most common in dairy cattle within one month of parturition or prepartum | LDA & RDA
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| Due to hypocalcemia resulting in abomosal atony | LDA & RDA
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| Leads to metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia due to sequestration of acid, chlorine & potassium in abomasums | LDA & RDA
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| Left 5-10x more common than | right
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| Left-sided ping between ribs 9-13 | LDA
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| Normal TPR,Anorexia, decreased production, ketosis, Diarrhea is poor px sign | LDA & RDA
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| Treatment - roll cow, but recurrence likely,Surgical correction with omentopexy or abomasopexy | LDA & RDA
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| RDA can become | Abomasal volvulus
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| Dairy cows near parturition w/ sudden drop in milk prod,Usu counterclockwise from rear,Very sick, clinical signs more severe dt vascular compromise,Rt sided ping, palpable,Treatment is surgery,Poor prognosis | Abomasal volvulus
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| Most common in high-producing dairy cows in first 6 weeks of production,Stress decreases protective prostagl | Abomasal ulcers
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| Ulceration at the ventral portion of the fundic region of the greater curvature,See melena,anorexia, occult blood, abdominal pain | Abomasal ulcers
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| is significant cause of bleeding ulcers in older cattle | LSA
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| Bleeding ulcers | don’t perforate & perforating ulcers (seen in calves) don’t bleed
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| Pregnant beef cattle in winter with poor quality feed | Abomasal impaction
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| Left Ping | LDA, pneumoperitoneum, atonic rumen
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| Right Ping | Spiral colon, rectum/colon, RDA, RAV (palpable)
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| Herd problem: IBR, BVD, brucellosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis, anaplasmosis,ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas | Abortion in Cattle
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| Mycotic (Aspergillus, Mucor spp)Reach uterus hematogenously | cause late term abortion in cattle
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| Dx via culture of fetal tissue | abortion due to mycosis
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| Also Listeria, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus,bluetonque,Nitrates, lupine, locoweed, mycotoxins | can cause abortion in cattle
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| Most common infectious cause of abortion in horses is | Equine Herpes 1, last trimester
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| Equine viral arteritis | less frequent cause of abortion in horses
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| EVA & EH1 | Vax available for both diseases
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| Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli | Causes sporadic abortion in horses
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| These infections occur through ascending infection via the cervix | Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli
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| Twin pregnancies in horses | often result in abortion
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| Crush the smallest embryo at day 22-25 after confirmation of pregnancy | Tx for twin pregnancy in horses
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| Most common cause of abortion is campylobacteriosis | sheep
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| Campylobacteriosis | Infection via ingestion of organisms
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| Late-term abortion of edematous fetus,liver with gray necrotic foci,Carrier sheep shed organisms in feces, uterine discharges, aborted fetuses | Campylobacteriosis
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| Culture & ID organism in fetal abomasal fluid & liver | Campylobacteria
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| Vaccinate ewes at breeding,booster at second month gestation | Campylobacteriosis
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| Toxoplasma gondii – protozoan, life cycle is completed in the | cat
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| Abortion & still births in sheep, pigs, & goats | Toxoplasma gondii
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| Toxoplasma gondii | White foci in cotyledons, leukoencephalomalacia
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| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | late-term abortion
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| Sheep-Exposure via ingestion, inhalation or venereal,Fetus well-preserved or mummified | chlamydia psittaci
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| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | Placentitis most consistent finding
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| Leptospirosis in sheep | late-term abortions
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| Listeriosis | late-term abortion, birth of weak lambs,Slight to marked autolysis of fetus, fluid in serous cavities, necrotic foci in liver, lung & spleen
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| Erosions in abomasal mucosa,CNS deficits,Man can be affected | Listeriosis
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| Akabane virus disease | arthrogryposis, hydrancephaly
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| Pigs Vaccinations | parvovirus, pseudorabies, enterovirus, brucellosis, leptospirosis can affect reproductive performance
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| Vaccinate sows & gilts against | leptospirosis, parvovirus & erysipelas
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| Also permit >21 day exposure to herd before breeding to allow | natural exposure to endemic herd pathogens including parvovirus & enteroviruses that can cause reproductive failure
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| Parvovirus Early fetal resorption, reduced litter size, mummies | Due to persistence of maternal immunity in gilts until sexual maturity, exposure at breeding time
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| Pseudorabies | Abortion, stillbirths, mummies, weak pigs,Also fever, respiratory signs, nervous signs
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| Brucellosis | Venereal
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| Leptospirosis – L interrogans | one of most common causes of reproductive failure
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| L Pomona | is late term abortion
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| L Bratislava | commonly id in serologic surveys in midwest US but NOT affected w/ abortion or repro problems
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| Abortion induced in Cow | PGF2 up to 4th month
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| Months 5-8 PGF2 & Dexamethasone combination | for induced abortion in cow
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| PG for abortion only | Mare
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| May need double dose or repeated treatment at 48 hour intervals after 4th month | PG for abortion in mare
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| Douching of uterus also works at any stage of pregnancy | Abortion in mare
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| for live foal only after cervix has begun to relax & colostrum is in udder | oxytocin for use in mare
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| PGF2 can be used after day 40 | Small animal
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| Dexamethasone 10 days produces fetal death & resorption | Small animal
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| Phenothiazine tranquilizer,Block release & uptake of dopamine in the CNS,Also has anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antispasmodic & alpha-adrenergic blocking effects | Acepromazine
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| Acepromazine | Depresses RAS,Administer atropine to counteract bradycardic effects
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| Adverse effects Precipitates seizures,-RR,-arterial BP,+CVP, bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest,Bradycardia negated by physiological response to decreased BP | Acepromazine
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| Causes extrusion of penis in male large animals,No analgesic effects | Acepromazine
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| Positive effects - Antidysrhythmic effects,Inhibit arrhythmias induced by ultra-short barbiturates, halothane, Epinephrine | Acepromazine
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| Reduces halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia in pigs | Acepromazine
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| Contraindications - Decrease dose in animals with hepatic dysfunction, cardiac disease,Contraindicated in patients w/ hypovolemia, shock, tetanus, strychnine | Acepromazine
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| If there is no displacement, fractures treated conservatively w/ Ehmer sling & restricted Activity,Bone plates & screws used for internal fixation | Acetabelar
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| Acetaminophen poisoning | Tylenol
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| Clinical signs - Hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia,Dark-colored urine,Icterus, facial edema,lethargy | Acetaminophen poisoning
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| Clin path - Heinz body anemia, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria | Acetaminophen poisoning
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| Therapy - N-acetylcysteine (Mucomist) | Acetaminophen poisoning
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| Acrodermatitis | Lethal familial zinc deficiency in white bull terriers
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| Retarded growth, progressive, acral, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pustular dermatits at mucocutaneous jxns,Death by 2 yrs of age | Acrodermatitis
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| Acute Abdomen Syndrome | Acute presentation, showing systemic signs, abdomen painful, distended, V/D, weakness,Major categories are bacterial sepsis, obstruction/perforation, ischemia/thrombosis
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| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone,Suppresses excretion of urine
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| Has specific effect on the epithelial cells of the renal tubules | ADH
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| Stimulates the resorption of water, resulting in concentration of urine | ADH
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| Adrenal Gl&s Endocrine gl&, Adrenal cortex | Three zones
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| Zona glomerulosa (outer) secretes | mineralocorticoids
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| Zona fasciculata (middle) layer secretes | glucocorticoids
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| Zona reticularis (inner) secretes | sex steroids
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| Accessory cortical tissue seen as small nodules in | aged dogs is common & nonfunctional
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| Adrenal Medulla | Modified sympathetic nervous system ganglion
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| Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine | adrenal medulla Important role in response to stress or hypoglycemia
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| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone regulates ion transport of epithelial cells, resulting in excretion of K+ & conservation of Na+
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| Glucocorticoids | Regulate carbohydrate, protein & lipid metabolism resulting in sparing of glucose & lipolysis
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| Glucocorticoids | suppress inflammatory & immunologic responses
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| Can have negative effect on wound healing due to inhibition of fibroblast proliferation & collagen synthesis | glucocorticoids
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| Sex hormones | Progesterone, estrogens, &
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| Aelurostrongylus abstrusus | Cat lungworm
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| Life cycle includes snail first host,frog, lizard, bird or rodent vector | aelurostrongylus abstrusus encysted larvae
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| Cat eats transport host, larvae migrate from stomach to lungs & embed in lung tissue Eggs form nodules in alveolar ducts, larvae hatch, coughed up, swallowed & passed in feces,Larvae in feces have dorsally spined tails | aelurostrongylus abstrsus
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| Causes coughing, dyspnea,Treatment is levamisole | aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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| African Swine Fever | Iridovirus
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| Highly contagious viral disease that resembles hog cholera & is therefore REPORTABLE | ASF
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| Eradicated from western hemisphere | ASF
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| Replicates in RE cells, found in all fluids & tissues, No vaccine | ASF
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| Ornithodoros ticks are vectors,Oronasal exposure,Survivors carriers for life | ASF
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| Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, eye discharge, abortion, death,Hemorrhage of lymph nodes, renal cortex, splenomegaly (bigger than in hog cholera) Excessive pleural, pericardial & peritoneal f luids | ASF
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| Air Sacculitis | Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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| Causes respiratory tract infection in chickens,High rate of carcass,condemnation,Caseous exudates | Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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| Aldosterone | The main mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex
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| Regulates electrolyte & water balance by promoting retention of Na+ & the excretion of K+,Retention of water induces an increase in plasma volume & an increase in blood pressure | Aldosterone
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| Secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by | angiotensin II
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| Aleutian Disease | Parvoviral infection of mink resulting in immune complex formation & deposition, No vaccine
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| Alimentary Lymphosarcoma | Most have normal or low peripheral lymphocytes,Nonresponsive IBD,Can be diffuse or multinodular,Dx w/ full thickness biopsy,Very difficult to treat
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| Alkalosis | incHCO3,incTCO2
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| hyperventilation causes | alkalosis
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| Cow saliva rich in | HCO3 (horse saliva rich in Cl-)
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| Amyloidosis | Consists of B pleated sheets of amino acids, refractory to enzymatic breakdown,2 major amyloid proteins,AA released from hepatocytes due to chronic infection,AL composed of partially degraded immunoglobulin light chains produced by malignant plasma cells
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| Disease caused by displacement of normal cells with amyloid deposits, mainly liver, spleen, brain & kidneys | Amyloidosis
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| Anal Sac Disease | Hematochezia, Chronic bright red blood w/ normal stools
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| Anaplasmosis | Anaplasma marginale,Rickettsia located in the stroma of RBC
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| Disease of ruminants,Transmission through contamination with infected blood via ticks (Boophilus, Dermacentor), horse flies, stable flies, mechanical transfer of blood (vax, dehorn, etc),Fomites | anaplasmosis
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| Carriers maintain disease in a herd, More severe in adult cattle, lifelong resistance if exposed young | anaplasmosis
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| Clinical signs Depression, inappetence, fever, decreased production, marked icterus,Anemia leading to hypoxemia, Diagnosis Suspect in mature cattle showing anemia without hemoglobinuria, Blood smear, see anisocytosis, presence of agent,Serology | anaplasmosis
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| Treatment Tetracycline | LA200, Do not stress patients, may die,Insect control
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| Vax – May cause neonatal isoerythrolysis | anaplasmosis
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| Ancylostoma caninum | Canine hookworm
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| Anemia CRC | percent reticulocytes X patient PCV/normal PCV (45 in dog, 37 in cat)
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| anemia Regenerative if | > than 1percent in dog or 5percent in cat
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| Horses | have no peripherally circulating reticulocytes
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| Regenerative Anemia | Macrocytic, normochromic, nRBCs
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| Regenerative response | take 2-5 days
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| Hemolysis – Intravascular | RBC destruction w/in blood vessels & loss of Hgb from cells,Often severly ill w/ weakness, fever, icterus, Hgbemia, Hbguria
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| Blood pressure | Systolic below 80 & mean below 60 are worry numbers when anesthetized
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| Hypotension is | mean BP<60 for >20min
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| Assist by dec anesthetic percent, inc fluid rate, inc ventilation | Hypotension
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| Kidney | cannot autoregulate when BP<60mmHg
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| Arterial Pressures | CO x Peripheral resistance
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| CO | HR x SV
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| Systolic | 100-160
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| Diastolic | 60-100
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| Mean | 80-120
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| CVP | 0-10
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| Blood gasses – Hypoventilation | kills slowly
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| Hypoxemia | kills quickly
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| PaCO2 - | Measures ventilatory status of the patient
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| Normal 35 – 45 mmHg | PaCO2
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| PaCO2 < 35 | hyperventilation
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| Inc HR,inc CO,inc BP, injected mucous membranes | hyperventilation
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| PaCO2 > 45 | hypoventilation
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| PaCO2 > 60 | severe respiratory acidosis
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| Hypercapnia | may be caused by hypoventilation, upper or lower airway obstruction, pleural filling disorders, pulmonary parenchymal disease, abdominal or thoracic restrictive disorders
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| PaO2 | Measures oxygenating efficiency of the lungs
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| Normal 90-100 | PaO2
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| Patients on 100percent O2 have | PaO2 400-500
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| PaO2 | 5x what breathing
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| PaO2 < 60mmHg | hypoxemia
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| SpO2 | predictor of O2 saturation (PaO2),percent saturation of Hgb
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| Measure w/ pulse oximeter, want >90percent | Hgb saturation
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| Urine output | Indirect measure of major visceral organ perfusion
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| Intraoperative urine output should be | 1-2ml/kg/hr, 1/2mg/kg/hr in horse,Renal fxn dec after general anest & sx in normal, healthy animal for 24-48 hrs
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| pH Acid base status Normal | 7/4
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| Primary derangement is always in direction of pH, body won’t overcompensate | 3 x bas deficity x wt(kg) = HCO3mEq (give ½ & reasses)
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| Temperature Can spontaneously | fibrillate if < 90F
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| Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) | Only anesthetic agent approved by FDA for fish
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| E cylinder of O2 | Contains 700L at 2200 psi
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| H cylinder of O2 | Contains 7,000L at 2200 psi
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| Angiotensin | Vasoconstrictive principle formed in the blood when renin is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney
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| The enzymatic action of rennin | cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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| Angiotensin I is activated | in the lung to become angiotensin II (by ACE)
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| Angiotensin II stimulates | aldosterone secretion & raises blood pressure, thereby decreasing fluid loss
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| Antacids & Antisecretory Agents | Gastric ulceration, hypersecretory diz, EPI, NSAID tox
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| AlOH | Cations bind bile acid, stimulate prostagl&in sythesis, cytoprotective,Rapid,Also binds P in renal disease
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| H2 antagonists | Antisecretory, competitive blockade
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| Cimetidine | TID H2 antagonist, least potent, most bioavailable
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| Ranitidine | 5-12x more potent H2 antagonist, BID, less bioavail, minimal drug interactions
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| Omeprazole | Proton pump inhibitors,Most effective antisecretory
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| Misosprostol | Synthetic prostagl&in, antisecretory,Local effects
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| Sucralfate | Cytoprotective, needs acidic environment to work,Protects & promotes healing, physiologic b&aid, NSAID prophy
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| Anterior Uveitis Inflammation of the anterior uveal tract | iris, ciliary body, choroid
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| AU Signs | Pain,blepharospasm,tearing,conjunctivitis,constricted pupil, reduced IOP,aqueous flare,keratic precipitates,hypopyon, miosis
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| Glaucoma, cataract & corneal opacification may be complication | AU
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| AU Cause | Trauma,infectious systemic disease,intraocular neoplasm,intraocular helminths,immune-mediated disease
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| Recurrent uveitis | immune-mediated
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| Treatment - Topical atropine, corticosteroids if no ulcer, prostagl&in inhibitors, antibiotics | AU
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| Blepharospasm | spasm of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid
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| Aqueous flare | turbidity of the aqueous humor caused by increased protein levels
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| Keratic precipitates | fibrous deposits on the posterior surface of the cornea, usually associated with uveitis
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| Hypopyon | pus in the anterior chamber of the eye
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| Pyrantel pamoate Nemex, Strongid-T,Neuromuscular blocker, paralyzes,Used for | roundworms & hookworms in dogs & cats, also Physaloptera,Strongyles, ascarids in horses,Not absorbed, safe for puppies, kittens, pregnant & lactating animals,Pamoate salt limits absorption – just passes through
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| Fenbendazole | Panacure,Least hepatotoxic benzimidozole,Treats rounds, hooks, whips, Taenia, lungworms (cats) & Giardia
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| NOT effective against D caninum tapes | Fenbendazole
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| 3 doses over 3 days | Fenbendazole
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| Febantel is prodrug metabolized | to fenbendazole in dogs, don’t use in cats
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| HPS reactions to dying parasites esp, at high doses | Fenbendazole
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| Benzimidozoles | interfere w/ parasite metabolism via inhibition of glucose transport = starvation
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| Brucellosis in dogs Brucella canis | 3rd trimester abortion – orchitis
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| Also B abortus, B suis, orB melitensis associated with | infected domestic livestock
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| Brucellosis in sheep – Brucella | melitensis, abortion, B ovis, produces disease unique to sheep
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| Epididymitis & orchitis impair fertility | B melitensis
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| Brucellosis in pigs – B suis | Usually self limiting, can remain in herd for yrs,Man working in pack houses at risk
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| Prevalence highest in feral pigs | B suis
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| Brucellosis card test,No vax | B suis
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| Brucellosis in horses – | B abortus, B suis
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| Suppurative bursitis, fistulous withers or poll evil,Occasionally abortion | Brucellosis in horses
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| Unlikely source for disease to other horses, animals or man | Brucellosis in horses
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| Brucellosis in people | – Undulent Fever
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| Usu mild, can be serious public health problem esp when B melitensis | Brucellosis in people
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| Bucked shins | Front limb lameness in 2-3 yr old Thoroughbred or racing QH,Metacarpal bone painful on manual compression
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| Lameness likely dt microfractures in bone as result of compression during exercise at high speed,Metacarpal periostitis | Bucked shins
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| Bullous diseases | Autoimmune diseases of skin & mucous membranes characterized by pustules, vesicles, bulges, erosions & ulcerations
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| Occur in dogs, cats & horses | Bullous diseases
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| Pemphigus foliaceus | Young to middle aged dogs uncommonly, even less so in cats & horses
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|
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| Pustular crusting disease sparing mucous membranes (no lesions in mouth) | Pemphigus foliaceus
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| May form widespread heavy crusts, marked hyperkeratosis of footpads, & involvement of nailbeds that may lead to loss of the nails | Pemphigus foliaceus
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| Tx w/ high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | Pemphigus foliaceus
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| Pemphigus vulgaris | Less common than PF
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| Vesicular disease affecting mucous membranes, Blisters, vesicles(rupture quickly), erosions in mouth, rectum, Suprabasilar acantholysis | PV
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| Tx with high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | PV
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| Difficult to get into remission, Poor px | PV
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| Bullous pemphigoid | Collies, DPs Rare, sloughing diz Lesions widespread, tend to concentrate in groin
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| Resembles severe scald | Bullous pemphigoid
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| Pemphigus erythematosus | Affects face & ears,has features of DLE,Scaling lesions,hypopigmentation of the planum nasale,Not well defined
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| Pemphigus vegetans | Rare,Benign variant of pemphigus vulgaris,Bullae replaced by verrucoid hypertrophic vegetative masses
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| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Dermal SLE,Autoimmune skin dz of dogs characterized by depigmentation, erythema,scaling,erosions,ulcerations & crusting, particularly on & spreading up bridge of nose & sometimes face & lips
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| Immunoglobulins &/or complement are deposited at the basement membrane in the skin,Tx w/ tetracycline/ niainamide promising | Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Controversial,Multisystemic autoimmune disease of dogs & cats
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|
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| Extremely wide variety of clinical signs may occur, but immune-mediated polyarthritis, hemolytic anemia & skin disease are most common | SLE
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| Griseofulvin | Inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting mitotic spindle, inhibit nucleic acid & fungal wall sythesis
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|
||||
| Limited to dermatophytes only Give w/ fatty food to inc absorption Side effects include GI, teratogenic & carcinogenic at inc doses, bone marrow dyscrasias Do not give to pregnant animals | Griseofulvin
🗑
|
||||
| Antiseptic Agents | Agents applied to the body
🗑
|
||||
| disinfectants which are used | on inanimate objects
🗑
|
||||
| Amphotericin B | Polyene macrolide Binds to fungal sterols, altering permeability of membrane Fungistatic, Dimorphic fungi (histo, blasto, crypto, coccidio)
🗑
|
||||
| Because of the risk of severe toxicity reserved for disseminated,progressive, potentially fatal fungal infections,Nephrotoxic, anaphylactoid | Amphotericin B
🗑
|
||||
| Apomorphine | Most consistently effective antiemetic in dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Atropine | Anticholinergic Central Too many side effects for antiemetic use
🗑
|
||||
| Chlorpromazine | Phenothiazine Central, antidopaminergic Very effective centrally acting antiemetic, esp for blood born stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| 2nd drug of choice for antiemetic | Chlorpromazine
🗑
|
||||
| Diphenhydramine | Antihistaminergic Central Good for motion sickness, otitis media/interna
🗑
|
||||
| Metaclopramide | Antidopaminergic Peripheral & central Physiologically antagonizes vomiting reflex Also prokinetic from esophageal sphincter to upper duodenum, don’t give w/ obstruction, perforation, or epilepsy
🗑
|
||||
| 1st drug of choice antiemetic agent | Metaclopramide
🗑
|
||||
| Bismuth Subsalicylate | Antiprostagl&in, antibacterial Peripheral Antidiarrheal Care in cats
🗑
|
||||
| Metronidazole | Bactericidal & antiprotozoal Obligate anaerobes Disrupts DNA & nucleic acid synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| Immunolmodulator in IBD | Metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| Rifampin | Bactericidal or bacteriostatic Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Used for treatment of Rhodococcus equi in combo w/ erythromycin
🗑
|
||||
| Fluoroquinolones | Good G- aerobes, facultative anaerobes, atypical mycobacterium, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ehrilichia, BRD Bactericidal
🗑
|
||||
| DNA gyrase inhibitor, prevent DNA synthesis, Enrofloxacin (SID, prostate, RMSF,deethylated to cipro)ciprofloxacin | Fluoroquinolones
🗑
|
||||
| Variable activity against Streptococci – not recommended | Fluoroquinolones
🗑
|
||||
| Contraindicated in young animals due to cartilage defects | Fluoroquinolones
🗑
|
||||
| Baytril (Fluroquinolones) associated with | blindness in cats
🗑
|
||||
| Sulfonamides | G+, easy G-,anaerobes, nocardia & actinomyces
🗑
|
||||
| Bacteriostatic, Inhibit folic acid pathway(PABA/pteridine not converted to DHFA),Broad spectrum Many bacteria have developed resistance | sulfonamides
🗑
|
||||
| Potentiated sulfonamides | TMPS Bactericidal, inhibits bacterial thymidine synthesis in folic acid pathway
🗑
|
||||
| Exc tissue distribution Most drug side effects of all Abs,allergic rxs, hepatotoxic, KCS, hypothroidism, crystalluria, thyrotoxic, anemia,BM toxicity(aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia hypoprothrombinemia) | Sulfonamides
🗑
|
||||
| Tetracyclines | G+,easy G-,Mycoplasma,spirochetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Hemobartonella, Brucellosis, Bacteriostatic
🗑
|
||||
| Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal unit SafeProstate, Includes doxycycline | tetracyclines
🗑
|
||||
| (biliary excretion), oxytetracycline, tetracycline Resistance inc May cause | esophagitis
🗑
|
||||
| Chloramphenicol | G+,G-Bacteriostatic,Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| Penetrates everything, Can cause aplastic anemia in humans | Chloramphenicol
🗑
|
||||
| Lincosomides | G+aerobes,anaerobes,No G-Often combo w/ aminoglycosides, Lincomycin, clindamycin, Bacteriostatic or bactericidal,Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit,Distribute well, biliary elimination
🗑
|
||||
| Contr in rabbits, rodents, horses, ruminants due to serious GI effects | Lincosomides
🗑
|
||||
| Macrolides | G+,selected G- Bacteriostatic
🗑
|
||||
| Bind 50S ribosomal subunit in alveolar macrophages, great for pulmonary infections | Macrolides
🗑
|
||||
| Erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin | Macrolides
🗑
|
||||
| Erythromycin is used in the treatment of Rhodococcus equi | in combo w/ rifampin Can cause increase in GI motility
🗑
|
||||
| Tilmicosin | used in BRD,CV toxicity in primates, horses,swine
🗑
|
||||
| Imidazoles | Fungistatic Inhibit ergosterol/steroid synthesis (blocks cytochrome p450),inc cell membrane permeability,dec cell membrane fluidity
🗑
|
||||
| Use for dermatophytes, yeast, dimorphic fungi, Impairs steroid sythesis, so sometimes used in hyperadrenocorticism & prostate diz | Imidazoles
🗑
|
||||
| Ketaconazole | Fairly safe (hepatotoxicity), give w/ food
🗑
|
||||
| Short t½ Not got w/ dimorphic fungi, esp blasto | Ketaconazole
🗑
|
||||
| Itraconazole | more effective spectrum
🗑
|
||||
| Fluconazole | Crosses BBB
🗑
|
||||
| 5-Flucytosine | Ancoban Inhibits DNA synthesis (antimetabolite, competes with uracil, interfering with pyrimidine metabolism & protein synthesis)
🗑
|
||||
| Limited spectrum Cryptococcus, C&ida,Rapid absorption, excellent distribution | 5-Flucytosine
🗑
|
||||
| Synergistic effect with amphotericin B Adverse effects include BM depression (pancytopenia),GI disturbances, rashes, oral ulceration, increased liver enzymes | 5Flucytosine
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol | Protein denaturation,70percent effective against G+ & G- bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| Good bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal,Most rapid acting but least residual action | Alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Fast kill, defatting agent Evaporates quickly 2 min for max effect | Alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| May be drying or irritating,May cause cytotoxicity | Alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Often used in combo w/ povidone iodine | Alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Arginine | Essential amino acid for cats
🗑
|
||||
| Needed to drive the urea cylce b/c it transforms ammonia into urea | Arginine
🗑
|
||||
| Arginine deficiency may potentiate | hepatic encephalopathy
🗑
|
||||
| Arsenic Poisoning | Sources include rodenticides, wood preservatives, weed killers, baits, insecticides
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs Acute effects on GIT & CV system,Profuse watery diarrhea, may be blood tinged,Severe colic, dehydration, weakness, depression, weak pulse | Arsenic Poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis | Determination of arsenic levels in tissue & ingesta
🗑
|
||||
| Arsenic Poisoning Treatment | Thioctic acid, Dimercaprol (BAL)
🗑
|
||||
| Phenylarsonic toxicosis | arsenical additives to swine & poultry diets to improve production, treat dysentery
🗑
|
||||
| Toxicosis results from | excess supplementation
🗑
|
||||
| Atropine – | Anticholinergic, antimuscarinic, Used as preanesthetic to dec respiratory secretions, prevent sinus bradycardia & AV block
🗑
|
||||
| Also an antidote for cholinergic overdose (physostigmine) & organophosphate toxicity | Atropine
🗑
|
||||
| Don’t use in patients with glaucoma | Atropine
🗑
|
||||
| Atrophic rhinitis- | Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Pigs
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - | Sneezing, followed by atrophy of turbinate bones
🗑
|
||||
| Signs begin in pigs 3-8 wks | Atropic rhinitis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Signs, lesions, culture | Atrophic rhinitis
🗑
|
||||
| Control - Difficult to keep herds free of diz, but usually low level | Atrophic rhinitis
🗑
|
||||
| Control measures taken when reach unacceptable levels,Antibiotic (tet, sulf, tm, tyl) administration to prefarrowing sows, newborn piglets, weaners | Atrophic rhinitis
🗑
|
||||
| Bacterin admin to sows (4 & 2 wks prefarrowing) & piglets (1 & 4 wks) | Atrophic rhinitis
🗑
|
||||
| Atypical pneumonia - | Includes acute bovine pulmonary emphysema & edema (ABPEE), fog fever, bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| One of the more common causes of acute respiratory distress in cattle, esp adult beef cattle | Atypical pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Typically occurs in autumn, 5-10 days after change to a lush pasture | Atypical pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Lush pasture high in L-tryptophan, which is degraded in the rumen to indoleacetic acid, which is converted by rumenal microorganisms to 3-methylindole | Atypical pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| 3-MI is absorbed into the bloodstream & is the source of pneumotoxicity after it is activated by pulmonary macrophages | Atypical pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Autonomic Nervous System – | Involuntary branch of peripheral efferent nervous system,works in conjunction w/ somatic NS which is voluntary branch of efferent division
🗑
|
||||
| Innervates cardiac mm, smooth mm, most exocrine gl&s, some endocrine gl | ANS
🗑
|
||||
| Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine & norepinephrine | ANS
🗑
|
||||
| ANS | subdivides into sympathetic & parasympathetic NS
🗑
|
||||
| Cell body of 1st neuron in CNS – preganglionic fiber – cell body of 2nd neuron in ganglion outside CNS – postganglionic fiber – effector organ | ANS
🗑
|
||||
| Most visceral organs dually innervated by | SNS & PNS Sympathetic NS –Fight or flight,Originate in thoracolumbar SC,Short preganglionic fibers, synapse w/ ganglia in sympathetic trunk,Long postganglionic fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Parasympathetic NS –General housekeeping (SLUDDE) | Originate in craniosacral SC,Long preganglionic, short postganglionic
🗑
|
||||
| Acetylcholine – | Neurotransmitter for both sympathetic & parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
🗑
|
||||
| Also,parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter,Called cholinergic fibers | Ach
🗑
|
||||
| Ach also acts at | sympathetic postganglionic fibers of sweat gl&s & efferent skeletal muscle terminals
🗑
|
||||
| Cholinergic receptors | Nicotinic Found on postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia,Respond to Ach released from both sympathetic & parasypathetic preganglionic fibers,Also on motor end plates of skeletal mm
🗑
|
||||
| Muscarinic Found on effector cell membranes of smooth mm,cardiac mm & gl&s,Bind w/ Ach from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers,Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors | Cholinergic receptors
🗑
|
||||
| Norepinephrine – | Released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers,Called adrenergic fibers (adrenaline),Also acts at adrenal medulla
🗑
|
||||
| Feathers | don’t grow continuously, molt once a year (some spp twice)new feathers have blood supply
🗑
|
||||
| Urophygial gl& at dorsal base of tail for | preening
🗑
|
||||
| Proximal axial skeletal system is | pneumatized
🗑
|
||||
| Do not attempt to get BM or put catheters in | femur or humerus
🗑
|
||||
| Eyes have skeletal muscles in the iris,cannot dilate pupil w/ atropine (use NM blocker)Optic chiasm 100%, no concentual PLR | Avian
🗑
|
||||
| Respiratory system requires | filling of air sacs with 1st breath, goes to caudal air sac, lungs, cranial air sac & back out
🗑
|
||||
| Avian Digestive system is | beak-tongue-cervical esophagus-crop-thoracic esophagus-proventriculus (gl&ular stomach)-ventriculus (grinding)-intestines-cloaca
🗑
|
||||
| Lobulated kidneys are dorsal in synsacral fossa | Avian
🗑
|
||||
| Renal portal system in addition to hepatic portal system, why don’t give injections in hindlimbs (filtered prior to systemic circulation) | Avian
🗑
|
||||
| Birds can decrease GFR b/c | uric acid is secreted not filtered
🗑
|
||||
| Assess renal fxn w/ uric acid; severe renal failure leads to gout | Birds
🗑
|
||||
| Liver measured by AST & bile acids (not SAP, ALT), eval CPK concurrently | Birds
🗑
|
||||
| Icterus is rare, see bright green urates when urates should be white | Birds
🗑
|
||||
| Female bird | has 1 ovary on left, poultry have right remnant (often cystic)
🗑
|
||||
| Males birds | have 2 testes, some have phallus
🗑
|
||||
| Heart has 4 chambers, right AV valve is muscular not tendinous,R aortic arch,not L | Bird
🗑
|
||||
| Do not have lymph nodes but lymphoid tissue – if spleen enlgd, serious systemic disease | Birds
🗑
|
||||
| Birds Lymphoid tissue includes | thymus & bursa of fabrecious (outpouching of cloaca), both of which shrink up w/ sexual maturity
🗑
|
||||
| Heterophils instead of neuts w/ rod shaped granules, nucleated thrombocytes instead of platelets, nRBCs | Birds
🗑
|
||||
| Avocado – | Pulmonary edema & death in birds
🗑
|
||||
| Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head – | Leg Perthy’s Disease in humans
🗑
|
||||
| Effects young toy & small breed dogs | LPD
🗑
|
||||
| Decreased blood supply to femoral head & neck, femoral head collapses, pathologic fracures can occur, osteoarthrosis | LPD
🗑
|
||||
| Usually unilateral lameness,Can be traumatic or spontaneous,On rads, see dec opacity of femoral head & neck, collapse of femoral head, joint laxity | LPD
🗑
|
||||
| Sx, require FHO,Warn O that may occur in other side later | LPD
🗑
|
||||
| Avulsion fracture - | A fragment of bone, which is the site of insertion of a muscle, tendon or ligament, is detached as a result of a forceful pull,Repair with a pin or screw
🗑
|
||||
| Babesiosis – | Babesia canis, B gibsoni in dogs, B felis in cats, B bigemina, B bovis in cows
🗑
|
||||
| Intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks | Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs & cats – Rhipicephalus, the brown dog tick & some Dermacentor | Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Boophilus tick spp in | cattle Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Destroys RBCs intravascularly during escape from cells,No human health risk | Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs – Can look just like IMHA, regenerative anemia,Most subclinical | Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| If immunocompromised or splenectomized (parasitized cells removed by spleen), see Hgburia, hgbemia, anemia, hemolysis, icterus,Death | Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis – Hx of tick infestations,Giemsa-stained capillary blood or organ smears,ELISA, IFA,Often Coombs +, polyclonal gammopathy | Babesiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Treament – Imidocarb dipropionate (Imizol), Diminazene aceturate (Berenil)Feline may be nonresponsive, primaquine phosphate reported to be effective | Babesiosois
🗑
|
||||
| Barium Series | Should move out of stomach into duodenum by 30 min,Reach ileocolic valve w/in 2 hrs
🗑
|
||||
| Beak & Feather Virus – | Immunosuppressive disease, often die of 2ndary causes
🗑
|
||||
| Feather disease w/ damaged follicles, dystrophic feathers, hemorrhage in shafts,Necrotic beaks,Old world birds at risk PCR of blood sample to dx | Beak & Feather Virus
🗑
|
||||
| Bence-Jones Proteins – | In urine, comprised of immunoglobulin light chains
🗑
|
||||
| Bethanocol – | Parasympathomimetic used for treating disorders of micturition when no obstruction present
🗑
|
||||
| Other drugs include dantrolene, diazepam, diethylstilbestrol, estrogen, testosterone, propantheline | treating disorders of micturition
🗑
|
||||
| Cholinergic, effects primarily muscarinic, negligible nicotinic activity,Has inc duration of action compared to acetylcholine,Used to inc detrusor muscle tone & stimulate bladder contractions in small animals | Bethanocol
🗑
|
||||
| Also an esophageal or GI stimulant, but metoclopramide & neostigmine are better | Bethanocol
🗑
|
||||
| Biliary Tract Obstruction – | Bilirubin causes normal colored feces
🗑
|
||||
| If no bilirubin, as in complete obstruction | get pale white feces (i/d, rice will also do this) Biliary Tract Obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| #1 cause of BTO is | pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| In surgery, if see little white dots, suponified fat, not mets | BTO
🗑
|
||||
| Biopsy in pancreatitis in | cats (uncommon)
🗑
|
||||
| Bismuth Subsalicylate – | Effective antisecretory dt salicylate,Good for acute diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| Blackleg - | Clostridium chaovoei,Also C septicum & sordelli
🗑
|
||||
| An acute febrile disease of cattle & sheep characterized by myonecrosis & emphysematous swelling, usually in the heavy muscles | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Caused by ingestion of spores & deposition into mm,Usually in young adult beef cattle w/ no hx of trauma | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Usually trauma induced in sheep,Most common in summer & fall | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings - Crepitant swellings of the heavy muscles,Acute lameness,Acute death in healthy young beef Cattle | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - History, clinical findings, IFA | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Blackleg | Control – Vaccination
🗑
|
||||
| Blastomycosis - Blastomyces dermatitidis, | Fungal disease of the Midwest,Hunting dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Large (8-20μm) broad based budding yeast w/ refractive cell wall,Infection causes primary granulomatous or pyogranulomatous lesions in the lungs | Blastomycosis
🗑
|
||||
| N∅s infiltrate,May occur in the skin, eyes, bone & elsewhere | Blastomycosis
🗑
|
||||
| Draining cutaneous tracts, respiratory disease, Bone diz looks like tumor (ddx coccidio)AGID test, serology Tx w/ amphotericin B (nephrotoxic)Poor px if disseminated | Blastomycosis
🗑
|
||||
| Blister Beetle – | Cantharidin toxicity,Most often in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Blister beetles swarm in | alfalfa hay during harvesting
🗑
|
||||
| Blister Beetles contain | cantharidin, a potent irritant & vesicant that causes GI & renal signs as well as hyperemia & ulceration of the oral, esophageal & GI mucosa
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs include colic, salivation, choke, pollakiuria, hematuria, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia,Horses can die within 48 hours,Treat with supportive care | Blister Beetle (Cantharidin toxicity)
🗑
|
||||
| Blood - Hemoglobin formation consists of | a globin molecule & four heme groups
🗑
|
||||
| Each heme group contains | an iron atom with which a molecule may associate & dissociate
🗑
|
||||
| Each Hbg molecule can transport a max of | four molecules of O2
🗑
|
||||
| Each erythrocyte contains | 200-300 million molecules of hemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| When blood passes through the lungs, Hgb becomes saturated with O2, forming | oxyhemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| When this blood passes through body tissues, some of the O2 dissociates from theHgb | oxyhemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| Normal blood | contains 15 grams Hgb per deciliter, 98percent of that is saturated with oxygen
🗑
|
||||
| Blood Transfusion – | wt (lbs) x 40(dog) or 30 (cat) x desired PCV – patient PCV/PCV of donor,Rate approx 10ml/kg/hr, slowly at first to check for adverse rxns
🗑
|
||||
| If giving to fast, patient will vomit | Blood Transfusion
🗑
|
||||
| Blood Types –Cat | A, B, & AB
🗑
|
||||
| Severe transfusion rxns in type B cats | receiving type A blood
🗑
|
||||
| Type Bs carry | alloantibodies to type A
🗑
|
||||
| Purebreds | are more commonly type B
🗑
|
||||
| Risk for severe rxn | on 1st transfusion
🗑
|
||||
| AB blood type | is very rare
🗑
|
||||
| Dog blood type | A (DEA1,1 or DEA1,2), B,C,D, F, Tr (DEA7), J,L,M,N
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs Blood Natural antibodies are anti-B,-D,-Tr, Donors should be DEA1/1, DEA1/2 & DEA7 negative | Neonatal isoerythrolysis assoc w/ anti-DEA1/1
🗑
|
||||
| Horse blood types | A,C,D,K,P,Q,T,U, Natural antibodies anti-A,-C, NI assoc w/ Aa or Qa,Donors should be non Aa or Qa
🗑
|
||||
| Cow Blood types | A,B,C,F,J,L,M,R,S,T,Z, Natural antibodies anti-J,B system most complex w/ >1000 alleles
🗑
|
||||
| Cow Blood Donor | Ideally same blood type or at least w/out reactive antigens
🗑
|
||||
| Cross Match – Major | 2 drops donor RBC in 2 drops recipient serum; if incompatible, recipient serum contains Abs to donor RBCs,Most important, if incompatible, cannot tranfuse for any reason
🗑
|
||||
| Minor Cross Match | 2 drops recipient RBC in 2 drops donor serum; if incompatible, donor serum contains Ab to recipient RBCs,Cannot transfuse plasma, but can RBCs, if washed & major cross match compatible
🗑
|
||||
| Blood Volume Total body water | 60percent of body weight; ECF = 50 of TBW, ICF = 50 of TBW
🗑
|
||||
| ECF divided into | plasma volume (8per TBW), IF (37per TBW), & TF (5perTBW)
🗑
|
||||
| Blood volume can be approximated as | 10 percent body weight, plasma volume as ½ blood volume
🗑
|
||||
| Normal blood volume is | 90mls/kg in dog, 50mls/kg in cat, 75mls/kg in horse
🗑
|
||||
| Blood loss exceeding 20-25percent blood volume can lead to | shock
🗑
|
||||
| Blue Tongue Virus - | Orbivirus carried by Culicoides, Endemic in USA
🗑
|
||||
| Disease of sheep, cattle, goats, & wild ruminants | BTV
🗑
|
||||
| Cattle are the reservoir, Inappetance in cattle & goats, severe disease in sheep & deer | BTV
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Sheep- hyperemia of muzzle, lips, ears; dyspnea, erosion/ulceration of oral mucosa; muscle necrosis, cyanotic tongue | BTV
🗑
|
||||
| Abortions, congenital defect Mortality 0-30percent,Cattle usually asymptomatic | BTV
🗑
|
||||
| If develop clinical signs, same as sheep,If infected during gestation, may abort or give birth to abnormal calves | BTV
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis & Prevention – IFA,Vaccinate sheep,Insect control | BTV
🗑
|
||||
| Bog Spavin | Chronic synovitis in tibiotarsal (hock) joint causing obvious distension of joint capsule
🗑
|
||||
| Bone Blood Supply - Diaphyseal nutrient artery enters & passes through | cortex to medullary cavity w/out supplying collaterals to the cortex
🗑
|
||||
| Divides into ascending & descending branches which anastomose with the epiphyseometaphyseal vessels to supply the BM & compact & cancellous bone | Diaphyseal nutrient artey
🗑
|
||||
| Blood flows centrifugally through cortex to exit | via periosteal venules
🗑
|
||||
| In areas of the cortex with heavy fascial attachment, the outer 1/3 of the cortex is supplied by | periosteal arteries
🗑
|
||||
| Bone Repair Sequence of events | trauma local blood vessel damage, local necrosis of bone & soft tissue back to sites of intact vascular perfusion,Active hyperemia to help w/ fracture healing,Removal of necrotic tissue & bone
🗑
|
||||
| Bone repair cont | Clot organization,Formation of Fibrous callus appears 4-5 days after fracture,Bony callus visible radiographically 11- 38 days after fracture,Remodeling of callus,Trabecular bone converted into compact bone between ends of bone fragments
🗑
|
||||
| Bone Spavin – | DJD of hock joint terminating in the formation of exostoses & ankylosis of the joint
🗑
|
||||
| Borreliosis – | Tick-born bacterial disease of domestic animals & man,See Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Botulism - | Ingestion of Clostridium botulinum toxin or via wound,Neurotoxin
🗑
|
||||
| Prevents synthesis of acetylcholine at motor end plates | Botilism toxin
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs are weakness, flaccid paralysis w/ intact pain perception Progressive,Disturbed vision, difficulty chewing & swallowing, generalized progressive weakness | Botulism
🗑
|
||||
| Shaker foals, Death is due to respiratory or cardiac paralysis,Difficult to isolate organism Once bound to nerves, antitoxin will no affect | Botulism(clostridium botulinum)
🗑
|
||||
| Bovine Corona Virus – Neonatal Calf Diarrhea | Winter dysentery,Fecal-oral w/ possible respiratory transmission, Can cause diarrhea in HUMANS
🗑
|
||||
| Bovine Leukosis Virus – Retrovirus | AKA lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, leukemia
🗑
|
||||
| Common cattle disease, 2nd most common bovine neoplasia after SCC | BLV
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted by transfer of blood b/w animals,Trauma & surgery most common mechanisms of transmission, also insect vectors | BLV
🗑
|
||||
| Only 3-5% of those infected get LSA | BLV
🗑
|
||||
| Pyrantel pamoate Nemex, Strongid-T,Neuromuscular blocker, paralyzes,Used for | roundworms & hookworms in dogs & cats, also Physaloptera,Strongyles, ascarids in horses,Not absorbed, safe for puppies, kittens, pregnant & lactating animals,Pamoate salt limits absorption – just passes through
🗑
|
||||
| Benzimidozoles | interfere w/ parasite metabolism via inhibition of glucose transport = starvation
🗑
|
||||
| All are hepatically metabolized | Benimidozoles
🗑
|
||||
| Albendazole | is hepatoxic to SA, used in LA
🗑
|
||||
| Oxibendazole & Thiabendozole are indicated for | removal of equine parasites in addition to use in other animals, (Many equine parasites have developed resistance to their drugs)
🗑
|
||||
| Praziquantel | Droncit, Drontal Plus (combo w/ pyrantel & febantel)Isoquinolone derivative,Widely distributed to tissues after oral admin
🗑
|
||||
| Used in tapeworm (cestode) infections, Dipylidium, Taenia, P Kellicotti, Echinococcus granulosis, Impairs function of sucker, stimulates motility,Puppies >4 wks, kittens >6 wks | Praziquantel
🗑
|
||||
| May see anorexia, V, D, ataxia,Avoid injectable Droncit – burns | Praziquantel
🗑
|
||||
| Epsiprantel – Cestex | Isoquinolone derivative,Membrane destabilization causing disruption in worm’s integument, host immune system destroysTx tapes in cat, dog, >7 wks of age,Not systemically absorbed, safe, Single dose adequate
🗑
|
||||
| Ivermectin – Macrolide | Enhances the release of GABA,GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in nematodes & arthropods
🗑
|
||||
| Ivermectin causes paralysis & eventual death of the parasite via | increase in Cl- channel permeability
🗑
|
||||
| Ivermectin | is ineffective against flukes & tapeworms because they do not use GABA as a peripheral nerve transmitter
🗑
|
||||
| Mammals do not use | GABA as a peripheral nerve transmitter
🗑
|
||||
| Heartworm prophylaxis, microfilaricidal; effective against hooks, whips & rounds at higher dose | Ivermectin
🗑
|
||||
| Lower bioavailability in cats,Young >6 wks old; safe in pregnant/lactating,Does not cross the blood brain barrier | Ivermectin
🗑
|
||||
| Contraindications: do not use dose higher than prophy dose in collie breeds (does cross BBB) | Ivermectin
🗑
|
||||
| Also contraindicated in shelties, australian shepherds, old english sheepdogs | Ivermectin
🗑
|
||||
| Other Macrolides – Moxidectin | Proheart, heartworm prophy, ok in collies
🗑
|
||||
| Selamectin, Revolution, HW prophy | Macrolides,hooks, rounds, fleas, sarcoptes, otodectes
🗑
|
||||
| Milbemycin oxime, Interceptor, Sentinel (w/luferenon) | HW prophy – make sure HW(-) 1st, microfilaricidal, can cause anaphylaxis; also hooks, rounds, whips, puppies >8 wks
🗑
|
||||
| Piperazine - | Pipa tabs Only effective against ascarids (roundworms)
🗑
|
||||
| Paralyzes the worm, allowing it to be passed out with the feces | Piperazine
🗑
|
||||
| Piperazine | Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, >3 wks of age,OTC products
🗑
|
||||
| Levamisole, Imidothiazole | Promotes unchecked excitatory neurotransmitter activity = paralysis, death
🗑
|
||||
| Indicated for treatment of many nematodes usually with LA | Levamisole
🗑
|
||||
| More effective against adult worms than larval forms,Not effective against horse parasites | Levamisole
🗑
|
||||
| Arsenicals | Interfere w/ parasite metabolism (inhibit glycolysis), kill adult heartworms,Melarsomine, Immiticide; give IM only,HW infection in dogs
🗑
|
||||
| More effective & less irritating, less hepatotoxicity than Thiacetarsemide sodium, Caparsolate | Melarsomine
🗑
|
||||
| Injection site reactions common, low therapeutic index & low margin of safety in | both Caparsolate,Melarsomine
🗑
|
||||
| Caparsolate | can cause significant hepatic & renal damage
🗑
|
||||
| Diethylcarbamazine | Filaribits,Not used much anymore
🗑
|
||||
| Apparent filaricidal activity via paralysis,HW prevention with daily oral dosing, can’t skip a dose,Do not give if MF+, else shock like syndrome,Effective against rounds at higher doses | Diethylcarbamazine (Filaribits)
🗑
|
||||
| Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis | Gram+, nonmotile, spore forming bacterium
🗑
|
||||
| Acute, febrile disease of all warm-blooded animals,REPORTABLE,ZOONOTIC,Found in soil | Anthrax (bacillus)
🗑
|
||||
| Not communicable between animals, acquire from consumption of contaminated meat, grazing contaminated soil, spore inhalation, or open skin wound | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings – Septicemia w/ rapidly fatal course,Abrupt rise in temp, stupor, staggering, dyspnea, trembling, collapse, sudden death,Bloody discharges from natural body openings,Anorexia, GI stasis, colic, hematuria | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic infections characterized by local, SQ, edematous swellings usually in ventral neck, thorax, shoulders | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| After death, rigor mortis usually incomplete or absent, dark blood from orifices, bloat,rapid decomposition | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis- ELISA, western blot, culture, PCR, IFA,Ddx – other causes of sudden death | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment & Control – Penicillin, oxytetracycline,Control w/ live vaccine | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| If suspect – Inform regulatory agency, rigid quarantine, prompt disposal of dead, manure, bedding by cremation or deep burial, isolate sick, disinfection, insect repellants, control scavengers, sanitary procedures | Anthrax
🗑
|
||||
| Depth of anesthesia Stage I | All levels of consciousness when patient responsive, including sleep
🗑
|
||||
| Depth of anesthesia Stage II | Loss of consciousness,Uncontrolled spontaneous reflex activity
🗑
|
||||
| Depth of anesthesia Stage III | Cessation of spontaneous motor activity,Stage of surgical anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| Penicillins – | B-Lactams,G+, easy G-,anaerobes,Bactericidal,Inhibit cell wall synthesis,Safe,Elimated via kidney, good for UTIs
🗑
|
||||
| Natural penicillins G+, poor G-, spirochetes, destroyed by penicillinase | PenG & PenV
🗑
|
||||
| Penicillinase-resistant penicillins – Penicillinase producing G+ cocci, esp | Staphylococcus
🗑
|
||||
| Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin | Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
🗑
|
||||
| Aminopenicillins – | Broad spectrum,inc G- activity,Ampicillin, amoxicillin
🗑
|
||||
| Extended spectrum penicillins – | addl Gactivity, Pseudomonas,Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin
🗑
|
||||
| Potentiated penicillins - Developed to inactivate B-lactamases | Clavomox, timentin
🗑
|
||||
| Don’t use penicillins in | rodents & lagomorphs; elimination of G+ gut flora can lead to fatal colibacillosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cephalosporins | B-Lactams,G+,some G- (more with each generation), anaerobes,Bactericidal
🗑
|
||||
| B-lactam antibiotics | Inhibit cell wall synthesis,More effective against actively growing bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| Classifications – 1st generation cepholosporins include | cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephadine, cephalexin, cefadroxil
🗑
|
||||
| Activity against most G+, poor G- activity | 1st generation cepholosporins
🗑
|
||||
| 2nd generation cepholosporins | not very popular, same G+ activity, exp&ed G-
🗑
|
||||
| 3rd generation cepholosporins | same G+ activity, much exp&ed G- activity; cefotaxime, moxolactom, cefoperazone, ceftiofur (BRD, no withdrawal time)
🗑
|
||||
| Aminoglycosides | primary G- aerobes, Some G+,Pseudomonas, staphylococcus, atypical mycobacterium (nocardia/actinomyces)
🗑
|
||||
| Irreversibly bind to 30S ribosomal unit & inhibits protein synthesis,Bactericidal | Aminoglycosides
🗑
|
||||
| Includes amikacin (SID, parvo pups), gentamicin, neomycin, & spectinomycin,Inactive against fungi, viruses & most anaerobic bacteria | Aminoglycosides
🗑
|
||||
| Accumulate in inner ear & kidneys,Elimination via glomerular filtration | Aminoglycosides
🗑
|
||||
| Adverse Effects –Nephrotoxic,Casts in urine, increased BUN & Cr Nephrotoxicity reversible when drug discontinued,Ototoxic,8th cranial nerve toxicity | Aminoglycosides
🗑
|
||||
| Auditory & vestibular symptoms may be irreversible | Aminoglycosides
🗑
|
||||
| Chlorhexidine – | Cytoplasmic membrane disruption,05per soln effective against Gram+ & Gram-
🗑
|
||||
| Persists on skin to give cumulative antibacterial effect,Less irritating | Chlorhexidine
🗑
|
||||
| Not inactivated by organic matter,05percent is 1:40 dilution,most bactericidal & least toxic to tissues | Chlorhexidine
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrogen peroxide – | Poor antiseptic,Short-acting germicidal effect through release of nascent O2, irreversibly alters proteins
🗑
|
||||
| Effective sporicide,Effervescent action mechanically removes pus & bacteria | Hydrogen peroxide
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine – | One of most potent antiseptics Bactericidal,virucidal,fungicidal,Takes 15 min for sporicidal action
🗑
|
||||
| Organic matter | inactivates free I in PI
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine Soln USP has little to no | stinging on broken skin
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine tincture USP (I in alcohol) is | even more effective, but stings & irritates skin,Rare HPS rxns
🗑
|
||||
| Povidone iodine often used in | conjunction w/ alcohol
🗑
|
||||
| Use PI in | 0,1 to 1percent more dilute solns have inc free I & faster, potent bactericidal activity,Dilute stock solution 1:100 or 1:10
🗑
|
||||
| Camplobacter – | Acute enteritis in dogs, Bloody diarrhea,ZOONOTIC,Transmissible to people
🗑
|
||||
| Candida – | Fungal disease,Yeast infection of GIT in birds
🗑
|
||||
| Sour crop, fuzzy white layer on crop/GIT | candida
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ nystatin orally | candida
🗑
|
||||
| Capillaria aerophila - | Respiratory parasite of carnivores,Ingestion of larvated eggs,Eggs hatch in intestine, larvae reach lungs via circulatory system,Eggs layed in lungs, coughed up & swallowed
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs include coughing, sneezing, & nasal discharge,Diagnose w/ fecal float, see eggs with bipolar plugs | Capillaria aerophilia
🗑
|
||||
| Treat with levamisole, fenbendozole | Capillaria aerophila
🗑
|
||||
| Capillaria plica - | Bladder worm,Found in kidney, ureter, bladder of dogs, cats,No clinical signs,Earthworm host
🗑
|
||||
| Eggs passed in urine,Treat with fenbendozole, ivermectin, levamisole | capillaria plica
🗑
|
||||
| Calcitriol – | Synthesized in kidney,Acts on intestine & kidneys to maintain normal calcium levels
🗑
|
||||
| Carbohydrate Engorgement - | inc fermentable feedstuff, new inc carbo diet (pasture)Rumenal organisms proliferate & cause ceased motility,Bloat,splashy rumen Fluid shifts into rumen = dehydration,Rumen ph < 5,5, sour
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ oral antacids/carmilax,Remove grain | Carbohydrate engorgement
🗑
|
||||
| Sinus arrhythmia | Normal in dogs, uncommon in cats
🗑
|
||||
| Sinus bradycardia | Caused by increased vagal tone
🗑
|
||||
| Treat with atropine, glycopyrrolate, isoproterenol, artificial pacemaker | Sinus bradycardia
🗑
|
||||
| Sinus tachycardia | Caused by atrial enlargement, stress response,Treat underlying cause
🗑
|
||||
| Placing pressure on eyeballs will induce | vagal response, slow heart rate
🗑
|
||||
| S1 | Signals closure of AV valves & start of systole S2
🗑
|
||||
| Heart Block | Middle aged, older dogs,inc vagal tone dt drugs, endocarditis, DCM, HCM, hyperkalemia
🗑
|
||||
| If high grade, may see syncope, exer intol, weakness | Heart block
🗑
|
||||
| On ECG, dec HR, P w/ no QRS, large T 1st, 2nd or 3rd (complete) degree | Heart Block
🗑
|
||||
| Long term mgmt in pacemaker,Do not give antiarrythmic drugs, may suppress escape rhythm | Heart Block
🗑
|
||||
| Sick Sinus Syndrome | Female mini schnauz, dachs, cocers, pugs,May see w/ supraventricular tachyarrythmias
🗑
|
||||
| Infectious Bronchitis | Coronavirus,Chickens,Respiratory, urogenital & GIT involvement, decreased lay, misshapen eggs, Control by vax
🗑
|
||||
| Infectious Bursal Disease | Viral disease of chickens,Causes immunosuppression, Prostration, diarrhea, Depopulate, Vaccinate
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine Deficiency | Goiter Budgies w/ big thyroids, not palpable b/c in thoracic cavity,If budgie is squeaking or clicking, do not h&le (will kill!)Supplement I & will get better, Midwest millet is I poor
🗑
|
||||
| Iodine Toxicity | Foals of dams fed excess iodine may develop extreme thyroid enlargement (goiter) & may die before birth or shortly thereafter
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs are generalized weakness, long hair, marked limb abnormalities | Iodine Toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Iron Deficiency | Microcytic, hypochromic anemia,Non-regenerative anemia,Dt chronic external blood loss, Internal blood loss reuses iron
🗑
|
||||
| Johne's disease | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis,Acid fast rod Infiltrative intestinal diz Chronic, contagious, granulomatous enteritis of ruminants
🗑
|
||||
| Organism very resistant, see long term environmental contamination,Bacteria localize in lower small intestine & associated lymph nodes | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Transmission: Fecal-oral, colostrum, milk, in utero,Cow to calf after birth most commonly | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Ingestion of contaminated feed & water,In utero & transmammary infection,Cow to cow in confinement situations | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Long term incubation – cases show up 3-5 years later,Brahmans tend to be older when show clinical signs | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings: Weight loss, muscle wasting, chronic diarrhea, dehabilitation,Appetite stays good Terminates in emaciation & death | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Small ruminants usually do not have diarrhea | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings – Anemia, hypoproteinemia, hypokalemia | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Lesion - Granulomatous response characterized by progressive accumulation of epithelioid cells in mucosa & submucosa of lower small intestine,Diffuse hypertrophy of lower jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis & Control - Fecal culture (very difficult), serologic tests (less than ideal)Positive test is meaningful, negative test is not | Johne’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| No sure way to prove a living cow is free of infection,Sheep have different strain, different culture Goats have same strain | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – None! Cull Vaccination reduces disease incidence, does not eliminate | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Prevention – Remove calf immediately after birth, feed negative cow colustrum, don’t pool | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Public Health - Crohne’s disease Organism not killed in pasteurization process Theory of humans infected via milk | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease)
🗑
|
||||
| Johnson Grass -Sorghum,Sudan,Red top Causes 3 problems | Cystitis-Horses,lose mare,Bladder thickens,dribble urine,uncomfortable,Nitrate toxicity if fertilized johnson grass,Chocolate brown blood,Methylene blue tx,Cyanide poisoning if damaged,prussic acid Respiratory distress,cherry red blood,Emergency,Give 100c
🗑
|
||||
| Joint Fluid Analysis | Normal 1-3 cells per HPF <10 percent PMNs
🗑
|
||||
| Juvenile Pyoderma Puppy strangles,Pustular skin diz on face & head of | puppies at weaning age, 3wk to 4mos, See fever anorexia,subm&ibular lymphadenopathy,Pustules & lymphadenopathy (huge ln) on face & head May not see pustules if already eroded Tx w/ steriods, see fast response One of rare times ever put young animals on st
🗑
|
||||
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca KCS | Immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal gl&s,Bulldogs, WHWT, lhasa apso, cockers are prone
🗑
|
||||
| Acute cases ulceration | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic cases – conjunctivitis | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Can be 2ndy to sulfa drugs & Canine Distemper | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Dx w/ Schirmer tear test <10mm/min is suspicious, <5mm/min is diagnostic | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Always check for ulcers | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Tx / cyclosporine (Optimmune) eyedrops,Will only works if some tearing function remains | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Intussusception Acute see | painful abdomen, scant bloody feces, vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| Intussusception Chronic see | diarrhea, diarrhea, diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| Often palpable, U/S | is best way to dx
🗑
|
||||
| Usu ileocolic,Can perform enema contrast (not oral) | intussusception
🗑
|
||||
| Parvo is a major cause of | intussusception
🗑
|
||||
| Ddx is rectal prolapsed,If fornix is present on rectal palpation, then prolapsed | Intussusception
🗑
|
||||
| Ketamine | Rapid-acting general anesthetic,Significant somatic analgesia, poor visceral analgesia,Lack of cardiopulmonary depressant effects,Get inc CO, HR, BP
🗑
|
||||
| Don't use w/ trauma, glaucoma dt inc CSF,Epileptogenic, do not use w/ myelography or seizure disorders | Ketamine
🗑
|
||||
| Ketoconazole | Antifungal inc cellular membrane permeability & blocks P-450s, inhibiting steroid synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| Activity against most pathogenic fungi, Med tx for hyperadrenocorticism | Ketoconazole
🗑
|
||||
| Knemidokoptes Mites –Scaley leg & face mites | of budgerigars, Skin scrape in mineral oil, see lots of mites
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ 1/10,000 ivermec orally & repeat in 2 weeks | Knemidokoptes Mites
🗑
|
||||
| If severe, parotid duct transposition | KCS
🗑
|
||||
| Cheyletiella | Walking d&ruff,Occurs in dogs, cats, rabbits,ZOONOTIC
🗑
|
||||
| Likes high altitudes (CO),Highly contagious scaling on dorsal trunk,Moderate-to intense pruritus,Alopecia & inflam changes 2ndy to scratching | Cheyletiella
🗑
|
||||
| Treat environment, ivermectin, sulfur shampoo | Cheyletiella
🗑
|
||||
| Chinchillas | Require regular dust baths to maintain healthy coat & skin,Pans should be provided in cages,Grab by tail
🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis | Common infectious disease of birds,ZOONOTIC
🗑
|
||||
| Gives people URT infection, flulike signs | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis
🗑
|
||||
| Signs vary w/ avian spp from subclinical to systemic disease involving respiratory tract & liver, see yellow urates | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis
🗑
|
||||
| Very high WBC in birds (ddx Mycobacterium (avian TB), Aspergillosis) | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via serology (EBA test) or PCR of oral/cloacal swabs Tx w/ doxycycline | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis
🗑
|
||||
| Choke | Obstruction of esophagus by food masses or FB
🗑
|
||||
| choke on greedily eaten dry grains | Horses
🗑
|
||||
| Localized esophageal dilation, hemorrhage necrosis,Exhibit anxiety, arched neck, retching, salivation | Choke
🗑
|
||||
| Food, froth through nose,May get aspiration pneumonia,Pull food, provide water, painkillers, sedatives,May pass stomach tube | Choke
🗑
|
||||
| Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis | Common hepatic diz of cats, dogs get also
🗑
|
||||
| Inc ALT,inc SAP, inc bilirubin, Bx to dx, culture & cytology of bile | Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis Suppurative form dt ascending infection,Has inc neutrophils; tx w/ antibiotic such as amoxicillin &/or enrofloxacin
🗑
|
||||
| Nonsuppurative form has lymphs & plasma cells,Imm mediated dz,tx w/ prednisolone | Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Chorioptic Mange | Chorioptes bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Most common mange in cattle | Chorioptic Mange
🗑
|
||||
| Pastern area most common -leg mange | Chorioptic Mange
🗑
|
||||
| High proportion of cattle may be infested without exhibiting signs | Chorioptic Mange
🗑
|
||||
| More prevalent in winter | Chorioptic Mange
🗑
|
||||
| Non-zoonotic but REPORTABLE, since r/o sarcoptic mange which is zoonotic | Chorioptic Mange
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic Active Hepatitis | Group of diseases that tend to progress to cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Glucocorticoids indicated in moderate to severe symptomatic autoimmune chronic active | hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| They are not indicated in asymptomatic cases, mild cases, or viral-induced disease hepatitis | Glucocorticoids
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – COPD | heaves, asthma
🗑
|
||||
| Allergic rxn thought to initiate | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Usu in north when kept indoors | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Prevalence inc w/ age | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Inflammation, chronic bronchoconstriction, thickened bronchi | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Increased expiratory effort, exercise intolerance, cough, Afebrile | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Dx w/ endoscopy, TB asp, thor auscultation of expiratory wheezes | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Tx with environmental changes, antiinflammatories, steroids, bronchodilators | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Summer Pasture Associated OPD – same but summer, south, in pasture | COPD
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic Urticaria | Characterized by transient wheals in the skin or mucous membranes
🗑
|
||||
| Most frequently recognized in the horse | Chronic Urticaria
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs & ingestants are most frequent causes | Chronic Urticaria
🗑
|
||||
| Treat with corticosteroids, avoidance of the allergens, hyposensitization to inhaled allergens | Chronic Urticaria
🗑
|
||||
| Chylothorax | Accumulation of chylous fluid in the pleural space
🗑
|
||||
| High triglyceride w/ low cholesterol | Chylothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Dt malignancy, trauma, congenital, pancreatic, parasitic, infectious, idiopathic, lymphangiectasis | Chylothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Conservative tx is sporadic thoracocentesis, chest tube placement,If fails, pleurodesis (variable outcome)Treat cause ( pericardectomy) | Chylothorax
🗑
|
||||
| Cirrhosis | End stage liver diz from any cause
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs > cats | Cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cobblestone liver | Cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cockers inc risk | Cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| See microhepatica on rads, need bx to confirm | Cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Supportive tx, slow progression | Cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| Clostridial Diseases | Anaerobic, spore-forming, exo- or enterotoxin forming
🗑
|
||||
| Bacillary Hemoglobinuria | C haemolyticum
🗑
|
||||
| Cattle, red water disease,Sudden death, Hgburia | Bacillary Hemoglobinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Blackleg | C chauvoei (also septicum, novyi, sordelli)
🗑
|
||||
| Cattle, sheep,Swelling, hemorrhage, & emphysema in heavy muscles | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Rancid butter odor | Blackleg
🗑
|
||||
| Botulism | C botulinum, Rapidly fatal motor paralysis by ingestion of carrion & subsequent neuro-intoxication (not infection)
🗑
|
||||
| Neuromuscular weakness progessing to paralysis | Botulism
🗑
|
||||
| Hemorrhagic Enteritis & Enterotoxemia | C perfringens
🗑
|
||||
| Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis | Black disease,C novyi + liver flukes
🗑
|
||||
| Usually in sudden death in sheep | Black disease
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant Edema | C septicum usually, also chauvoei, perfringens, sordelli, novyi,Farm animals
🗑
|
||||
| Tetanus | C tetani, Neurotoxin in necrotic tissue
🗑
|
||||
| All mammals (dogs, cats, birds seem resistant)Stiffness, spasms, progressive,Immunization | Tetanus
🗑
|
||||
| Club foot | Caused by deep digital flexor contracture
🗑
|
||||
| Results in flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint, resulting in a raised heel | club foot)
🗑
|
||||
| Treat with a distal check desmotomy, corrective shoeing,If nonresponsive, deep digital flexor tendonotomy may be required for salvage | Club foot
🗑
|
||||
| Coagulation | Goal to form a localizeed fibrin meshwork
🗑
|
||||
| 3 components necessary for normal coagulation are | intact vasculature (trauma, vasculitis), coagulation factors (DIC, rodenticide, liver failure, congenital), & platelets (aspirin, NSAIDs)
🗑
|
||||
| Most common bleeding problems are | dt thrombocytopenia & coag factor deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Intrinsic pathway | Starts w/ exposure to abnormal surface
🗑
|
||||
| Factors XII, XI, IX, VIII | Intrinsic Pathway
🗑
|
||||
| Factor VIII deficiency is | hemophilia A
🗑
|
||||
| most common inherited bleeding deficiency in dogs & cats | Hemophilia A
🗑
|
||||
| X-linked, females are asymptomatic carriers, males are affected | Factor VIII def hemophilia A
🗑
|
||||
| Factor IX deficiency is | hemophilia B
🗑
|
||||
| In cats, Factor XII deficiency | commonly recognized but rarely causes clinical bleeding
🗑
|
||||
| Extrinsic pathway | Starts w/ tissue injury, factor III (Thromboplastin) released,Factor VII
🗑
|
||||
| Common pathway | Factor V, X, prothrombin to thrombin, fibrinogen to fibrin
🗑
|
||||
| ATIII | Thrombin antagonist
🗑
|
||||
| Acts on II, IX, X, XI, XII | ATIII Thrombin antagonist
🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin K dependent factors | II, VII, IX, X
🗑
|
||||
| Vita K antagonism or deficiency assoc w/ | rodenticide tox (warfarin,coumarin), malabsorption, BTO, heriditary (devon rex cats), & hemorrhagic porcine stress syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Expect prolonged clotting times (PT, then PTT) | Vit K
🗑
|
||||
| If suspicious, tx w/ vita K & watch for improved clotting times w/in 24-48 hrs | Vit K def or antagonism
🗑
|
||||
| Test of vasculature | Bleeding time test, biopsy
🗑
|
||||
| Test of platelets | Need good,clean stick, Platelet count, blood smear, platelet aggregation, bleeding time test
🗑
|
||||
| Test of coag factors – Intrinsic system w/ | ACT, PTT (XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, II or I)
🗑
|
||||
| Test of coag factors -Extrinsic system w/ | PT (VII, X, V,II, I), also good test for vita K antagonism since factor VII has shortest t½ of vita K dependent factors
🗑
|
||||
| Fibrinogen & FDP assay test for | DIC, vWD assay in certain breeds (DPs), PIVKA (glorified PT, rodenticide testing)
🗑
|
||||
| Inhibitors of coagulation | ATIII, aspirin, EDTA (binds divaalent Ca ions), heparing (activates ATIII), dicoumarol (vita K antagonist, rodenticide)
🗑
|
||||
| Coccidiomycosis | Coccidioides immitis, San Joaquin Valley Fever,Dimorphic soil pathogen
🗑
|
||||
| Fungus found in arid regions of SW USA | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Infection via inhalation of fungal spores | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Most common in dogs | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Large (50+μm) round organism w/ thick basophilic walls & small internal structures | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Acute infections are respiratory in nature & usu self-limiting | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic respiratory disease affecting lungs, can disseminate to eye & bone,Osseus involvement has poor LT px, resembles osteosarcoma,Bone lesion of baboons | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Chronic cough, anorexic, cachexia, lameness, big joints, fever, intermittent diarrhea | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Dog w/ chronic bronchopulmonary diz in endemic area,Pulmonary nodules & enlgd hilar ln found on thor rads | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Positive coccidiodin test indicates exposure,Serology helpful, do not culture | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment: Amphotericin B is drug of choice | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis
🗑
|
||||
| Coccidiosis | Causes acute invasion & destruction of intestinal mucosa
🗑
|
||||
| Problem in young animals, develop immunity as adults,Host-specific | coccidiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Oocysts sporulate in environment w/in several days,Infection via ingestion of sporulated oocysts,Clean environment daily | Coccidiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Diarrhea may precede output of oocysts, so not always possible to dx coccidiosis via fecal exam,Impression smear of intestine more diagnostic | Coccidiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Finding oocysts in feces does not indicate | coccidiosis infection unless clinical signs are present
🗑
|
||||
| Treat w/ sulfadimethoxine, a folate antagonist & coccidiostat & good sanitation | Coccidiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Poultry coccidia | Eimeria, Cryptosporidia
🗑
|
||||
| Small animals coccidia | Isospora, Cryptosporidia
🗑
|
||||
| Large animals coccidia - cows/sheep/goats/pigs | Eimeria, Cryptosporidia
🗑
|
||||
| Diz of pigs 5 - 15 days old | Eimeria, Cryptosporidia (coccidian)
🗑
|
||||
| Contagious Equine Metritis | Taylorella equigenitalis, Highly contagious venereal disease of horses,REPORTABLE
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted during coitus, resides in smegma of stallion prepuce,Self-limiting | Contagious Equine Metritis,Taylorella equigenitalis
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs – None in males,Mare develop endometritis w/ vulvar discharge 2-6 days after service,Low conception rate,Once infection subsides, fertility is regained,Abortion uncommon | CEM
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Recovery of organism,Hemagglutinating antibody | CEM
🗑
|
||||
| Copper Deficiency | Common in Texas in young pastured ruminants
🗑
|
||||
| Cu | stored in liver, absorbed in SI & excreted in bile
🗑
|
||||
| Primary Cu deficiency | decreased Cu in soil & forage
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary Cu deficiency interdependent | inc Mo dec Cu,inc Fe dec Cu, S-Mo
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs – Unthiftiness, achromotrichia, diarrhea, lameness, demyelinization, falling disease | Copper Deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Swayback in lambs, anemia | Copper Deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Copper Deficiency Diagnosis | Liver Cu [ ], serum Cu [ ], cerulopasmin in serum, diet Cu [ ]
🗑
|
||||
| Copper Deficiency Treatment | Copper gylcinate injection every 6 mos SQ,Copper sulfate in feed,Copper oxide needle bolus
🗑
|
||||
| Copper Deficiency Prevent | Salt/trace mineral mixes with Cu,CuSO4 fertilizer
🗑
|
||||
| Copper Poisoning | Sheep
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic ingestion of excess amount of Cu leads to sequestration in liver | Copper Poisoning,Sheep
🗑
|
||||
| A stressor induces sudden release of copper from the liver, resulting in severe intravascular hemolysis | Copper Poisoning,Sheep
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings - Acute hemolytic crisis, depression, weakness, anorexia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice | Copper Poisoning,Sheep
🗑
|
||||
| Control - Restrict copper intake; supplement with molybdenum | Copper Poisoning,Sheep
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital Hyperlipidemia | Inherited disease of miniature schnauzers
🗑
|
||||
| Constipation | 1)Protatomegaly in dogs,2)pelvic fractures in cats(real concer if cat preg),3)hypothroidism in dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Contagious Ecthyma | aka Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Sore Mouth, Orf
🗑
|
||||
| Poxvirus, related to | pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats transmitted by direct contact, usually in young | Contagious Ecthyma
🗑
|
||||
| Goats > sheep,Organism is highly resistant to dessication | Contagious Ecthyma
🗑
|
||||
| Lesions on skin of lips with extension into oral mucosa, also on feet, interdigital regions,Vaccination | Contagious Ecthyma
🗑
|
||||
| Once recovered usu highly resistant,ZOONOTIC, vets and sheep handlers lesions on hands, face usu more proliferative, distressing | Contagious Ecthyma
🗑
|
||||
| Copper Storage Hepatopathy of Bedlington Terriers | Recessive inherited copper storage disease in which Bedlington terriers accumulate copper in liver
🗑
|
||||
| See signs of liver disease, slowly progressive hepatopathy, usu by 3 yrs old,Incurable,Manage with penicillamine, Trientine,Severe disease,See similar diz in Westies, but mild | Copper Storage Hepatopathy of bedlington terriers
🗑
|
||||
| Corkscrew Claw | Heritable defect of the lateral claw of cattle,Causes serious 2ndary lameness,Must trim continually,Cannot diagnose from dorsal aspect,Cull
🗑
|
||||
| Coronavirus | Milder than parvo but cannot distinguish by clinical signs,Diarrhea, vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| Corticosteroid Responsive Meningitis | Large breed, < 2 yr, cervical pain, rare to have neuro disorder, px excellent with treatment
🗑
|
||||
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis | Horse – Causes pectoral abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| Seasonal, late summer and fall | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted by fomites, arthropods, skin wound,Lance abscesses, flush with iodine | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Penicillin or TMS may be used, but antibiotic therapy may delay abscess maturation | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| CN I | Olfactory nerve,Sense of smell
🗑
|
||||
| CN II | Optic nerve,Vision,Prechiasmal vs postchiasmal (PLR intact, no menace)
🗑
|
||||
| CN III | Oculomotor nerve,Motor to muscles of eye, constriction of pupil, accommodation
🗑
|
||||
| Divide into 3 major branches | CN III: Ophthalmic n(sensory to eyeball, medial canthus, nasal mucosa), Maxillary n(sensory to dorsal/rostralhead), Mandibular n(motor to mastication mm and sensory to lower jaw)
🗑
|
||||
| CN IV | Trochlear nerve,Motor to dorsal oblique muscle of the eye
🗑
|
||||
| CN V | Trigeminal nerve,Motor to muscles of mastication and sensory to head
🗑
|
||||
| CN VI | Abducens nerve,Motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi,Abduction of eyeball
🗑
|
||||
| CN VII | Facial nerve,Motor to muscles of facial expression and sensory to rostral tongue/taste
🗑
|
||||
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear nerve,Sense of hearing and proprioception
🗑
|
||||
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal nerve,Motor and sensory to pharynx and caudal tongue,Gag reflex, taste on caudal 1/3 of tongue, involuntary phase of swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| CN X | Vagus nerve,Parasympathetic to viscera of neck, thorax, abdomen,Motor to skeletal mm of pharynx, laryns esophagus and sensory to mucosa,Gag reflex, coughing, swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| CN XI | Accessory nerve,Motor to skeletal mm of neck and trapezius
🗑
|
||||
| CN XII | Hypoglossal nerve,Motor to intrinsic and extrinsic mm of tongue
🗑
|
||||
| Remember CN w/ parasympathetic functions | CN III, VII, IX, X, XI
🗑
|
||||
| OOOTTAFVGVAH | SSMMBMBSBBMM
🗑
|
||||
| Arytenoid Chondropathy or Chondritis | Horse,Bilateral inflammation of the arytenoid cartilage causing exercise intolerance, noise, coughing, dyspnea, syndrome similar to that caused by recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via endoscopy | Arytenoid Chondropathy or Chondritis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx – partial/total arytenoidectomy (leave muscular process)Bilateral – temporary and permanent tracheotomy | Arytenoid Chondropathy or Chondritis
🗑
|
||||
| Ascariasis | Toxocara canis, felis, Roundworms found in the SI of dogs and cats
🗑
|
||||
| Aspergillosis | Inhaled fungus
🗑
|
||||
| Most common nasal fungal infection in dogs | (A fumigatus), esp dolichocephalics
🗑
|
||||
| Urinary aspergillosis in | GSD, systemic
🗑
|
||||
| Primary a respiratory disease | aspergillosis
🗑
|
||||
| Causes pulmonary infections in birds and death in penguins, mycotic abortion in cattle, gutteral pouch mycosis in horses, infections of the nasal and paranasal tissues of dogs | Aspergillosis
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs and lesions in birds include yellow nodules in respiratory passages, etc,See matts of hyphae,Eats away at turbinates | aspergillosis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ itraconazole and others,Flush nasal cavity w/ chlortrimazole | aspergillosis
🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration pneumonia | Right middle lung lobe most commonly affected (1st major bronchus)2 complication in many diseases,Can be fatal
🗑
|
||||
| Treat aggressively with antibiotics | Aspiration pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| Aspirin – NSAID | Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase) thereby dec synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes
🗑
|
||||
| Platelets cannot synthesize new cyclooxygenase causing an irreversible effect reduction of platelet aggregation | NSAIDS
🗑
|
||||
| Antiinflammatory by local actions, antipyretic and analgesic by effects on CNS | NSAID
🗑
|
||||
| Pharmacokinetics - Metabolized in the liver by conjugation with glycine and glucuronic acid via glucuronyl Transferase | NSAID
🗑
|
||||
| Cats are deficient in this enzyme, so aspirin has a prolonged half life in cats and may accumulate | glucuronyl transferase
🗑
|
||||
| Excreted by kidneys | NSAID
🗑
|
||||
| Use - Analgesia, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, inhibition of platelet aggregation | NSAID
🗑
|
||||
| Adverse eff ects - GI ulcers,Toxicity in cats | NSAID
🗑
|
||||
| Comparison of NSAIDs – Phenylbutazone | more effective peripherally (antiinflammatory) than centrally (antipyretic)
🗑
|
||||
| Acetaminophen | has weak peripheral actions and does not produce significant GI irritation, nor does it have siqnificant antiinflammatory activity, though it acts centrally as an analgesic
🗑
|
||||
| Atopy - Type I HPS | histamine mediated release from mast cells,IgG mediated,Hives, wheals, urticaria distributed to face, feet, ears, armpits, legs in dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Miliary dermatitis in | cats
🗑
|
||||
| Includes food allergies and atopic dermatitis dt inhaled allergens | Atopy
🗑
|
||||
| Intradermal skin testing and ELISA testing (controversial)Remove offending allergen, hyposensitization, glucocorticoids | Atopy
🗑
|
||||
| Horner's syndrome | Failure of sympathetic innervations,Mitosis, ptosis (droopy lid), enophthalmos (sunken eye), prolapsed nictitans
🗑
|
||||
| Hydralazine | Alters calcium metabolism in smooth muscle, preventing initiation and maintenance of the contractile state,Arterioles > veins
🗑
|
||||
| Used as an afterload reducer for treatment of CHF, especially mitral insufficiency, and systemic hypertension | Hydralazine
🗑
|
||||
| Hydronephrosis | Dilated pelvis, loss of medulla
🗑
|
||||
| Hypercalcemia | Always correct for albumin,Corrected Ca++ = Msrd Ca++ + 3,5 – Albumin
🗑
|
||||
| Most common cause in small animals is | Hypercalcemia of Malignancy, usu dt lymphoma or apocrine gland adenocarcinomas of the anal sac
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperparathyroidism hypercalcemia which is most common cause in | horse, nutritional 2ndy hyperparathyroidism, Addison’s diz (late in diz), hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, granulomatous diz, Quintox intoxication, and lab error
🗑
|
||||
| Tx fluid therapy, saline diuresis, loop diuretics (max Na+ excretion and thus Ca++ excretion), bicarbonate to reduce the ionized fraction of serum Ca++ | Hypercalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperestrogenism | Only pruritic endocrine disorder, often neoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Intense pruritis in young, female dogs, immature mammae and genitalia, alopecia,Bone marrow suppression | Hyperestrogenism Dx w/ ACTH stim and sex hormone panel, biopsy
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ low dosages of lysodren | Hyperestrogenism
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperkalemia | ECG changes include bradycardia, tall tented T waves, loss of P waves, wide QRS complexes
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment for hyperkalemia | sodium bicarbonate to send K+ into cell and regular insulin/glucose,Volume expansion
🗑
|
||||
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type I | Immediate, Acute, severe, allergic reactions,Anaphylaxis,Evident in seconds to minutes,Drug reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type II | Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity,Actives complement cascade,Autoimmune disease
🗑
|
||||
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type III | Antigen+Antibody complexes,Arthus reaction,Deposited in tissues, leads to inflammation and necrosis,Serum Sickness in equine dt IV tetanus toxoid
🗑
|
||||
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type IV | Delayed HPS,Cell mediated cytotoxicity,Lymphocyte and macrophage mediated,Tissue graft rejections,+ TB skin test
🗑
|
||||
| Leukocytozoon | Blood parasite of wild birds,Common, inside RBC, non pathogenic, don’t treat
🗑
|
||||
| Lidocaine Toxicity | 1st see CNS signs such as tremors, seizures,Then cardiopulmonary depression
🗑
|
||||
| Lime Sulfur | Safe dip for many derm diz,Notoedres, scabies, dermatophytosis,Don’t let cats lick when wet
🗑
|
||||
| Linear Foreign Bodies | Under the tongue in cats and in pylorus of dogs and cats
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via palpation and rads (tear drop bubbles, not dilatation; plication),Contrast rads w/ iodine (not barium) | Linear Foreign Bodies
🗑
|
||||
| Tx by releasing attachment,If not better in 18-24 hours, sx | Linear Foreign Bodies
🗑
|
||||
| Listeria - Listeria monocytogenes | Found in soil, mammalian GI tracts,Localized in intestinal wall, medulla oblongata, and placenta
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Causes encephalitis or meningoencepholitis in adult ruminants, late abortion, septicemia, placentitis, and autolyzed fetuses | Listeria
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Isolation and identification,Submit brain stem | Listeria
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – Penicillin | Listeria
🗑
|
||||
| Lipemia | Fast 12-18 hours, should be no lipemia,If present after fast, likely eating, hypothyroidism, or idiopathic hyperlipidemia of schnauzers
🗑
|
||||
| Increased risk for pancreatitis,Often see complications in eye | Lipemia
🗑
|
||||
| Liver in Large Animals | Biliary – GGT, STH,Hepatocellular – AST (no ALT)
🗑
|
||||
| Function test – bile acids, do not have to fast | Liver in Large Animals
🗑
|
||||
| No gallbladder in | horses
🗑
|
||||
| The test for Albumin has long t1/2 in | horses, don’t use
🗑
|
||||
| Bilirubin,Ammonia | Liver test in Large Animals
🗑
|
||||
| Lumpy Jaw | Actinomyces bovis Gram+ filamentous anaerobe
🗑
|
||||
| Cows and wallabees,Damage to mucosa 1st Painless rarefying osteomyelitis of mandible/maxilla, hard nonmoveable swelling | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Difficult to culture | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx with clin signs, exudates smears, rads, biopsy | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Salvage less valuable,NaI for 3 separate treatmentsOxytet, penicillin parenterally | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Lungworms – Cow and deer | Dictyocaulus viviparus
🗑
|
||||
| Lungworms - Horse/donkey | Dictyocaulus arnfeldi
🗑
|
||||
| Lungworms - Sheep/goat | D filaria,Protostrongulus rufescens, Mullerius capillaris
🗑
|
||||
| Lungworms – Pigs | Metastrongylus apri
🗑
|
||||
| Lungworms – Dog | Filaroides osleri
🗑
|
||||
| Lungworms- Cat | Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Capillaria aerophila
🗑
|
||||
| Lower respiratory tract infection, coughing, respiratory distress | Lungworms
🗑
|
||||
| Dx larvae in fecal | Lungworms
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ levamisole, ivermectin, fenbendazole,Thiabendazole not effective, Some vax | Lungworms
🗑
|
||||
| Lupine Toxicity | Ingestion of lupine plants between days 40-70 of gestation causes crooked calf disease
🗑
|
||||
| Joint contracture, torticollis, scoliosis, kyphosis, cleft palate | Lupine toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Lyme Disease | Borrelia burgdorferi
🗑
|
||||
| Bacterial disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks,Tick must be on animal for > 12 hrs | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| ZOONOTIC, skin lesions in people, Incidence inc in spring and fall | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| See lameness, intermittent and nonerosive arthritis, fever, lymphadenopathy,Neurological, cardiac, and renal abnormalities (no thrombocytopenia!) | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Dx by serologic tests - IFA, ELISA, Western blot | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Titers can be inc w/ no diz | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ doxycycline | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Control via tick avoidance/treatment (permethrin, amitraz, fipronil) | Lyme Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Lymphoid Leukosis | Retrovirus of chickens
🗑
|
||||
| Neoplasms,Difficult to ddx from Marek’s Disease,Look for tumor in bursa = pathognomonic | Lymphoid Leukosis
🗑
|
||||
| Macaw Wasting Disease | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD)
🗑
|
||||
| Unknown etiology, virus likely | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD)
🗑
|
||||
| Dilation of proventriculus and ventriculus ceases digestion,Wasting disease of macaws, see whole seeds in droppings,Death | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD)
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via clin signs and rads (dilation, dec barium passage) | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD)
🗑
|
||||
| Malasezzia | Yeast involved in otitis externa
🗑
|
||||
| Moist, greasy, malodorous and highly pruritic,Normal flora in dec#’s in dogs, rare in cats | Malasezzia
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via ear smear, 1º or 2º bacterial infection common | Malasezzia
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ miconazole, ketaconazole, conofite topical lotion | Malasezzia
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever | Gammaherpes virus
🗑
|
||||
| Acute, sporadic, infectious and highly fatal diz of cattle near lambing sheep | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Little to no cow to cow transmission | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Also see in farmed deer, wildebeests,Low morbidity, high mortality (lethal) | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Extensive erosion and edema of GIT and URT,KCS, photophobia, corneal opacity,blindness,pytalism, encephalitis, and lymphadenopathy | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Also interstitial infiltration of organs by lymphocytes | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Kidney - evident as white, raised foci under capsule | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis – Virus isolation, ELISA, IFA,Cross reacts with other herpesviruses | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment and control – Survival rare, if so, carriers,Separate from source | Malignant Catarrhal Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant Edema | Clostridium septicum (Also C chauvoei, C perfringen, C sordelli, and C novyi)
🗑
|
||||
| Acute fatal toxemia of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs caused by contamination of wounds | Malignant Edema
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings include anorexia,intoxication, high fever,Wounds edematous,Muscle in area dark brown to black | Malignant Edema
🗑
|
||||
| Dx by IFA | Malignant Edema
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ penicillin or broadspectrum antibiotics early in diz, Bacterins for immunization,Blackleg/Malignant Edema vax | Malignant Edema
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant Hyperthermia | Porcine Stress Syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Hypermetabolic syndrome involving skeletal muscle | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Genetically transmitted myopathy most prevalent in lean, heavily muscled meat pigs - Pietrain, Landrace, Poland China, Duroc | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Also occurs in the wallaby,Abnormality in skeletal mm Ca++ kinetics | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Stressor or drug (inhalation anesthestics like halothane, methoxyflurane) stimulates sustained release of Ca++ resulting inc glycogenolysis and heat production | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Lactic acid production leads to acidosis,Hyperthermia + acidosis + ATP depletion = rhabdomyolysis,inc K+ causes cardiac dysrhythmia and arrest | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings – Fine muscle tremors in sk mm progress to muscle rigor, then blanching and cyanosisTachycardia, dyspnea, dysrhythmias,Extreme fever (113ºF)Rapid rigor mortis,Affected muscles pale and wet in animals that die | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - History of stress, exposure to stressor drugs,DNA test | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – Genetics, test and cull,Dantrolene (muscle relaxant) given early before blood flow is reduced inhibits and controls episodes,Fluid tx, control acidosis, surface cooling | Malignant Hyperthermia
🗑
|
||||
| Marek's disease | Herpesvirus of chickens
🗑
|
||||
| Ubiquitous and highly contagious,Neurotropic disease, see thickened sciatic nerves and tumor in the eyes | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted via aerosol if stable in environment | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Three forms: productive infection (virion formation in feather follicles); latent infection (carrier state); neoplastic transformation (lymphoid neoplasms) | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Ddx from lymphoid leukosis | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings – Depression than death,Enlarged nerves dt lymphoid proliferation in peripheral nerves and CNS inflammation causing ataxia and transient paralysis | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Diffuse nodular lymphoid tumors in various organs,Enlarged feather follicles (skin leukosis) | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Based on enlarged, thickened nerves and lymphoid tumors upon necropsy | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Control – Vaccinate chicks at hatching,Strict sanitation,Breed resistance | Marek’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| Mast Cell Tumor | Most frequently recognized malignant neoplasms of dogs and cats (cutaneous, leukemic and visceral forms)
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs - local aggregation of mast cells in skin of dogs; cutaneous mast cell tumors more aggressive in dogs) | Mast Cell Tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Cats - visceral mast cell tumors much more common (ddx for splenomegaly) | Mast Cell Tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Release of histamine or other vasoactive substances may be associated with GI ulceration,May become malignant) | Mast Cell Tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Metastasis occurs most frequently in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen) | Mast Cell Tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Mastitis | In cows, multiple bacterial etiologies (staph, strep, coliform, pseudomonas, actinomyces)
🗑
|
||||
| Control and eradication, Segregate and treat based on C&S,Sanitation,Similar in other species | Mastitis in cows
🗑
|
||||
| Megacolon | In dog, dt stricture or tumor,DON’T cut out colon
🗑
|
||||
| In cat, idiopathic,If nothing else works, colonectomy (takes weeks before start solidifying feces) | Megacolon
🗑
|
||||
| Megaesophagus | 2ndrary aspiration pneumonia can kill
🗑
|
||||
| Barium series, fluoroscopy to dx | Megaesophagus
🗑
|
||||
| Patient that deteriorates very fast likely has gastroesophageal intussusception | Megaesophagus
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital – Schnauzer, GSD,Feed from elevated platform | Megaesophagus
🗑
|
||||
| Acquired – Myesthenia gravis, lead toxicity, hypoadrenocorticism, dysautonomia in cats,esophagitis | Megaesophagus
🗑
|
||||
| Meningioma | Most common primary brain tumor in cats
🗑
|
||||
| Mesquite Bean Toxicity | Prosopis spp,Must eat large amounts, get addicted if no other food source Get CHO overload, acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Drool, dysphagia, wt loss, tongue protrusion, intermandibular swelling | Mesquite Bean Toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Difficult to treat, rumenotomy, B vitamins, fluids w/ bicarb Get them to start eating something else (even if have to tube) | Mesquite Bean Toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Metabolic Bone Disease | Reptiles,Ca:P ratio should be 1,2:1 (significantly diff than carnivore diet)Gut loaded insects
🗑
|
||||
| Vita D and UV light,Abnormalities reflect nutritional 2ndary hyperparathyroidism | Metabolic Bone Disease of reptiles
🗑
|
||||
| Metaclopramide | Central and peripheral antiemetic and prokinetic from esophagus to duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| Increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, force of gastric contractions (moves the right direction) | Metaclopramide
🗑
|
||||
| Metaldehyde | Mulluscicide,Shake and Bake,Nervous signs include tremor, incoordination, tonic convulsions, salivation, dyspnea, unconsciousness, death dt respiratory failure
🗑
|
||||
| Resembles strychnine poisoning,Tx convulsions w/ diazepam,Tx hyperthermia | Metaldehyde
🗑
|
||||
| Methotrexate | Folic acid antagonist used as an antineoplastic
🗑
|
||||
| Milk Fever | Parturient paresis in cows
🗑
|
||||
| Hypocalcemia,Dairy > beef,Due to excess Ca++ fed during dry period (like alfalfa)Body has stored and expects more, can’t free in time of need | Milk Fever
🗑
|
||||
| More common in mature cattle at or soon after parturition | Milk Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs – Afebrile,Prodromal see restlessness, tremor, staggering,Then see recumbent, sternal w/ head turned against back, dry muzzle, dull eyes,dec muscle tone, flaccid paralysis | Milk Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Final stage is comatose | Milk Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – IV calcium gluconate,Administer slowly w/ cardiac ausculation dt cardiotoxicity of calcium,If dysrhythmias heard, stop until rates return to normal | Milk Fever
🗑
|
||||
| Milking Machine | Regular vacuum fluctuation,Pressure should be 13 inches Hg, pulsation rate 40-60/min, ratio 40-50 rest:50-60 vacuum
🗑
|
||||
| Pressures above or below associated with mastitis | Milking Machine
🗑
|
||||
| Moldy Corn Poisoning | Fusarium multiforme fungus
🗑
|
||||
| Mycotoxin,Assoc w/ aflatoxicosis, estrogenism, ochratoxicosis, trichothecene toxicosis, and equine leukoencephalomalacia | Moldy Corn Poisoning,Fusarium multiforme fungus
🗑
|
||||
| Equine leukoencephalomalacia see apathy, drowsiness, pharyngeal paralysis, blindness, circling, staggering, recumbency,Lesion is liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of the cerebrum | Moldy Corn Poisoning,Fusarium multiforme fungus
🗑
|
||||
| Molybdiosis | Inc molybdenum dec availability of dietary copper, impedes metabolism of tissue Cu, inhibits Cu enzymes, and promotes Cu excretion
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs include scours, depigmentation, unthriftiness | Molybdiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ copper sulfate supplementation,Want Cu:Mo ratio of 6:1 | Molybdiosis
🗑
|
||||
| Monensin poisoning | Poultry coccidiostat,Also used in ruminants feed as a growth promotant
🗑
|
||||
| Not used in horses dt toxicity | Monensin poisoning,Poultry coccidiostat
🗑
|
||||
| Toxicity requires a large dose in cattle, a normal dose in horses, and causes death due to heart failure | Monensin poisoning,Poultry coccidiostat
🗑
|
||||
| Morphine | Mu-agonist opiate,Analgesia, antitussive, sedation
🗑
|
||||
| Resp depression, emesis, physical dependence, constipation, 2ndry effects include euphoria, confusion, bradycardia dt central vagal stimulation, peripheral vasodilation, inc bladder sphincter tone | Morphine
🗑
|
||||
| Causes vasoconstriction in dogs | Morphine
🗑
|
||||
| Motor Unit | Includes motor neuron, neuromuscular junction and the myofibrils innervated by neuron
🗑
|
||||
| Multiple Myeloma | Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells,Proliferate and invade BM causing destruction of bone
🗑
|
||||
| Results in bone pain and pathologic frxs, produces Bence-Jones protein | Multiple Myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs include bone pain, SC compression, serum hyperviscosity, hyperglobulinemia, hypercalcemia | Multiple Myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| Tx by dec serum viscosity,Melpholan is the antineoplastic of choice | Multiple Myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors which bind to the receptor and dec Ach,Dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs include extreme generalized muscle weakness accentuated by mild exercise, megaesophagus | Myasthenia Gravis
🗑
|
||||
| Can be acute,fulminant repisodic,Mimics curare | Myasthenia Gravis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx by measuring serum anti-ACHR antibodies,Tensilon test - short acting anticholinesterase (Edrophonium Cl) see dramatic inc in strength | Myasthenia Gravis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx is Pyridostigmine (mestinon) which inhibits acetylcholinesterase,LT immunosuppressive therapy | Myasthenia Gravis
🗑
|
||||
| Mycetoma | Mold pathogens that cause grains, tumefaction, draining tracts,Pseudomycetoma is chronic granuloma usu dt staph
🗑
|
||||
| Lentigo Simplex | Orange cats,Benign hyperpigmented macules
🗑
|
||||
| Leptospirosis | ZOONOTIC,Contagious disease of animals and man
🗑
|
||||
| May be asymptomatic or cause fever, renal failure, liver failure, infertility, abortion and death,Hemolysis, icterus, hemoglobinuria | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Leptospires | can localize in kidneys and reproductive organs and shed in urine
🗑
|
||||
| Often waterborne, wet weather, ponds,Contact w/ infected urine | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cattle - Redwater disease of calves,Abortion | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cattle natural hosts for | L hardjo (4 mos-term) and L pomona (3rd trimester)
🗑
|
||||
| Acute hemolytic syndrome is seen with | L pomona and L icterohaemorrhagiae
🗑
|
||||
| Dx w/ paired serum samples (or titer>100 suspicious), IFA, culture | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline,Vax is short term,Sheep similar, though less prevalent | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| L pomona and L grippotyphosa most commonly (used to be canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae – have vax for, but no cross-immunity) | Dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Signs as above w/ vasculitis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy | lepto in dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via leptospires in urine and serology,Can also do cytology of bile aspirate | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx renal and liver failure supportively,Aggressive antibiotic tx - Penicillin, tetracycline (careful if azotemic), doxycycline long term,If not better, cut gall bladder out | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Vax Q6 mos; most reactive vax | Leptospirosis
🗑
|
||||
| Horses | L Pomona, Recurrent uveitis or abortions
🗑
|
||||
| Pigs | L bratislava more widespread (L pomona before)Abortions 2-4 wks before term
🗑
|
||||
| Mycobacterium avium | Avian TB
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic, slowly progessive wasting disease in birds (not respiratory) | Mycobacterium avium
🗑
|
||||
| Dx w/ acid-fast stain of organisms from feces, blood, biopsy | Mycobacterium avium
🗑
|
||||
| M tuberculosis in humans is | respiratory
🗑
|
||||
| dogs also contract repiratory form and should be euthanized dt HUMAN health risk | Mycobacterium
🗑
|
||||
| Cats are usu infected w/ M bovis and show GI signs | Mycobacterium
🗑
|
||||
| Mycoplasma | Heavy area of research
🗑
|
||||
| Mycoplasma bovis (50%) and others causes | nonresponsive clinical mastitis in dairy cows,dec production
🗑
|
||||
| Rapid spread via nasal and vaginal discharge, resistant to antibiotics | Mycoplasma bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Surface protein of bacteria can change, allows host immune system resistance and resistance to abs | Mycoplasma bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Asyptomatic carrier animals,Feedlot cattle get respiratory disease | Mycoplasma bovis
🗑
|
||||
| Lameness and arthritis in bulls off feed testing | Mycoplasma bovis
🗑
|
||||
| M mycoides | causes lameness in goats,Multiple hot swollen joints, weight loss, pyrexia, poor coats
🗑
|
||||
| Myelophthisic Disease | Physical replacement of bone marrow by abnormal proliferation of cells (fibrous, neoplastic),Causes anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Navicular Disease | Chronic degenerative condition of navicular bone and navicular bursa
🗑
|
||||
| Unknown etiology,conformational, ischemic,Insidious onset,Hx of intermittent lameness and pointing of affected foot | Navicular Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Flexion test exacerbates lameness | Navicular Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Dx using palmar digital nerve block (eliminates lameness | Navicular Disease
🗑
|
||||
| On rads see degenerative bony changes, synovial invaginations w/ stalks or on abaxial sides of navicular bone, cysts | Navicular Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ NSAIDs,PD neurectomy (severe complications possible) | Navicular Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Necrotic Laryngitis | Calf Diptheria
🗑
|
||||
| F necrophorum and H somnus invade laryngeal ulcers or openings | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Diz of young cattle w/ fever, severe inspiratory dyspnea, stertorous breathing | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Inflammation of laryngeal mucosa and cartilage | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Dirty environments or feedlots | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via clin signs, laryngoscopy, endoscopy, rads ± tracheostomy | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Ddx trauma, IBR, actinobacillosis | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ sulfonamides or PPG, NSAIDs | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Px good for early cases treated aggressively, chronic cases require sx (60% success) | Calf Diptheria,Necrotic Laryngitis
🗑
|
||||
| Neonatal Isoerythrolysis | Maternal antibodies produced against RBC antigens of newborn or fetus
🗑
|
||||
| Newborn inherits antigen from sire that is not present on dam’s RBC | Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
🗑
|
||||
| 1st pregnancy ok, maternal abs from as result of exposure to fetal RBCs in previous pregnancy (or blood transfusion) | Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
🗑
|
||||
| Most common in horse and human | Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
🗑
|
||||
| Horses, neonate born healthy but show signs of hemolytic anemia w/in hrs, days of birth after ingestion of colostrum | Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
🗑
|
||||
| Neospora caninum | Obligate intracellular parasite of dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Found in myocytes, neural cells, dermal cells, macrophages, etc | Neospora caninum
🗑
|
||||
| See polyradiculoneuromyositis, hindlimb paralysis w/ rigid contracture of muscles, ulcerative dermatitis, hepatitis, pneumonia, encephalitis | Neospora caninum
🗑
|
||||
| Dx w/ IFA,Tx unknown | Neospora caninum
🗑
|
||||
| Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Syndrome | Viruses, Cryptosporidia, enterotoxic E coli, Salmonella
🗑
|
||||
| Major cause of calf loss,Fecal-oral | Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Neoplasia | Malignant criteria cells in abnorm locations, monomorphic cells are pleomorphic,macrocytosis,inc basophilia, abnorm vacuoles,macrokaryosis,anisokaryosis,inc N:C ratio,multinucleat,inc mitotic figs,abnorm mitotic figs,vary in nucleoli
🗑
|
||||
| Epithelial Neoplasia | Benign, carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Large cells, round to polygonal, highly cellular, frequent clustering | Epithelial Neoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Mesenchymal Neoplasia | Benign or sarcoma, melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Small to medium; do not cluster, tend to be individualized,Spindle, stellate, flag-shaped cells | Mesenchymal Neoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Low cellularity on aspirates and impression smears, good w/ scrapings | Mesenchymal Neoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Round Cell neoplasia | LSA, mast cell tumor, TVT, histiocytoma, plasma cell tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Small to medium cells, round, highly cellular, no clustering | Round Cell neoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Increased N:C ratio w/ LSA,purple granules w/ mast cell tumor,peripherally located vacuolization w/ TVT | Round Cell neoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotoxicities | Amikacin, amphotericin B, cis-platinum, ethylene glycol, others
🗑
|
||||
| Neuroleptanalgesia | Profound sedation and analgesia
🗑
|
||||
| Achieved w/ combo of tranquilizer like acepromazine and opiod analgesic like fentanyl | Neuroleptanalgesia
🗑
|
||||
| Lower Motor Neuron signs | Motor neuron, nerve, NMJ, muscle,Paresis/paralysis, hyporeflexia, hypotonia, denervation atrophy, sensory disturbance
🗑
|
||||
| Upper Moton Neuron signs | Brain and SC,Paresis, Ataxia, Dysmetria, Spasticity (PADS)
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperreflexia,hypertonia, disuse atrophy,Appearance of abnormal reflexes (crossed extensor reflex) | Upper Moton Localizing Lesions
🗑
|
||||
| Cervical | (Cl-C5)
🗑
|
||||
| Cervicothoracic | (C6-T2)
🗑
|
||||
| Thoracolumbar | (T3-L3)
🗑
|
||||
| Caudal lumbar | (L4-S2)
🗑
|
||||
| Sacral | (S1-S3)
🗑
|
||||
| Cauda equine | anus, bladder,Coccygeal
🗑
|
||||
| Order of fiber loss vs fxn (PMS-D) = | Proprioception > Motor > Superficial pain/Bladder fxn > Deep pain
🗑
|
||||
| Normal front limbs; normal back limbs | no lesion
🗑
|
||||
| Tetraparesis | C1-C5 or C6-T2
🗑
|
||||
| Tetraparesis and UMN back | C6-T2
🗑
|
||||
| LMN front; normal back | C5-Tl; brachial plexus
🗑
|
||||
| LMN front; UMN back | C5-Tl; brachial plexus
🗑
|
||||
| UMN front; normal back | Brain; Cl-C5
🗑
|
||||
| UMN front; UMN back | Brain, Cl-C5
🗑
|
||||
| Normal front; LMN back | L4-S2
🗑
|
||||
| Normal front, UMN back | T2-L3
🗑
|
||||
| LMN front; LMN back | 2 lesions - C6-T2 and L4-S2
🗑
|
||||
| UMN front; UMN back | 2 lesions - Brain/Cl-C5 and L4-S2
🗑
|
||||
| Intracranial Lesion | Mental status abnormal w/ parenchymal disease,Require bigger lesion in forebrain than hindbrain to see signs,Circle to side of lesions
🗑
|
||||
| Forebrain Lesion | contralateral deficits w/ circling; normal to mild ataxic gait
🗑
|
||||
| Hindbrain Lesion | ipsilateral deficits w/ circling; moderate to severe paresis seen in gait
🗑
|
||||
| Vestibular Lesion | Central (postural reaction deficits, CN deficits in addition to VII and VIII)vsPeripheral (strength in post rxn defs, +/- CN defs, clumsy)
🗑
|
||||
| Acute Progressive LMN disorders | Tick Paralysis,Botulism,Polyradiculoneuritis,Myasthenia gravis
🗑
|
||||
| Tick Paralysis | Dermacentor in N America
🗑
|
||||
| Neurotoxin inhibits release of Ach from NMJ resulting in acute ascending flaccid tetraparesis w/ intact sensation,Non febrile,Resolves after removal | Tick Paralysis Neurotoxin
🗑
|
||||
| Botulism | Clostridium botulinum type C, Carrion exposure
🗑
|
||||
| Inhibits release of Ach from NMJ resulting in flaccid tetraparesis and CN signs (lack of jaw tone, no swallowing) | Botulism,Clostridium botulinum type C
🗑
|
||||
| Polyradiculoneuritis | Coonhound Paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| Acute flaccid tetraparesis dt inflammation of ventral nerve roots,Resolves in days to weeks | Polyradiculoneuritis(Coonhound Paralysis)
🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia gravis | Acute,fulminant,Autoantibodies to Ach receptors,Extreme muscle weakness
🗑
|
||||
| Noninfectious Inflammatory CNS Disease | Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis,Steroid Responsive Meningoencephalomyelitis,Breed Specific Meningitis
🗑
|
||||
| Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis | Brain signs, multifocal, seizures
🗑
|
||||
| Steroid Responsive Meningoencephalomyelitis | Stilted gait, painful, young
🗑
|
||||
| Breed Specific Meningitis | Pug, Yorkie
🗑
|
||||
| Ostertagia ostertagi | Medium or brown stomach worm,GI parasite of ruminants,Abomasal invaders
🗑
|
||||
| Type I ostertagiases | Recent infection,Lambs,calves,Large #’s of adult worms in abomasums,Causes persistent,profuse watery diarrhea,Response to anthelmintics is good
🗑
|
||||
| Type II ostertagiases | Adult cattle,Large #’s of dormant larvae erupt from abomasal mucosa,Chronic diarrhea,emaciation,high death rate,moroccon leather abomasum
🗑
|
||||
| Otobius megnini | Spinous ear tick of large animals
🗑
|
||||
| Otodectes cyonotis | Ear mite of dogs and cats
🗑
|
||||
| Sexual dimorphism as adults | otodectes cyonotis
🗑
|
||||
| Signs of otitis externa | Thick, brownish-red crusts in ear canal, may have pruritic dermatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx by microscopic (10x) exam of ear exudate | otodectes cyonotis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ selemectin (ok in all breeds, don’t use in < 6 wks) | otodectes cyonotis
🗑
|
||||
| Ovine Progressive Pneumonia | Retrovirus,inc prevalence in US,Contact w/ fluids,Chronic pneumonia and mastitis,Tx and cull
🗑
|
||||
| Oxyuriasis | Oxyuris equi,Pinworm in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Usu < 18mos old, found primary in terminal end of LI | Pinworm in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Gravid females lay eggs in perineum around anus which are irritating,See rubbin of tail and anal regions, broken tail hairs, excoriations,bare patches on buttocks | Oxyuris equi,Pinworm in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Scotch tape, look under microscope | Oxyuris equi,Pinworm in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Ddx w/ culicoides hypersensitivity | Oxyuris equi,Pinworm in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Pacheco’s Disease | Herpesvirus,Highly contagious acute diz of parrots
🗑
|
||||
| Spread by direct contact, aerosol, fecal-oral | Pacheco’s Disease,Herpesvirus
🗑
|
||||
| Conures are asymptomatic carriers | Pacheco’s Disease,Herpesvirus
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Weakness, diarrhea, focal necrosis of liver, spleen,Fatal, sudden death in high #s | Pacheco’s Disease,Herpesvirus
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and spleen,PCR | Pacheco’s Disease,Herpesvirus
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – If caught early, acyclovir,Tx entire aviary,Prevention – Vaccine | Pacheco’s Disease,Herpesvirus
🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatitis | #1 cause of biliary tract obstruction in dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs from fat, cats from many causes | Pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Schnauzers predisposed dt hyperlipidemia | Pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - U/S, rads (if duodenum pushed craniolaterally, pancreatic mass), amylase/lipase | Pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| DiffDx - Tumor, focal peritonitis | Pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment - Fluids and NPO,Avoid sx if possible | Pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Panosteitis | Young, large breed dogs
🗑
|
||||
| Shifting leg lameness, pain on deep, firm palpation | Panosteitis
🗑
|
||||
| On rads, see inc intramedullary opacities often near nutrient foramina, transient periosteal new bone formation, cortical thickening | Panosteitis
🗑
|
||||
| Stress response, bone changes resolve with time | Panosteitis
🗑
|
||||
| Papillomatosis | Common in birds,Mucosal warts of oral cavity and vent
🗑
|
||||
| Raspberry,out of butt,Dripping blood in cage | Papillomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| No treatment, waxes and wanes (likely herpesvirus) | Papillomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| Paragonimus kellicotti | Lung fluke
🗑
|
||||
| Ova have characteristic flattened operculum at one end,Rads,see signet ring lesions | Paragonimus kellicotti
🗑
|
||||
| Parvovirus in Canines | Viral gastroenteritis,paralysis and ileus of intestines
🗑
|
||||
| Wipes out intestinal crypts causing villous atrophy secondarily | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Transmission is fecal-oral | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Survives in environment for years,Bleach is only effective disinfectant | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella mimics | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Major cause of intussusception in dogs | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical Signs – Most infections clinically inapparent,Vomiting seen 1st, diarrhea later,Leukopenia can be seen | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis – Parvo Site test (can be false- if early in infection)Rads,can appear as obstruction w/ dilated intestines | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – IV fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics | Parvovirus in canines
🗑
|
||||
| Parvovirus in Pigs | Causes reproductive failure,Early fetal resorption,irregular return to estrus
🗑
|
||||
| Reduced litter size, abortion, mummies | Parvovirus in Pigs
🗑
|
||||
| Paspallum Staggers | Dallis grass toxicity,primary in cattle
🗑
|
||||
| Claviceps paspali, | ergot parasite
🗑
|
||||
| Lysergic acid, inc in hot, humid weather,Causes cerebellar diz (symmetrical ataxia, head tremor, hypermetria), excitement, beligerant, irritation, exaggerated mvmt Ears, tail and dew claws slough | paspallum staggers
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ supportive care,remove from source,Mow seeds down | Paspallum Staggers,Dallis grass toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Pasteurellosis | Fowl cholera
🗑
|
||||
| Large #’s of water fowl die of systemic diz | Pasteurellosis,Fowl cholera
🗑
|
||||
| Ingestion of Pasteurella from GIT builds up in water while roosting | Pasteurellosis,Fowl cholera
🗑
|
||||
| Also killed from Pasteurella acquired from cat bites dt septicemia | Pasteurellosis,Fowl cholera
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ clavamox | Pasteurellosis,Fowl cholera
🗑
|
||||
| Pasteurization | Vat milk (farm milk fed) is considered safely pasteurized if heated to 145F for 30 minutes
🗑
|
||||
| Penicillin | Bactericidal
🗑
|
||||
| G+, some G-,Disrupts cell wall synthesis | penicillin
🗑
|
||||
| Paraphymosis | Inability to retract penis,Ace and other phenothiazines can cause in stallions
🗑
|
||||
| Phymosis | Inability to extend penis
🗑
|
||||
| Priapism | Persistent erection
🗑
|
||||
| Perianal Fistula | Down sloping of tailhead,GSD, Labs
🗑
|
||||
| Medical diz, not sx,Tx w/ antibiotics (metronidazole & baytril)& immunosuppresives (cyclosporine) | Perianal Fistula
🗑
|
||||
| Perineal Hernia | Protrusion of hernial sac laterally b/w levator ani and either external anal sphincter or coccygeus muscles
🗑
|
||||
| Seen in intact male dogs | Perineal Hernia
🗑
|
||||
| Risk for encarcerated bladder (emergency–postrenal azotemia; drain out)or intestine | Perineal Hernia
🗑
|
||||
| Tx is sx correction w/ concurrent castration | Perineal Hernia
🗑
|
||||
| Peridontium | Periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, gingiva, cementum
🗑
|
||||
| PGF2 | Lutalyse
🗑
|
||||
| Stimulates myometrial activity, relaxation of cervix, inhibition of steroidogenesis by corpora lutea, lyse corpora lutea,t1/2 is minutes | PGF2,Lutalyse
🗑
|
||||
| Used in cattle as luteolytic agent for estrous synchronization, pyometra, abortifacient | PGF2,Lutalyse
🗑
|
||||
| In swine to induce parturition | PGF2,Lutalyse
🗑
|
||||
| Horse for luteolysis and estrus induction | PGF2,Lutalyse
🗑
|
||||
| Small animal as an abortifacient, pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia | PGF2,Lutalyse
🗑
|
||||
| Phenothiazine Toxicity | Horses
🗑
|
||||
| Heinz bodies in RBCs,In past, commonly used anthelmintic | Phenothiazine Toxicity,Horses
🗑
|
||||
| Phenoxybenzamine | Alpha-adrenergic blocker, A1 & A2, via competitive inhibition of norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Dec internal urethral sphincter tone,Treats hypertension,Contraindicated w/ CHF | Phenoxybenzamine
🗑
|
||||
| Phenylephrine | Alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic
🗑
|
||||
| Used to tx hypotension, ophthalmic to dec posterior synechia formation, relieve pain associated w/ uveitis | Phenylephrine
🗑
|
||||
| Phenylpropanolamine | Sympathomimetic
🗑
|
||||
| Used for tx of urethral sphincter hypotonus and resulting incontinence in dogs and cats | Phenylpropanolamine
🗑
|
||||
| Pheochromocytoma | Tumor of adrenal medulla, most common in dog
🗑
|
||||
| Secrete excess norepinephrine and epinephrine | Pheochromocytoma
🗑
|
||||
| Photosensitivity | Lightly pigmented skin hypersensitive to sunlight dt photodynamic agent in skin
🗑
|
||||
| Most common cause of photosensitivity is | hepatogenous photosensitivity, accumulation of phylloerythrin in plasma dt impaired hepatobiliary excretion,skin lesions in exposed areas
🗑
|
||||
| To treat, keep inside,corticosteroids | Photosensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| Physaloptera | Esophageal worm
🗑
|
||||
| IH = grasshopper | Physaloptera
🗑
|
||||
| In dogs,primary causes vomiting,Patient keeps vomiting until worm is removed with endoscope | Physaloptera
🗑
|
||||
| Pig Diarrhea | Clostridium perfringens,C–Hemorrhagic enteritis in suckling pigs, SI
🗑
|
||||
| Pig Diarrhea Coccidiosis | Necrosis and villous atrophy of lower SI
🗑
|
||||
| Pig Diarrhea Cryptosporidium | Causes villous atrophy in lower SI resulting in malabsorptive diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| Pig Diarrhea Enteric colibacillosis | Profuse watery diarrhea dt enterotoxin production in nursing and weaners
🗑
|
||||
| Pig Diarrhea Salmonellosis | Inflammation and necrosis of SI and LI
🗑
|
||||
| In pigs, more a septicemic diz,Nursing pigs may get diarrhea, then succumb to septicemia | salmonellosis
🗑
|
||||
| Swine dysentery | Treponema hypdysenteriae,LI,Mucoid diarrhea w/ flecks of blood,1 week piglets
🗑
|
||||
| Lincomysin | Swine dysentery,Treponema hypdysenteriae
🗑
|
||||
| Rotavirus | Nursing, weaners most common,Villous atrophy in middle third of intestine of pigs
🗑
|
||||
| TGE | Coronavirus,Destroys villous epithelial cells in jejunum and ileum,Profuse watery pig diarrhea,vomiting
🗑
|
||||
| Pigweed Poisoning | Amaranthus reflexus
🗑
|
||||
| If eaten in large quantities, causes nephrosis and fatal uremia in cattle and pigs | Pigweed Poisoning,Amaranthus reflexus
🗑
|
||||
| Also has high oxalate content and may cause hypocalcemia | Pigweed Poisoning,Amaranthus reflexus
🗑
|
||||
| Pilocarpine | Parasympathomimetic,Cholinergic alkaloid,primary muscarinic
🗑
|
||||
| Stimulates smooth mm and glands at postganglionic, cholinergic nerves | Pilocarpine
🗑
|
||||
| Used as an ophthalmic miotic, lasts hours to days | Pilocarpine
🗑
|
||||
| Can alternate w/ mydriatic to break iris-lens adhesion | Pilocarpine
🗑
|
||||
| Principally used to treat glaucoma,inc drainage angle | Pilocarpine
🗑
|
||||
| Pine Shavings | Aromatic amins from pine and other soft bedding can induce hepatic microsomal enzyme systems
🗑
|
||||
| Not advised for rodents | Pine Shavings
🗑
|
||||
| Piperazine | Anthelmintic used against ascarids
🗑
|
||||
| Paralyzes worm, allow to be passed out w/ feces,Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction | Piperazine
🗑
|
||||
| Bovine | cotyledonary placenta
🗑
|
||||
| Fetal membrane slip can be palpated starting at 30 days | Bovine cotyledonary placenta
🗑
|
||||
| Mares and sows | diffuse placenta
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs and cats | zonary placenta
🗑
|
||||
| Primates and rodents | discoidal placentas
🗑
|
||||
| Plaque | Yersinia pestis
🗑
|
||||
| Gram- bipolar coccobacillus,Safety pin appearance | Plaque,Yersinia pestis
🗑
|
||||
| Flea vector = bubonic plaque | Plaque,Yersinia pestis
🗑
|
||||
| In endemic areas, suspect cats w/ fever, pneumonia, lymphadenitis | Plaque,Yersinia pestis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx w/ blood culture, IFA,ln aspirate | Plaque,Yersinia pestis
🗑
|
||||
| Tx is combo of streptomycin and tetracycline | Plaque,Yersinia pestis
🗑
|
||||
| Plasmodium | Blood parasite of canaries & penguins,Jumps between spp easily,Indoor or fine screen enclosures
🗑
|
||||
| Platelets | Important role in primary hemostasis & formation of hemostatic plug
🗑
|
||||
| Produced by fragmentation of megakaryocytes in BM, lung and spleen | Platelets
🗑
|
||||
| Lifespan 7-10 days w/ 30percent of pool transiently sequestered in spleen | Platelets
🗑
|
||||
| Normally 200,000-500,000, spontaneous hemorrhage when < 30,000 | Platelets
🗑
|
||||
| Platelet disorders see | petechia, ecchymosis, mucosal bleeding, pale mm, epistaxis, hematuria, organomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| Careful venipuncture, blood smear, platelet count, coag factor tests (PT, PTT, ACT, ATIII to r/o DIC), BM exam, ANA, Coombs, | platelet fxn tests (platelet aggregation, bleeding time, vWD)
🗑
|
||||
| Thrombocytopenia from | dec production (BM problem),inc destruction (IMT, drug induced, infectious),inc utilization (DIC,vasculitis,septicemia),sequestration(milder,spleno/hepatomegaly)
🗑
|
||||
| Pneumocystitis | Causes respiratory signs in mice and rats
🗑
|
||||
| Pneumoperitoneum | On rads,see gas on either side of diaphragm
🗑
|
||||
| 1) Perforation, 2) bacteria producing gas, 3)laparotomy/scopy,W/ 1st two, peritonitis | Pneumoperitoneum
🗑
|
||||
| Pneumovagina | Equine pneumovagina
🗑
|
||||
| Wind Sucker,Involuntary aspiration of air into vagina, chronic distention | Pneumovagina
🗑
|
||||
| Assoc w/ infertility,Repair w/ Caslick procedure | Pneumovagina
🗑
|
||||
| Polioencephalomalacia | Dt thiamine deficiency in ruminants
🗑
|
||||
| Usu < 2 yr of age Noninfectious neuro diz caused by thiaminase (vita B1) | Polioencephalomalacia,thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Thiaminase can be produced by gram+ overgrowth in rumen,bracken fern,moldy feed | Polioencephalomalacia,thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Abrupt mgmt changes such as movement from poor to lush pastures, antibiotic changes, low Co in diet | Polioencephalomalacia,thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Results in dec energy in brain, neuronal necrosis, astrocyte swelling, worse in cortex |
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical Signs-Sudden onset,Brain signs in small ruminants,Star gazing,opisthotonos,disturbed gait(ataxia),cortical blindness,tremors,salivation,convulsion,coma,death | Polioencephalomalacia,thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Blood thiamine levels,At necropsy, black light | Polioencephalomalacia,Dt thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment–Thiamine(vitB1)supplementation in repeated doses,should see dramatic results within 24-48 hrs,Also,antinflammatories,fluid therapy,nutrition,roughage | Polioencephalomalacia,thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Prevent–Slow mgmt changes,inc percent roughage in diet,feed thiamine HCl-Brewer’s Yeast | Polioencephalomalacia,thiamine deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Polyomavirus | Budgerigar Fledgling Disease Virus,Dead birds in nest box
🗑
|
||||
| If survive abnormal flight feathers (French molt), can’t fly (ddx B&F diz) | Polyomavirus,Budgerigar Fledgling Disease Virus
🗑
|
||||
| In parrots,different clin signs,Healthy,well grown,sudden death w/ hemorrhage all over | Polyomavirus,Budgerigar Fledgling Disease Virus
🗑
|
||||
| Potassium | Maximum rate is 05 mEq/kg/hr or see cardiotoxicity(inc K+ will slow/stop heart)K+ shifts intracellularly w/ increases in insulin,dextrose, or HCO3
🗑
|
||||
| Potomac Horse Fever | Ehrlichia risticii,Equine ehrlichial colitis
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs-Depression,anorexia,monocytic fever,mucous membrane injection, ileus, Diarrhea, colic, laminitis | Potomac Horse Fever,Ehrlichia risticii
🗑
|
||||
| Transient leucopenia | E equi in neutrophils, thrombocytopenia, fever
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis-IFA, ELISA, isolation of organism | Potomac Horse Fever,Ehrlichia risticii
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment-Tetracycline | Potomac Horse Fever,Ehrlichia risticii
🗑
|
||||
| Poxvirus | DNA virus of birds
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted via mosquitoes or fomite in wound | Poxvirus,DNA virus of birds
🗑
|
||||
| Dry form–cutaneous diz w/ tumor-like proliferative lesions on face and head | Poxvirus,DNA virus of birds
🗑
|
||||
| Wet form-oral diz w/ ulcers in oral cavity | Poxvirus,DNA virus of birds
🗑
|
||||
| Canaries, wild birds, parrots,Host specific | Poxvirus,DNA virus of birds
🗑
|
||||
| No treatment, nursing care, lesions will go away,Screen in outdoor enclosures | Poxvirus,DNA virus of birds
🗑
|
||||
| Praziquantel | Droncit, Drontal,Anthelmintic for tapeworm (cestode) infections
🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy Ketosis– Cow | Thin or obese lactating dairy cattle w/in days to weeks after calving
🗑
|
||||
| Inadequate dietary energy intake during increased requirements of late gestation | Pregnancy Ketosis Cow
🗑
|
||||
| CNS, recumbency,Hypoglycemia, ketonemia, ketonuria, inappetence, lethargy or excitability, wt loss, depressed milk production, incoordination,BUN/Crea inc | Pregnancy Ketosis Cow
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ glucocorticoids, propylene glycol, grain,&10-20percent glucose IV | Pregnancy Ketosis Cow
🗑
|
||||
| Sheep Diz of preparturient ewes characterized by impaired nervous function,Hypoglycemic encephalopothy, ketosis, acidosis | Pregnancy Ketosis
🗑
|
||||
| Ewe leaves flock, inappetant, blind, dehydrated, rumbent, neurological | Pregnancy Ketosis in sheep
🗑
|
||||
| Dx by ketonuria and fatty liver | Pregnancy Ketosis
🗑
|
||||
| Prevent w/ grain in last 6 wks of gestation and exercise | Pregnancy Ketosis
🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy Toxemia | Common in obese guinea pigs in last weeks of gestation,Inappetance, depression, dyspnea, laterally recumbent Px is guarded
🗑
|
||||
| Prevalence | = Incidence x Duration,Over time, incident cases become prevelance cases
🗑
|
||||
| Primidone | Hepatotoxic
🗑
|
||||
| Progressive Retinal Degeneration | Group of degenerative retinopathies,Occurs in Irish Setters, Collies, Miniature Poodles, etc
🗑
|
||||
| Night blindness early; total blindness later,Bilateral symmetrical inc tapetal reflectivity,dec pigmentation of nontapetal fundus, attenuation of retinal vessels, atrophy of optic papilla | Progressive Retinal Degeneration
🗑
|
||||
| Propantheline | Parasympatholytic, antimuscarinic,Tx of diarrhea, hyperreflexic detrusor, urge incontinence, bradycardia
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatitis | E coli is most common cause, also Brucella canis,Infection via urethral ascent of bacteria,May also be hematogenous
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs–Systemic illness, caudal abdominal pain enlarged prostate,Bacteruria | Prostatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis–Clinical signs in intact male,Digital rectal exam,Rads | prostatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment–Antibiotics,In acute infection, blood-prostatic barrier not intact, can use any sensitive antibiotic,chronic prostatitis | need long-term therapy with drug that will cross blood-prostate barrier (doxycycline,chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin;Blactams and aminoglycosides are poor to prostate)
🗑
|
||||
| PLE (protein losing enteropathy) | Chronic small bowel diarrhea w/dec Alb
🗑
|
||||
| Panhypoproteinemia = gut If | dec Alf,inc chol = PLN
🗑
|
||||
| If dec Alb,dec chol = liver | PLE
🗑
|
||||
| PLE | d/t lymphangectasia, mucosal damage that inc permeability (IBD, LSA), blood loss (GUE, neoplasia, hooks)
🗑
|
||||
| Immunoproliferative enteropathy is common cause of | PLE in basenjis,Have inc serum globulin despite intestinal protein loss
🗑
|
||||
| If lymphangectasia,(PLE) | tx w/ ultra low fat diet to prevent dilatiation and rupture of lacteals
🗑
|
||||
| PLE in adult dog | IBD, lymphoma, lymphangectasia
🗑
|
||||
| PLE in cat | Uncommon,IBD, lymphoma
🗑
|
||||
| PLE in juvenile dog | parasites, chronic intussusception
🗑
|
||||
| Prototheca | Saprophytic, achlorphyllic algae,Female collies may be predisposed
🗑
|
||||
| Pseudocowpox | Milker’s nodes,Parapoxvirus, related to orf and bovine papular stomatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Small, red papules on teats and udders of cows,Scabs, pustules, raised lesions | Pseudocowpox
🗑
|
||||
| Infection spreads slowly through herds,Prevent w/ good hygienic measures such as teat dipping,ZOONOTIC, painless, itchy, purplish-red nodules on fingers and hands | Pseudocowpox
🗑
|
||||
| Little disturbance and disappear after few weeks | Milker’s nodes from pseudocowpox, the parapoxvirus
🗑
|
||||
| Diuretics:Furosemide | K+ wasting diuretic, use when congestive diz
🗑
|
||||
| Spironolactone | Antialdosterone diuretic,blocks effects at distal tubules, spares K+, eliminates Na+ and Cl-,Not potent by itself, use in combo w/ other diuretics,Good for ascites,Careful in combo w/ ACE inhibitor,Also has reverse remodeling effects on the heart, antif
🗑
|
||||
| Cardiovascular Disease in Equine | Most common congenital defect is VSD,Loud R systolic murmur,PDA continuous murmur normal for 1st week of horse’s life
🗑
|
||||
| Acquired valvular disease dt rupture tendinae, hypertension, endocarditis,1st most common is | aorta, then mitral, then tricuspid (cows get it at tricuspid valve)
🗑
|
||||
| Can often hear physiologic flow murmurs, II/VI is normal esp in | athletic horse
🗑
|
||||
| Most common arrhythmia in horses is | atrial fibrillation, irregularly irregular beat, tx w/ quinidine,2nd is AV Block fairly common finding, can hear extra heart sound,Increase heart rate (exercise) and should go away
🗑
|
||||
| Heart failure tx | lasix and digoxin
🗑
|
||||
| Carpus Valgus | In foals usually in conjunction with fetlock varus
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ periosteal stripping (on side want to grow faster), growth plate reduction, physeal intervention | Carpus Valgus
🗑
|
||||
| Caseous Lymphadenitis | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Caseous abscessation of lymph nodes and internal organs in sheep and goats,Also in equine and bovine | Caseous Lymphadenitis,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Infection via contamination of open skin wounds | Caseous Lymphadenitis,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis via abscess aspirate or serology (Synergistic Hemolysin Inhibition Test),Infected for life | Caseous Lymphadenitis,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Herd strategy is to cull then leave pasture empty for 6 mos | Caseous Lymphadenitis,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Can lance and flush abscesses - frequent recurrence | Caseous Lymphadenitis,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Can treat with NaI and penicillin to keep from getting worse (not to cure),ZOONOTIC,wool workers get from shearing nicks | Caseous Lymphadenitis,Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
🗑
|
||||
| Castor Beans - Extremely toxic, contain | Ricinus communis (ricin)
🗑
|
||||
| Violent purgation, straining w/ bloody diarrhea,weakness, salivation, trembling, incoordination,All spp effected, cultivated in south,Potential bioterrorism weapon | Ricin from castor beans
🗑
|
||||
| Cat Scratch Fever | Benign lymphadenitis of HUMANS believed to be caused by infectious agent, Bartonella henselae, B Quintana,Usu assoc w/ scratch or bite from cat
🗑
|
||||
| Cataracts | Opacity to the lens of the eye or its capsule,Surgical removal of lens
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs more commonly than other species | Cataracts
🗑
|
||||
| Cats and horses, most cataracts are | 2ndry to inflammation,Congenital and acquired, juvenile onset, adult onset
🗑
|
||||
| Cauda Equina Syndrome | Group of signs w/ several etiologies,U/F incontinence, posterior ataxia, hypo/anesthesia of tail and perineum, penile paralysis,Progressive
🗑
|
||||
| Dt EHV1, strep ag, EPM | Cauda Equina Syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Euthanize, do not get better,Ddx is fractured sacrum | Cauda equine syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Cephalosporins | G+, some G-, anaerobes Bactericidal Beta-lactam antibiotics Inhibit cell wall synthesis More effective against actively growing bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| Chediak-Higashi Syndrome | Blue smoke Persians,Oculocutaneous albinism
🗑
|
||||
| SI of equine approx is about | 80 feet
🗑
|
||||
| Bands on colon: cecum, RVC, LVC have | 4 bands
🗑
|
||||
| LDC and pelvic flexure have | 1 band
🗑
|
||||
| RDC has | 3 bands
🗑
|
||||
| Never use Acepromazine in | shocky horse, will collapse
🗑
|
||||
| Dx/Tx – HR/Resp, gut sounds, pass tube, mineral oil if not refluxing, rectal exam, belly tap, NSAIDs, walk,Refer if nonresponsive pain, reflux | Colic
🗑
|
||||
| Small intestine is either strangulating due to | SI torsion, SI volvulus, strangulating lipoma
🗑
|
||||
| Small intestine is nonstrangulating in cases of | ileal impaction, proximal enteritis
🗑
|
||||
| Large colon in horse is either colon torsion due to | nephrosplenic ligament = L dorsal displacement, or tangled w/ cecum = R or impaction of transverse colon, pelvic flexure, ileocecal valve)
🗑
|
||||
| Enteroliths can cause colic in | Arabians, CA, alfalfa hay
🗑
|
||||
| Collie Eye Anomaly | Recessive inherited choroidal hypoplasia
🗑
|
||||
| Associated defects include scleral ectasia, coloboma of the optic disc, retinal folds and detachment, microphthalmia | Collie eye anomaly
🗑
|
||||
| Seen almost exclusively in collies and shetland sheepdogs | Collie eye anomaly
🗑
|
||||
| Color Dilute Alopecia | Congenital defect in blue dobies, chows, Chihuahuas,Clumped melanosomes in hairs,No cure, decrease risk of 2ndry bacterial infections
🗑
|
||||
| Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome | Inherited defect of immunity in Arab foals,Lack of immunoglobulin synthesis, absence of cell-mediated immunity, thymic hypoplasia, marked reduction of lymphocytes,Autosomal recessive
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Foal normal at birth dt maternal antibodies,As maternal antibodies decline, foal succumbs to succession of respiratory infections | Combined Immunodeficiency syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Precolostral serum samples have no detectable IgM antibody and lymphocyte count < 1000 cells/ml in peripheral blood | Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Crotalaria | Group of plants that contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids,Liver damage in horses
🗑
|
||||
| Cruciate Ligament,Cranial cruciate ligament rupture | most common, medial meniscal tear accompanies w/ clicking noise
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via cranial drawer motion in acute cases, capsular thickening in chronic cases,Rad signs include loss of infrapatellar fat pad, joint mice, reactive new bone at tendon insertions (caudal femur, cranial tibial plateau) | Cruciate ligament rupture
🗑
|
||||
| Multiple techniques to repair,Conservative therapy works in small animals,Surgical repair necessary in larger animals (>15kg) | Cranial cruciate ligament rupture
🗑
|
||||
| CCLR in bovine | cannot kick,In dairy, usu dt trauma,In bulls, dt conformation,Salvage
🗑
|
||||
| Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus neoformans | Encapsulated fungal organism found in soil, pigeon droppings,Yeast w/ narrow based budding and thick, clear mucin capsule
🗑
|
||||
| Infection via inhalation of spores - cats > dogs | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical features are of the Nose and brain | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Cats have Roman nose,Swelling or draining fistula over facial bone, chronic nasal discharge | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Dogs show CNS signs, granulomatous chorioretinitis | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Latex agglutination test detects circulating antigen,One of few sensitive, specific serologic tests for fungal infection | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Cytologic dx relatively easy as can ID capsule,CSF fluid, India ink – clear vacuoles | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment - Several protocols, Amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole if in CNS | Cryptococcosis,Cryptococcus neoformans
🗑
|
||||
| Cryptosporidium | Flat calf syndrome,ZOONOTIC, kills immunosuppressed (AIDS)
🗑
|
||||
| Curb | Spraining and thickening of the plantar tarsal ligament
🗑
|
||||
| Cushings Hyperadrenocorticism | Elevated cortisol 2ndry to excessive pituitary excretion of ACTH, excess cortisol production by the adrenal gland, or excess exogenous cortisol
🗑
|
||||
| Most common in dogs is pituitary tumor | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings – PU/PD, bi/sym alopecia, pendulous abdomen,PP, panting, weakness, muscle wasting, calcinosis cutis,Eosinopenia, neutrophilia, hepatomegaly,inc SAP | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - ACTH stimulation test (can determine if iatrogenic),Low-dose dex suppression test,High-dose dex suppression test | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Abdominal ultrasound to visualize adrenal tumors in | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Urine cortisol:urine creatinine test, if inc may have it, further testing reqd | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment - opDDD (Mitotane) | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Removal of adrenal tumor | Cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Ketaconazole (impairs steroid synthesis), deprenyl | could be used to treat cushings
🗑
|
||||
| Feline Cushings | Diabetes and thin skin,Dx w/ HDD,Difficult to dx, no good tx
🗑
|
||||
| Cutaneous Asthenia Ehlers-Danlos syndrome,Inherited defects in collagen production,Dermatosparaxis = torn skin; stretchy, loose, fragile skin, impaired wound healing |
🗑
|
||||
| In cats, ddx acquired skin fragility and hyperadrenocorticism,Often unsuitable as pets | Cutaneous Asthenia
🗑
|
||||
| Cyanide Poisoning | Inhibits cytochrome oxidase and causes death from anoxia
🗑
|
||||
| Cherry red blood, Dyspnea, tachycardia, salivation, vomiting, asphyxial convulsions,Bitter almond odor | Cyanide Poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Treat w/ sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate | Cyanide Poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Cyclophosphamide | Antineoplastic,immunosuppressive,Alkylating agent,Interferes w/ DNA replication, RNA transcription & replication,Disrupts nucleic acid fxn
🗑
|
||||
| Adverse effects include myelosuppression, gastroenterocolitis,Hemorrhagic cystitis rare in cats 1/3 of dogs receiving > 2 mos develop hemorrhagic cystitis | Cyclophosphamide
🗑
|
||||
| Cyclosporine | Immunosuppressive,Suppresses T lymphocytes,used in organ transplant recipients
🗑
|
||||
| Cytauxzoon felis | Natural parasites of wild felids
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted by Dermacentor variabilis tick | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| Multiply in macrophages (unlike Theileria which multiply in lymphocytes) | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| When transmitted via tick to domestic cats, causes acute and usu fatal diz but if Transmission via blood infection usual variable and often not fatal | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| CS – Onset 10d, w/ severe signs w/in the next week,Febrile, dyspneic, dehydrated,Icteric & anemic | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| At necropsy, spleno/hepatomegaly, enlgd ln, edematous kidneys,Edema, congestion, and petechia of lungs | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis – Normocytic, normochromic anemia w/ leukopenia and pronounced lymphopenia,Occasionally can dx via blood smear, see macrophages w/ schizonts in cytoplasm | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – Little success,Tick avoidance | Cytauxzoon felis
🗑
|
||||
| Dacryocystitis | Inflammation of lacrimal sac,Obstuction of proximal nasolacrimal duct by inflammatory debris, FBs or masses,Produces epiphora & 2ndry conjunctivitis refractory to treatment
🗑
|
||||
| Daily Water Requirements | 50-75 mL/kg/day
🗑
|
||||
| Declaw | Onychectomy,Surgical removal of the third phalanges and claws,Need to remove entire ungual crest or claw will grow back
🗑
|
||||
| Dehorn Goats - Should be | done day 1-2,Hot iron debudding method of choice (careful not to burn brain),Use restraint box & nerve block or general anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| Demodectic Mange in Dog | Face, lips, eyes, legs, feet,Folliculitis w/ alopecia, pustule formation,Nonpruritic
🗑
|
||||
| Generalized demodecosis indicates | immunosuppression
🗑
|
||||
| Normal flora of dogs passed from bitch to pups w/in 1st few days,Dx by deep skin scraping,Tx w/ Amitraz (Mitoban - MAO inhibitor, yohimbine will reverse) once a week until two (-) skin scrapings | Demodex
🗑
|
||||
| Amitraz is only licensed drug for tx,Also ivermectin, milbemycin given daily,Steroids contraindicated | Demodex
🗑
|
||||
| Cat – Stumpy demodex | Demodex gatoi,Pruritic, contagious,Broad superficial scraping as lives in surface,Do NOT use Mitoban, will kill cats
🗑
|
||||
| Lyme sulfur dips once a week for 6 weeks (do not allow licking of wet dip) | Tx for cat demodex
🗑
|
||||
| Large animal dentition– Horse most commonly, sharp points develop | buccal uppers, lingual lowers, see quidding, slow eating, reluctance to drink cold water,wave mouth, step mouth
🗑
|
||||
| Removal of deciduous canine teeth in | piglets, tusk amputation in boars
🗑
|
||||
| Small animal – Periodontal disease is | bacterial infection of tissue surrounding the teeth
🗑
|
||||
| Gingivitis is inflammation of | marginal gingival tissues induced by bacterial plaque (peridontal ligament or alveolar bone not affected),Reversible w/ teeth cleaning below gingival margin, but may progress to periodontitis
🗑
|
||||
| Periodontitis is | destructive inflammatory process driven by plaque that destroys gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and root cementum,Tx w/ cleaning below and above gum line
🗑
|
||||
| Gingival Hyperplasia | Benign overgrowth of gums, predisposition in brachycephalic breeds (familial gingival hypertrophy),Usu asymptomatic, if problematic, gingivectomy
🗑
|
||||
| Feline Stomatitis Complex | Intense reaction to diz, severe inflammation of oral cavity,Tx w/ aggressive dental or may require full mouth extractions
🗑
|
||||
| Dermacentor variabilus | American dog tick,Transmits RMSF, tularemia, anaplasmosis (mice)
🗑
|
||||
| Dermatomyositis | Inherited diz of collies, shelties, corgi,Etiology unknown, likely autosomal dominant,Skin lesions and rare myositis,Dx by biopsy and clinical sx,Tx controversial
🗑
|
||||
| Dermatophilosis - Dermatophilus congolensis | Equine,G+ bacterial infection of the epidermis,Grows under wet Conditions,Raised tufts of hair, crusty lesions which pull off to reveal moist, red lesion underneath,Dorsum, muzzle, and distal limbs
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via cytology, gram stain,To tx, wear gloves, remove and destroy crusts, povidone iodine shampoo,ZOONOTIC | Dermatophilosis
🗑
|
||||
| Dermatophytosis | Ringworm,Transmission via contact w/ infected individuals, fomites,Most susceptible are young, debilitated or immunocompromised,Face, feet, or anywhere,Epidermal collarettes, scale, alopecia,Infect only growing hairs
🗑
|
||||
| Cats are often a reservoir | Dermatophytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx -Wood's lamp will fluoresce w/ M canis half of the time,DTM- growth apparent 3-7 days, maybe 3Wks,Dermatophytes produce color change to red when colony 1st visible (saprophytes will eventually cause color change, need to look at DTM cultures daily), | Dermatophytosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cattle/sheep/goats | Trichophyton verrucosum
🗑
|
||||
| Horse | Trichophyton equinum, Saddle, tack, pastern,Submit fungal culture to lab (B complex, hard to grow)
🗑
|
||||
| More common in winter with stabled animals | Trichophyton equinum
🗑
|
||||
| Pig ringworm | Microsporum nanum
🗑
|
||||
| Dog ringworm > 70 percent caused by | Microsporum canis, alopecic scaly patches with broken hairs
🗑
|
||||
| M gypsum lives in | soil
🗑
|
||||
| Trichophyton mentagrophytes is harbored in | rodents, nasty, inflammatory disease seen in immunosuppressed
🗑
|
||||
| Cat ringworm > 98 percent caused by | M canis, focal alopecia, scaling, crusting around ears, face, extremities
🗑
|
||||
| Cats harbor | M Canis, look for source,Can dx via toothbrush technique, place onto auger for fungal growth
🗑
|
||||
| Tx Usu self-limit,but ZOONOTIC,Griseofulvin(teratogenic,admin only if > 12 wks, add fat for absorption, do NOT use in FIV+ cats, idiosyncratic BM aplasia in cats)lime sulfur,Oral lufenuron (Program), Can consider topicals – miconazole, clotrimazole, nys | Microsporum canis
🗑
|
||||
| Diabetes Mellitus in Dog | insulin dependent
🗑
|
||||
| Diabetes Mellitus in Cat | insulin dependent or non-insulin dependent (achieve remission w/ high fiber, high protein diet, wt loss, or oral hypoglycemics)Treat diabetic ketoacidosis with regular insulin
🗑
|
||||
| Insulin antagonists include | cortisol, growth hormone, epinephrine, and glucagon
🗑
|
||||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy Most common in | large breed dogs, esp DPs
🗑
|
||||
| Usu present for exercise intolerance and cough | DCM Arrythmias commonly assoc w/ DCM include
🗑
|
||||
| Mainstays of tx are diuretics (if congested) and ACE inhibitors,Digoxin and vasodilators also | DCM
🗑
|
||||
| In feline, usu dt taurine deficiency (rare) | DCM
🗑
|
||||
| Treat with taurine supplementation and resolves | DCM in cats
🗑
|
||||
| Diaphragmatic Flutter | aka Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter, Thumps,Horse,Violent, unilateral hiccoughs occur w/ each heartbeat dt stimulation of the phrenic nerve by cardiac electrical discharge,Often related to athletic stress resulting in metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia,
🗑
|
||||
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | Congenital or acquired (blunt trauma to abdomen and caudal chest)Abdominal viscera contained w/in thorax,Dx via rads,contrast rads or U/S,Surgical correction
🗑
|
||||
| Dictyocaulus arnfieldi | Equine lungworms,Donkey,mules & asses are inapparent carriers,Chronic cough,inc expiratory effort, crackles/wheezes,Dx w/ Baermann float, hx, TTA
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ ivermectin,Do not graze horses w/ donkeys | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Equine lungworms
🗑
|
||||
| Digoxin – Toxicity is | common,Hypokalemia incr toxicity dt inc binding of digoxin to myocytes,Cleared by kidneys, therefore renal disease also increases toxicity
🗑
|
||||
| Digital Dermatidis Hairy Heel Warts | #1 foot disease of dairy cattle
🗑
|
||||
| Most painful foot lesion seen,Anaerobic spirochete (Treponema)Highly contagious, difficult to eradicate,90-95 in rear,Pain is diagnostic,Txt herd w/ topical oxytetracycline long term | Digital Dermatidis,Hairy Heel Warts
🗑
|
||||
| Diplidium caninum – Dogs, cats acquire from fleas | Tx w/ Praziquantel (Droncit) or Fenbendazole (Panacur)
🗑
|
||||
| Discospondylitis – Infectious diz of nervous/ms systems | Staphylococcus intermedius/aureus, Also dt Brucella canis (always check for), aspergillosus
🗑
|
||||
| Hematogenous or directly via grass lawn (CA),Caudal cervical, midthoracic, L7-S1 | Discospondylitis
🗑
|
||||
| Large breed, male, intact, middle aged dogs | Discospondylitis
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via rads, see lysis of end plates,culture of urine, blood,brucella titer,Tx cephalosporin (Β-lactamase resistant Ab)If Brucella, tx w/ tetracycline, minocycline | Discospondylitis
🗑
|
||||
| Distemper | Paramyxovirus
🗑
|
||||
| Initial respiratory signs, GI and CNS (chewing gum fits) signs may follow,Hyperkeratosis of footpads & nasal planum | distemper
🗑
|
||||
| Suspect in any febrile condition in puppies | distemper
🗑
|
||||
| Febrile catarrhal illness with neurologic sequelae justifies dx of | distemper
🗑
|
||||
| IFA of epithelium, buffy coat, necropsy,Demonstration of virus-specific IgM | distemper dx
🗑
|
||||
| Ferrets can contract diz, show rash on chin and inguinal area, anorexia, photophobia | distemper
🗑
|
||||
| Diuretics Aldosterone antagonists | Late distal tubules,Weak, Spironolactone (also K+ sparing)
🗑
|
||||
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | Proximal tubules,Weak,Acetazolamide, used more often to dec IOP as tx in glaucoma
🗑
|
||||
| High ceiling diuretics – Ascending loop of henle, Potent | Furosemide (K+ wasting) Most common
🗑
|
||||
| Osmotics – Proximal tubules,Moderate potency | Mannitol, often used for renal failure prophy,dec IOP,dec ICP (contraindicated w/ intracranial hemorrhage), mobilization of cellular edema
🗑
|
||||
| K+ sparing – Weak | Triamterene
🗑
|
||||
| Thiazides – Distal tubules | Moderate potency, Benzathiazide (K+ wasting), often used in edema mgmt
🗑
|
||||
| Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate | In equine, exercise intolerance dt compromised airway
🗑
|
||||
| Gurgling, dyspnea, noise, “swallows tongue”, cough |
🗑
|
||||
| Race horse that quits running suddenly |
🗑
|
||||
| Dx via endoscopy (treadmill), rads |
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment one of more of the following: 1) Sternothyrohyoid myectomy = strap mm |
🗑
|
||||
| resection |
🗑
|
||||
| 2) Staphylectomy = trim caudal edge of soft palate |
🗑
|
||||
| 3) Epiglottic augmentation w/ teflon |
🗑
|
||||
| 4) Lou Ellen’s tendenectomy |
🗑
|
||||
| Ddx from entrapped epiglottis |
🗑
|
||||
| Cannot see outline of epiglottis w/ DDSP |
🗑
|
||||
| Dourine | African venereal disease of horses caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum
🗑
|
||||
| Downer Cow | 2ndry to inciting cause,Cycle of ischemia, hypoxemia, edema,BAR, drink and eat, but can’t rise,CK in short term,inc AST long term,not prognostic
🗑
|
||||
| Tx is supportive care, soft bedding, turn, flotation,Dairy, usu Milk Fever,Beef, pregnant in winter, starvation, malnutrition | Downer Cow
🗑
|
||||
| Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) | Antineoplastic agent,Causes inhibition of DNA synthesis, DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and protein synthesis,Acute toxicity assoc w/ cardiac arrhythmias and mast cell degranulation (independent of IgE)Cumulative toxicity assoc w/ diffuse cardiomyopathy
🗑
|
||||
| Dysautonomia | Cats,Dysfunction of autonomic nervous system Megaesophagus, dry mucous membranes, atonic bladder, accumulation of feces in rectum
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Histopathic examination of autonomic ganglia | Treatment - Symptomatic (bethenecol, metoclopramide)Poor prognosis
🗑
|
||||
| Echinococcus granulosus | Adult stage resides in intestine of wild or domestic canids,Eggs passed in feces are ingested by herbivores
🗑
|
||||
| ECG | Recording of electrical activity of heart that reaches the body surface,Sum of electrical activity, relative voltage
🗑
|
||||
| P wave | Atrial depolarization (firing of SA node)
🗑
|
||||
| QRS complex | Ventricular depolarization (AV node - bundle of His – purkinje fibers)
🗑
|
||||
| T wave | Ventricular repolarization (diastole, membrane potential restored)
🗑
|
||||
| PR segment | AV nodal delay (conduction time through atria)
🗑
|
||||
| ST segment | Refractory period,ventricles contracted and empty
🗑
|
||||
| TP interval | Repolarized, waiting for next P,Ventricles relaxed and filling
🗑
|
||||
| QT interval | Total time of ventricular electrical activity
🗑
|
||||
| Edema | 1) Low oncotic pressure (low protein), 2)High hydrostatic pressure,3)Lymphatic blockage (ventral edema), 4)Vasculites (leakage)
🗑
|
||||
| Effusions Pure transudate | dec oncotic pressure,Poorly cellular (<1000 cells),TP < 2,5, & s,g,< 1,017
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoalbuminemia dt | hepatic insufficiency, PLN, PLE
🗑
|
||||
| Modified transudate | inc hydrostatic pressure,Higher TP >=2,5, sg < 1,017, moderate cellularity (500-10,000)
🗑
|
||||
| Portal hypertension,Hepatic disease , right heart failure,abdominal neoplasia |
🗑
|
||||
| Nonseptic exudate | Inflammation,High TP > 3
🗑
|
||||
| 0, sg >1,025, incr cellularity w/ neutrophils and macrophages (>5000 cells)Nondegenerate neutrophils,Uroabdomen, biliary tract rupture, FIP, neoplasia, pancreatitis |
🗑
|
||||
| Septic exudates | Septic inflammation,Degenerate neutrophils and bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| Bilious effusion | Brown/green exudate
🗑
|
||||
| Chylous effusion | Milky white/pink opaque,TP > 2,5, sg > 1,018, variable cellularity (lymphs/neuts), High triglycerides (fluid>sera by 2-3:1), cholesterol less then in serum
🗑
|
||||
| Egg Binding | In birds that are laying a lot or in older birds that have never layed before,Causes space occupying mass problems w/ MS, GIT, Resp, Palpable eggs or visualized on rads
🗑
|
||||
| Tx w/ following: 1) warmth, 2) humidity, 3) support (steroids, fluids), 4) Ca++ injection, 5) oxytocin injection, 6) repeat Ca++ injection, 7) repeat oxytocin injection, 8) express egg in small bird, 9) 12 cc syringe and needle to suck out egg contents, | Egg Binding
🗑
|
||||
| Ehrlichia canis | Vector is Rhipicephalus sanguineus, brown dog tick,Seen as coccoid bodies in the cytoplasm of WBCs,Monocytes affected most frequently, E, platys often concurrent infection,usu asymptomatic if alone
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical findings - Signs arise from involvement of lymphoreticular and blood system,Thrombocytopenia, bleeding tendencies, stiffness, general lymphadenopothy, splenomegaly, fever,Asso w/ benign lymphocytosis & monoclonal/polyclonal gammopathy | Ehrlichia canis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - IFA, demonstration of organisms in WBCS, clinical signs | Ehrlichia canis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment – Doxycycline,Tetracycline,Chloramphenicol is acceptable tx as well | Ehrlichia canis
🗑
|
||||
| Ehrlichia equi | Vector unknown,Found in neutrophils, Fever, anorexia, depression, limb edema, petechiation, icterus, reluctance to move
🗑
|
||||
| Dx by cytoplasmic inclusion bodies,Tx w/ oxytetracycline | Ehrlichia equi
🗑
|
||||
| Endocarditis | Most common on mitral and aortic valves of dogs and cats,Streptococcus most common
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs - Recurrent fever, heart murmur, shifting leg lameness, signs of systemic embolization | endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis - Demonstration of lesions on heart valve – echocardiogram,Positive blood/joint culture with demonstration of heart involvement | endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| Treatment - High dose broad spectrum antibiotics | endocarditis
🗑
|
||||
| Enema, Phosphate enemas should not be used in | cats as can precipitate potentially fatal hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hypernatremia
🗑
|
||||
| Eosinophilic Granuloma Hypersensitivity reaction found in | cats, dogs and horses
🗑
|
||||
| In cats, nonpruritic eosinophilic ulcer found on | upper lip, pruritic eosinophilic plaque found on medial thigh, eosinophilic linear granuloma on mouth or legs
🗑
|
||||
| Treat with corticosteroids | eosinophilic granuloma
🗑
|
||||
| Epiglottic Entrapment–Equine | Slight exercise intolerance, inspiratory and expiratory noise,Dx via endoscopy, shape of epiglottis still visualized (unlike DDSP)Tx by splitting ariepiglottic fold,Surgical excision via laryngotomy, transendoscopic laser axia division, or oral w/ hook or
🗑
|
||||
| Epizootic Bovine Abortion | Foothill abortion,Agent unknown,Infectious disease of cattle manifested by abortion (3rd trimester) or weak calves
🗑
|
||||
| Endemic in foothills of California, Nevada, and southern Oregon | Epizootic Bovine Abortion
🗑
|
||||
| Vector is Pajaroello tick, Ornithodoros coriaceus,Aborted fetuses have enlarged and nodular liver, edema, erythema, petechial hemorrhages | Epizootic Bovine Abortion
🗑
|
||||
| Equine Encephalomyelitis | Arbo virus,Togavirus,Sleeping Sickness,EEE,WEE,VEE,Causes CNS dysfunction, mortality
🗑
|
||||
| Transmitted by mosquito-vertebrate (bird)-mosquito cycle in late summer and fall | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| EEE – most potent | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| VEE can go from horse to horse via respiratory droplets,Virus travels via lymphatics and replicates in Mono and neuts | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| ZOONOTIC – all 3 can cause mild flu-like symptoms to death, usu follow equine infection - 2 wks | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| VEE from horse to man,Use repellents | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs – Fever, altered mentation, impaired vision, aimless, head pressing, circling, can’t swallow, ataxic, paresis, paralysis,Motor irritation,dec sensitivity,Lymphopenia, leucopenia | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| Diagnosis – Clin sx, hx, season,Serology, paired sera,Virus isolation | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| Treament and Control - Supportive care,Vax valuable horses in mosquito area 2x/yr EEE & WEE killed w/ sht term immunity,VEE – MLV, long term immunity | Equine Encephalomyelitis
🗑
|
||||
| EHV1 – Herpesvirus 1 | CNS, abortion, respiratory,Acute respiratory disease,Occurs in dense populations of horses
🗑
|
||||
| Late term abortion of fresh fetuses causing necrosis of bronchial epithelium, sloughing mucosa, fibrin formation and cast formation,Neurologic disease (immune mediated vasculites) from mild incoordination to severe posterior paralysis, back>front, flacci | EHV 1 Horse
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| Vax not protective for this form,Dx by 4 fold increase in titer, Supportive care,Short term (4-5 mos) vax avail,Tx is supportive,If remain standing, px pretty good | EHV 1
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| EHV2 -Herpesvirus 2 | Respiratory disease only
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| EHV3 – Herpesvirus 3 | Equine coital exanthema,Benign veneral disease of horses,Causes red nodules on genital mucosa
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| Equine Infectious Anemia – EIA | Transmitted by transfer of blood from an infected horse via bloodsucking flies, contaminated needles, etc
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| Clinical findings - Intermittent fever, depression, anemia,Vasculitis | EIA
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| Diagnosis - Coggins test,Can get a false positive if foal's dam was infected | EIA
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| Equine Influenza Virus | 1-2 yr old horses,Many different strainsSudden onset of fever, explosive dry cough, serous nasal dischg Usally self-limiting, tx w/ rest and supporting care,Worry about 2ndry infection and time away from training
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| Equine Viral Arteritis | Togavirus,Transmitted via respiratory and venereal routes
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| Clinical findings - Acute severe infection of the upper respiratory tract,Vasculitis causing limb and ventral edema | EVA
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| Abortion of partially autolyzed fetuses,Chemosis, blepharosposm, profuse discharge | EVA
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| Erysipelas | Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteria found in water, soil, decaying matter, slime on fish, etc,Causes swine erysipelas, nonsuppurative arthritis in lambs, postdipping lameness in sheep, acute septicemia in turkeys, ducks
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| In man, usu localized termed erysipeloid | (not same as strep infection erysipelas in man)Erysipelas
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|
||||
| Clinical signs – Growing pigs |
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|
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| Acute septicemia, skin (subacute) form, chronic arthritis and joint effusion, vegetative endocarditis |
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| Death |
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|
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| High fever, walk on toes, squeal |
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|
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| Skin discoloration w/ erythema, diamond-shaped skin lesions sloughing earstips and tails |
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|
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| Enlarged ln and spleen, edematous and congested lungs |
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|
||||
| Diagnosis – Dx w/ tx of penicillin – response seen w/in 24 hrs |
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||||
| Diamond shaped lesions are diagnostic |
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| Necropsy |
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| Prevention and treatment – Immunization |
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| Antiserum |
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| Penicillin |
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| Eliminate carriers, good sanitation, regular vax |
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| Erythema Multiforme | Unknown cause, likely immune complex,rx pattern of drug eruption,Characterized by erythematous papules on the skin of the abdomen that expand peripherally leading to the development of annular lesions with normal centers,Occurs in pigs and other species
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| Treat with prednisone,Toxic Epidermal Necrosis is severe whole body EM | Erythema Multiforme
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| Escheria coli | Diarrhea, dysentery in young cattle, mastitis in older cows,Calves – enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in 4-7 day old,Vaccinate cow w/ K99 antigen vax
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| Esophageal Stricture | Balloon, do not cut
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| Esophageal Tumors | Rads w/ mass in chest at proper region could be in esophagus,1) Fibrosacrcoma = Spirocerca lupi,2)Leiomyoma usu at lower esoph sphincter, esp in beagles,Treatable,3)Carcinoma, uncommon
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| Esophagitis | Occus post anesthesia dt gastroesphogeal reflux
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| Tetracyclines can cause (esp Doxy) | esophagitis
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|
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| Toxins can cause also, cat lay on disinfectant than like clean,Follow oral meds w/ water/food | esophagitis
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| Estrogen Therapy | For mismating in canines
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|
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| Many side effects, younger (<4 yrs) are more tolerant,bone marrow toxicity (aplastic anemia)30 per inc chance of uterine infection, longer heat | estrogen therapy
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|
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| Success rate directly related to time b/w mating and onset of tx | Estrogen therapy for mismating
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| Ethmoid Hematoma | Unilateral epistaxis dt ethmoid turbinate mass, not exercise induced
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|
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| Usu in middle aged horses,Dx w/ endoscopy, Repair with sinus flap | ethmoid hematoma
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| More contemporary tx is inject w/ 10 percent formalin or ND:YAG laser to burn off,Bloody procedure,Ddx – gutteral pouch mycosis | ethmoid hematoma
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|
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| If bilateral epistaxis, ddx EIPH or FB | ethmoid hematoma
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|
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| Ethylene Glycol Toxicity | Antifreeze is most common source in
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|
||||
| Results in calcium oxalate crystal formation and acute tubular necrosis resulting in pale kidneys w/ swollen cortices on necropsy | EGT
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|
||||
| Clinical signs – 1st stage see CNS signs, drunk, Nausea, vomiting, ataxia, seizures | EGT
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|
||||
| Appear to feel better than 2nd stage of cardiopulmonary signs (mild or absent) | EGT
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|
||||
| 3rd stage is acute renal failure, acidosisEGT |
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|
||||
| Diagnosis - Metabolic acidosis, increased anion gap, isosthenuria, serum hyperosmolality, calcium oxalate crystalluria, On U/S, see inc renal cortical echogenicity | EGT
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|
||||
| Treatment - IV ethanol or 4-methylpyrazole to inhibit | ethylene glycol metabolism,Must be w/in 8 hrs of ingestion
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|
||||
| Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage | Blood from lungs (caudodorsal lung field) as consequence of exercise
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|
||||
| See epistaxis, gurgling, swallowing, exercise intolerance,Endoscopy for def dx, TBAsp will see hemosiderin-laden macrophages,No treatment | Exercise induced pulmonary Hemorrhage
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|
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| Exertional Rhabdomyoloysis Syndrome | Monday morning disease, Tying up
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|
||||
| Most common muscle disorder in horses affecting all breeds, usually > 2 yrs | Exertional Rhabdomyoloysis Syndrome
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|
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| More common in females,Excess carbs in diet implicated,Polysaccharide storage disease is a subset | Exertional Rhabdomyoloysis Syndrome
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|
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| Clinical signs - Stiffness and gait alterations to severe mm cramping and immobility, profuse sweating, firm mm groups, myoglobinuria if severe | Exertional Rhabdomyoloysis Syndrome
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|
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| Diagnosis – Clin signs, inc CPK, AST,Mild metabolic alkalosis (NOT lactic acidosis)dec Cl-,dec Ca++,dec fractional excretion of K+, myoglobinuria,Muscle biopsy dx some subsets,Ddx iliac thrombosis | Exertional Rhabdomyoloysis Syndrome
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|
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| Treatmen– REST,Supportive,Phenytoin in chronic myopathy,Dantrolene sodium best as preventative, little to relieve current signs | Exertional Rhabdomyoloysis Syndrome
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|
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| Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency | Maldigestive syndrome usu dt pancreatic atrophy,Common in GSD and collies
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|
||||
| Chronic SI diarrhea, ravenous appetite, wt loss,Often have concurrent bacterial overgrowth | Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
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|
||||
| Test w/ TLI,Check TLI on any dog w/ non PLE SI diarrhea,May see slate gray feces,Never eliminate EPI based | upon failure to respond to replacement enzyme therapy
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|
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| False Hellibore | Veratum californicum,Alkaloid causing cyclops in cattle
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|
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| Fasciola hepatica | Liver fluke,IH = snail,Flukes create tissue damage in liver and bile ducts
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|
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| Feline Acne | Involves skin on point of chin and lips,blackheads, No treatment usually reqd, unless progresses to furunculosis
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|
||||
| Feline Endocrine Alopecia | Bilateral symmetrical hair loss on the posterior abdomen, inner thighs, perineum of male neutered cats,Sex hormone deficiency suspected
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|
||||
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus | Lentivirus,Causes lifelong infection,Transmission through cat bite wounds,Virus is not highly contagious and will not disseminate through a household if cats do not fight
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|
||||
| Many FIV cats are | asymptomatic and many do not die of FIV-related causes,Diagnose via FIV ELISA
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|
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| Arthridites in Lambs | Causes of lameness in lambs include joint-ill, tetanus, white muscle disease, enzootic ataxia (copper deficiency), polyarthritis (chlamydial), rickets, poisonous plant intoxication (sneezeweed), and contagious ecthyma (orf)
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|
||||
| Feline Leprosy | Mycobacterium lepraemurium
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|
||||
| Feline Miliary Dermatitis | A papular, crusting skin disease located predominantly on the back with varying degrees of pruritus,Ectoparasites, food allergy, drug allergy, fungal or bacterial infection,Feline flea allergy
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|
||||
| Feline Panleukopenia | Parvovirus,aka Distemper,Similar to canine parvo,Cerebellar hypoplasia,Vax
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|
||||
| Xanthomatosis | Abnormal lipid metabolism
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|
||||
| Zearalenone | Estrogenic substance produced by Fusarium graminearum,Found in moldy corn,Causes signs of hyperestrogenism (such as bone marrow suppression)
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|
||||
| Zinc Deficiency | Involved in process of cell division,Broad effects include slipping of wool, anorexia, listlessness, poor production, parokeratosis, stiff joints, unthriftiness, alopecia, dermatitis, poor wound healing,Crusted food pad lesions in dogs
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|
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| Zinc Responsive Dermatosis | Heriditary in arctic breeds (SH, AM),Not Zn deficient,but improves,Zn methionine well absorbed w/ few side effects,Zn sulfate is cheap but poor bioactivity and GI upset limits usage,Requires lifelong therapy Tetrology of Fallot Most common defect that
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|
||||
| Usually w/ murmur (dt pulmonic stenosis)B blockers, control polycythemia,Sx correction rarely performed,Px guarded,Pentology of Fallot would add atrial septal defect | Tetrology of Fallot
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|
||||
| Theiler’s Disease – Idiopathic Acute Hepatic Disease | Serum Hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Usu in adults, most common in broodmares 1-3 mos post foaling | Theiler’s Disease
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical signs include hepatic insufficiency, icterus, hepatic encephalopathy (yawning), dark urine, photosensitivity | Theiler’s Disease
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|
||||
| Tx w/ supportive therapy and tx of encephalopathy – often successful,Prevent by careful admin of TAT–only when needed for prophy or if tetanus toxid immunization absent or unknown | Theiler’s Disease
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|
||||
| Thelazia | Eyeworm,Parasites of conjunctival sac,Deposited by Musca flies feeding on ocular secretions,Causes conjunctivitis, lacrimation, blepharospasm, and keratitis,Remove parasites with forceps, ocular levamasole solution
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|
||||
| Thoracic Duct- Duct beginning in cisterna chyli and emptying into | venous system at junction of left subclavian and left internal jugular veins,Acts as a channel for collection of lymph from portions of the body caudal to diaphragm & from lft side of body in front of diaphragm
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|
||||
| Thoroughpin | Tenosynovitis of the deep flexor tendon of hindleg,Soft, nonpainful swelling above point of hock & on medial and lateral aspects of hock,No lameness
🗑
|
||||
| Tonsillar Tumor - Squamous cell carcinoma in | dogs and cats,Unilateral, irregular, firm ulcerated mass,Poor px dt metastasis to retropharyngeal or mandibular lymph nodes[Bilateral symmetric tonsillar enlargement caused by lymphosarcoma]
🗑
|
||||
| Sweet Clover | Melilotus alba Hemorrhagic diz from consumption of toxic quantities of spoiled sweet clover, Causes coumarol poisoning Results in prolonged clotting time, spontaneous hemorrhage, fatal anemia Tx w/ vitamin K (Kl, phytonadione is more effective than K3, me
🗑
|
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| Swine Dysentery | Serpulina hypdysenteriae,Mucohemorrhagic LI diarrhea of pigs,Mucoid diarrhea w/ flecks of blood,Dx based on clin signs, characteristic lesions in LI, isolation of organism,Tx w/ antibacterials such as Lincomycin
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|
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| Symblepharon | Adhesion of eyelid to eyeball
🗑
|
||||
| Sytemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | Diagnose LE cells in synovial fluid
🗑
|
||||
|
🗑
|
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