2010 WHAP Final Review
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| What moved the human species towards a more elaborate society? | agriculture
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| What was the revolution that ocurred in 10,000 BCE, which included better tool use, somewhat more elaborate social organization, and more population pressure? | Neolithic Revolution
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| Who were the "mean people? | people who were at the lowest social level without any meaningful skills
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| The political structure of the Han Dynasty differed from that of the Qin Dynasty by stressing __________. | expansion of powers of the bureaucracy
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| What religion did Ashoka convert to and ultimately spread through India? | Buddhism
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| Indian spherical shrines to Buddha were called __________. | stupas
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| Who was India's greatest ruler during the Classical Era? | Ashoka
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| By 550 BCE, who established a massive Persian empire across the northern Middle Easy and into northwestern India? | Cyrus the Great
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| What type of government did Greece develop during 800-600 BCE? | city-states
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| What type of government was the Greek city-state of Sparta governed by? | oligarchy (singularly militaristic aristocracy)
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| What Mesopotamian civilization did Hammurabi's code come from? | Babylonian
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| What two religions had the most lasting impact on the society of India as a whole? | Hinduism & Buddhism
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| With which dynasty did the idea of the Mandate of Heaven begin? | Zhou
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| What was the most emphasized in Greek art? | human form
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| Why was Athenian philosopher, Socrates killed? | Athenian government thought he was undermining political loyalty
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| Why did Constantine adopt Christianity? | to unite the Roman Empire
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| Islam was not the first universalistic religion to take root in Africa, Christianity took root in __________. | Nubia & Ethiopia
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| Socrates encouraged _________. | using skeptical questioning to figure things out
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| Which of the following was not an aspect of the Qin Dynasty? | creation of the Mandate of Heaven
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| What is a stateless society? | no central political power, but ruled by local traditions
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| Which of the following was once a form of government in Ancient Greece? | democracy, oligarchy, tyranny, monarchy
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| What were the 12 Tables? | the first law codes of the Roman Republic
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| Why was the Roman Empire split into East and West? | They decided they couldn't control such a large empire.
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| Why did Christianity appeal as a worldwide religion? | It held similar beliefs to other major religious of the time and preached popular salvation.
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| What was one of the most famous buildings Justinian had built? | Hagia Sophia
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| What role did slaves play in Rome and Greece? | They performed household tasks such as the tutoring of children, worked in mines, and were also used for agricultural work.
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| Who defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours in 732? | Charles (The Hammer) Martel
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| What happened to Buddhism as it moved out of India? | It developed strong roots in East Asia, becoming the Mahayana strain of Buddhism.
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| What did the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, do? | It confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims and limited the king's power.
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| Characterize the Holy Roman Empire. | -not united under common nationality/language
-split into Germany, Austria, Italy in the late 1800s
-largest political unit of Middle Ages
-power localized, didn't have strong centralized government; granted citizenship to men in conquered territories
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| What was the great metropolis capital city of the Aztec empire? | Tenochtitlan
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| __________ were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames rooted to the lake floor built for agriculture. | chinampas
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| Aztec human sacrifice was performed __________. | to keep the universe going
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| How was Christianity primarily spread to Eastern Europe? | Orthodox missionaries were sent from Constantinople
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| Who was Justinian? | Byzantine emperor
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| What are the social aspects of the Arabs prior to the introduction of ISlam? | -slavery utilized
-wealth/status based off of possession of animals, pasturage, and water rights
-common incidences of feuds based on land/water rights
-grouped into larger tribal units, but seldom lived together
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| What are the reasons that Islam was able to appeal to people of so many different cultures? | -strong sense of community in the ummah
-universal elements in Islam
-Muhammad's willingness to accept validity of earlier Judaic/Christian revelations
-appeal of the Five Pillars of Faith
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| What are the reasons for political disruption of the Abbasid Empire prior to the rise of the Buyids? | -failure to establish principal of succession satisfactory to all parties
-failure of an agricultural economy
-difficulties of communication and moving armies over great distances of the empire
-tendency of populations to retain regional identities
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| How was Islam spread to North Africa? | conquest
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| How was Islam spread to West Africa? | trade
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| What technological advancement was not from the Tang/Song dynasty? | paper
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| What was the attempt to remake the Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor called? | Taika reforms
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| Who administered examinations to students from the Chinese government schools? | Ministry of Rites
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| Who are the jinshi? | person who passed the very difficult exams on Chinese literature
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| What class was more attracted to Chan Buddhism? | the elite
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| What did the Jurchens do? | -founded the Qin Dynasty
-succeeded the Liao from Northern China
-annexed most of the Yellow River Basin
-forced the Song to flee south
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| What are junks? | Chinese seafaring vessels
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| What did the samurais do? | protected their lord
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| What is a difference between the codes of the samurai and the codes of the knights? | ritual suicide
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| What is flying money? | credit vouchers given to merchants that could be presented for reimbursement
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| What is sinification? | the extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions, especially Korea & Japan
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| During which Chinese dynasty was Hangzhou called "the most noble and the best in the world"? | Song
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| What were the effects of footbinding? | -restricted freedom
-causes pain
-limited job opportunities
-popular with the gentry class
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| What religion played a key role in the development of Korea and Vietnam? | Buddhism
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| What was the name of the ritual suicide practiced by Japan's elite warrior class? | Sepukku
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| A major difference between European and Japanese feudalism in medieval times was __________. | There were much fewer agricultural workers in Japan than Europe.
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| Wendi did all of the following: | -stuck an alliance between his daughter and the ruler of the northern Zhou empire
-lowered taxes
-established granaries
-warded off famine
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| What did a majority of Europeans believe was the greatest threat to Christian Europe? | Islam
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| Under Abbasid rule, the Islamic faith __________. | expanded
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| Contrary to the Christian belief of equality for all souls, the middle ages signaled an increase of persecution mostly towards __________. | serfs & womens
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| Along with famine and a slowing development of technology, what was also a major contributor to the decline in the Western European economy? | Black Death
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| The Mongol Empire was divided into how many khanates? | 4
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| How did Islam spread to Southeast Asia? | Sufis & merchants
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| What clan is the prophet Muhammad from? | Quraysh
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| What was Cheng Ho most known for? | Muslim eunuch and admiral who led expeditions throughout the Indian Ocean
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| Who were wandering mystics who sought a personal union with Allah? | Sufis
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| What were most of the Sudanic states led by? | A council of elders of the same family
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| What are important aspects of Mongol Society? | -horseback riding
-herding goats and sheep
-warfare
-trading in urban centers
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| What events occurred in 1421 that changed the course of history? | -fall of Islamic world
-blocking of the Silk Road, which led to the discovery of the Americas
-civil wars in Egypt which led to the Mamluks nationalizing the spice trade, blocking trade eastward
-King Henry V married Catherine
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| What was the name of the language that was basically Bantu with a large number of Arabian words mixed used in Africa? | Swahili
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| Medieval art and architecture were intended to serve __________. | the glory of God
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| What are aspects of European feudalism? | -inhibited development of strong central states but reduced local warfare
-system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers
-boosted by Charlemagne adn William the Conquerer
-used by kings to build their own power
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| Why did the Mayans practice human sacrifice? | They believed they owed a blood debt to gods.
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| What city became the center of Inca power? | Cuzco
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| What was Inca socialism? | The Spanish view of the Incas where every person contributed to the whole
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| What are the clans of the Aztecs? | calpulli
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| What did the Aztecs do subjugate the people they conquered? | -make them surrender lands
-require taxes to be paid (tribute)
-force them to perform military service
-provide people for sacrifice
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| Who are janissaries? | infantry troops
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| How are the Ottomans and the Safavid alike? | Both rose to prominence as the frontier warrior champions of a highly militant strain of Islam.
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| How did Suleyman achieve an army so capable and disciplined that "ten thousand could be lead by a single thread"? | He took the sons of Christian families as his soldiers, converted them to Islam, educated and trained them to be loyal to him.
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| Who and what were the purposes of the mullahs? | local mosque officials and prayer leaders who were also supervised by the sate and given some support from it - were required to curse the first three caliphs and mention the Safavid ruler in the Friday sermon.
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| What did (William) John Harvey do? | He demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals.
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| Name technological improvements in the 15th century. | -sailing ships
-navigational devices
-gunnery
-metalwork
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| Where did the Renaissance begin? | Italy
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| In the 30 Years War, pitting German Protestants against the Holy Roman Emperor, who backed each side? | -Lutheran Sweden (Germany)
-Spain (Holy Roman Emperor)
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| What was the reason England sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in as early as 1497? | to find another route to spice-rich India
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| In 1517, who nailed 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg? | Martin Luther
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| Growing commercialization created the beginnings of a new __________ in the west. | proletariat
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| Which country first took an exploration initiative and where were their first expeditions? | Portugal; African coast
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| After the expulsion of the Tartars (Mongols), what happened to Russia's citizens economically? | Common peasants fell into debt and had to accept servile status to noble land owners
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| Peter the Great attempted to redefine the Russian Empire by __________. | drawing from Western influence
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| In an effort to maintain a hold on the tsarist aristocracy, Ivan IV __________. | killed off boyars who he suspected of conspiracy
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| The Treaty of Torsedillas drew a hypothetical north-south line around the globe, therefore, __________. | Portugal got newly discovered lands to the east giving Brazil to the Portuguese.
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| What was Bartolome de Las Casas view towards the Native Americans? | He believed they were rational people who meant no harm.
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| In three centuries, Spain and Portugal created large colonial empires in the Americas. What was the most important things American colonies provided for their Iberian mother countries? | provided a basis of power, a vital place to expand world economy as suppliers of precious minerals and certain crops, which helped the economy.
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| A world economy during the 1450-1750 time period is __________. | based on the control of seas including the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean
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| Proletariats are __________. | people without access to land
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| Which groups of people were involved in the Battle of Lepanto? | Spanish/HRE and Ottomans
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| The definitions of mercantilism is __________. | policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver
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| The year the Ottomans captured Constantinople under the leadership of Mehmed II was __________. | 1453
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