reproduction system
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| germ cells of sexual reproduction | gametes
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| testes in males and ovaries in females--that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones | gonads
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| paired oval glands in the scrotum that develop near kidney and descend through inguinal canals near the 7th month of fetal development, each contains 200-300 lobules and 1-3 seminiferous tubules sperm are produced here | testes
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| the supporting structure for the testes that consists of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root of the penis | scrotum
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| a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes | cremaster muscle
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| found in spaces between seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone | leydig (interstitial)cells
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| "helper"cells that prevent immune response against spermatogenic cell's surface antigens; tight junctions join them together; nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm | sertoli (sustenacular) cells
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| where sperm cells are produced | seminiferous tubules
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| consists of tightly coiled ductus; reabsorb degenerated sperm; site of sperm maturation; can store sperm for several months; continues into ductus deferens | epididymus
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| conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions, and can also store sperm | ductus (vas) deferens
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| secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins; fluid helps neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. 60% of semen volume | seminal vesicles
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| 25% of semen volume; secretes milky fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and seminalplasmin( antibiotic) | prostrate gland
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| secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra; mucus lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra | bulbourethral glands
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| the maturation of spermatids into sperm takes 65-75 days | spermatogenesis
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| where stem cells undergo mitosis to replace themselves and some continue development(diploid cells 2n) | spermatogonia
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| each duplicates its DNA and meosis begins: meosis 1: homologous pairs of chromosomes line up,recombine, separate diploid 2n | primary spermatocytes
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| the 2 cells formed in meosis 1; each has 23 chromosomes (haploid) | secondary spermatocytes
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| the 4 haploid cells resulting from meosis 2 | spermatids
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| a mature male germ cell that develops in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. | spermatozoa
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| is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes and is the principal androgen; suppresses secretion of LH by ant. pituitary gonadotrophs and suppresses secretion of GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells | testosterone
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| contains urethra; consists of 3 cylindrical masses of tissue with erectile tissue | penis
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| where homologous pairs line up, recombine, separate | meiosis 1
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| where sister chromatids separate | meiosis 2
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| a cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help a sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization | acrosome
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| a fluid discharged at ejaculation by a male that consists of a mixture of sperm and the secretions of seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostrate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands | semen
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| paired glands that are homologous to the testes; produce secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization, and progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin | ovaries
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| provide a route for sperm to reach and ovum and transport oocytes and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus | uterine (fallopian) tube
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| serves as part of a pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes; site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor | uterus
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| long fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix | vagina
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| the mucous membrane lining the uterus | endometrium
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| the smooth muscle layer of the uterus | myometrium
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| the serosa of the uterus | perimetrium
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| the formation of gametes in the ovary; begins at birth, but stops in prophase of meiosis 1 until sexual maturity | oogenesis
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| what germ cells differentiate into-diploid stem cells that can divide | oogonia
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| enter the prophase of meiosis 1 during fetal development, but don't complete phase until after puberty; during arrested stage of development it is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells | primary oocyte
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| after primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 they produce the first polar body and this which receives most of the cytoplasm. This begins meosis 2, and is released during ovulation | secondary oocyte
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| where a primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells | primordial follicle
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| when the primordial follicles grow they develop into this | primary follicle
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| granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid in antrum; layer of granulosa cells attaches to zona pellucida forming corona radiata | secondary follicle
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| what the secondary follicle becomes; just before ovulation diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and produces 2 unequal size haploid cells- first polar body is discarded and secondary oocyte | graafian follicle
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| clear glycoprotein layer between secondary oocyte and the surrounding granulosa cells of the corona radiata | zona pellucida
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| the rupture of a mature ovarian (Graafian) follicle with discharge of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity | ovulation
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| uterus replaces lost endometrium and follicles grow; last from menstruation to ovulation; fsh and lh cause development of follicle; follicle produces estrogen | follicular phase of ovarian cycle
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| progesterone from corpus luteum develops->maintains uterine lining; luteum lives for 14 days and then dies; death of luteum relieves inhibition of FSH and allows new cycle to begin and trigger shedding of uterine lining | luteal phase of ovarian cycle
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| contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation; produces estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue | corpus luteum
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| Describe the pathway of sperm from the testes out of the body-including the accessory glands secretions | Testes->semniferous tubules->epididymus->vas deferens-> back of bladder->seminal vesicle (secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins)-> bulbourethral glands (alkaline fluid protects sperm from acid)
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| Describe the pathway of sperm from the testes out of the body-including the accessory glands secretions past the b glands | prostate(secretes milky fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and seminalplasmin( antibiotic) -> ejaculatory ducts-> urethra
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| Describe how FSH controls the testes | +testerone act on Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein->binds testosterone keeping concentration high->testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis-> sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH
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| Describe how LH controls the testes | stimulates Leydig(Interstitial) cells to make testosterone
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| Describe how Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | controls ovarian and uterine cycle, stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
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| Describe how FSH hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | intiates follicular growth and stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens
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| Describe how LH hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | stimulates further development of ovarian follicles; stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens; stimulates thecal cells of developing follicle to produce androgens to be converted to estrogens; triggers ovulation; promotes formation of the c.l.
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| Describe how Estrogen hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics; increase protein anabolism
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| Describe how Progesterone hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | secreted by the corpus luteum; works with estrogens to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production; inhibits secretion of GnRH and LH
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| Describe how Relaxin hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | produced by corpus luteum;relaxes uterus by inhibiting contraction of myometrium; at end of pregnancy, increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix
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| Describe how Inhibin hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and corpus luteum; inhibits secretion of FSH and LH which keeps a new cycle from starting
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