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A&P Ch. 28
reproduction system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| germ cells of sexual reproduction | gametes |
| testes in males and ovaries in females--that produce gametes and secrete sex hormones | gonads |
| paired oval glands in the scrotum that develop near kidney and descend through inguinal canals near the 7th month of fetal development, each contains 200-300 lobules and 1-3 seminiferous tubules sperm are produced here | testes |
| the supporting structure for the testes that consists of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous layer that hangs from the root of the penis | scrotum |
| a series of small bands of skeletal muscle that descend as an extension of the internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes | cremaster muscle |
| found in spaces between seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone | leydig (interstitial)cells |
| "helper"cells that prevent immune response against spermatogenic cell's surface antigens; tight junctions join them together; nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm | sertoli (sustenacular) cells |
| where sperm cells are produced | seminiferous tubules |
| consists of tightly coiled ductus; reabsorb degenerated sperm; site of sperm maturation; can store sperm for several months; continues into ductus deferens | epididymus |
| conveys sperm during sexual arousal through peristaltic contractions, and can also store sperm | ductus (vas) deferens |
| secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins; fluid helps neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract. 60% of semen volume | seminal vesicles |
| 25% of semen volume; secretes milky fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and seminalplasmin( antibiotic) | prostrate gland |
| secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra; mucus lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra | bulbourethral glands |
| the maturation of spermatids into sperm takes 65-75 days | spermatogenesis |
| where stem cells undergo mitosis to replace themselves and some continue development(diploid cells 2n) | spermatogonia |
| each duplicates its DNA and meosis begins: meosis 1: homologous pairs of chromosomes line up,recombine, separate diploid 2n | primary spermatocytes |
| the 2 cells formed in meosis 1; each has 23 chromosomes (haploid) | secondary spermatocytes |
| the 4 haploid cells resulting from meosis 2 | spermatids |
| a mature male germ cell that develops in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. | spermatozoa |
| is synthesized from cholesterol in the testes and is the principal androgen; suppresses secretion of LH by ant. pituitary gonadotrophs and suppresses secretion of GnRH by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells | testosterone |
| contains urethra; consists of 3 cylindrical masses of tissue with erectile tissue | penis |
| where homologous pairs line up, recombine, separate | meiosis 1 |
| where sister chromatids separate | meiosis 2 |
| a cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help a sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization | acrosome |
| a fluid discharged at ejaculation by a male that consists of a mixture of sperm and the secretions of seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostrate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands | semen |
| paired glands that are homologous to the testes; produce secondary oocytes that develop into mature ova (eggs) after fertilization, and progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin | ovaries |
| provide a route for sperm to reach and ovum and transport oocytes and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus | uterine (fallopian) tube |
| serves as part of a pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes; site of implantation of the fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor | uterus |
| long fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix | vagina |
| the mucous membrane lining the uterus | endometrium |
| the smooth muscle layer of the uterus | myometrium |
| the serosa of the uterus | perimetrium |
| the formation of gametes in the ovary; begins at birth, but stops in prophase of meiosis 1 until sexual maturity | oogenesis |
| what germ cells differentiate into-diploid stem cells that can divide | oogonia |
| enter the prophase of meiosis 1 during fetal development, but don't complete phase until after puberty; during arrested stage of development it is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells | primary oocyte |
| after primary oocytes complete meiosis 1 they produce the first polar body and this which receives most of the cytoplasm. This begins meosis 2, and is released during ovulation | secondary oocyte |
| where a primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells | primordial follicle |
| when the primordial follicles grow they develop into this | primary follicle |
| granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid in antrum; layer of granulosa cells attaches to zona pellucida forming corona radiata | secondary follicle |
| what the secondary follicle becomes; just before ovulation diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and produces 2 unequal size haploid cells- first polar body is discarded and secondary oocyte | graafian follicle |
| clear glycoprotein layer between secondary oocyte and the surrounding granulosa cells of the corona radiata | zona pellucida |
| the rupture of a mature ovarian (Graafian) follicle with discharge of a secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity | ovulation |
| uterus replaces lost endometrium and follicles grow; last from menstruation to ovulation; fsh and lh cause development of follicle; follicle produces estrogen | follicular phase of ovarian cycle |
| progesterone from corpus luteum develops->maintains uterine lining; luteum lives for 14 days and then dies; death of luteum relieves inhibition of FSH and allows new cycle to begin and trigger shedding of uterine lining | luteal phase of ovarian cycle |
| contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation; produces estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue | corpus luteum |
| Describe the pathway of sperm from the testes out of the body-including the accessory glands secretions | Testes->semniferous tubules->epididymus->vas deferens-> back of bladder->seminal vesicle (secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins)-> bulbourethral glands (alkaline fluid protects sperm from acid) |
| Describe the pathway of sperm from the testes out of the body-including the accessory glands secretions past the b glands | prostate(secretes milky fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes and seminalplasmin( antibiotic) -> ejaculatory ducts-> urethra |
| Describe how FSH controls the testes | +testerone act on Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein->binds testosterone keeping concentration high->testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis-> sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH |
| Describe how LH controls the testes | stimulates Leydig(Interstitial) cells to make testosterone |
| Describe how Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | controls ovarian and uterine cycle, stimulates release of follicle-stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone from the anterior pituitary |
| Describe how FSH hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | intiates follicular growth and stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens |
| Describe how LH hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | stimulates further development of ovarian follicles; stimulates ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens; stimulates thecal cells of developing follicle to produce androgens to be converted to estrogens; triggers ovulation; promotes formation of the c.l. |
| Describe how Estrogen hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | promotes development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics; increase protein anabolism |
| Describe how Progesterone hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | secreted by the corpus luteum; works with estrogens to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk production; inhibits secretion of GnRH and LH |
| Describe how Relaxin hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | produced by corpus luteum;relaxes uterus by inhibiting contraction of myometrium; at end of pregnancy, increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix |
| Describe how Inhibin hormone regulates the female reproductive system. | secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and corpus luteum; inhibits secretion of FSH and LH which keeps a new cycle from starting |
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scissorxhands
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