Anatomy Vocab Ch 6 Marieb
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| muscle types | skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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| muscles | word comes from Mus, meaning little mouse, makes up nearly half of the body's mass; the machines of the body
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| elongated | skeletal and smooth muscle cells, shape of the cell has led to the name muscle fibers
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| muscle fibers | the elongated fibers of smooth and skeletal muscle
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| myofilaments | equivalent of the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
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| sarcoplasm | equivalent of the cytoplasm of the cell; the interior of the muscle cell; sarco=flesh
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| myo- and mys- | = muscle
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| skeletal muscle fibers | huge, cigar shaped multinucleate cells, largest of the muscle fiber types; can be seen with the naked eye; soft and fragile; thousands of fibers bundled together by connective tissue
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| striated muscle | fibers have obvious stripes; skeletal muscle
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| voluntary muscle | the only muscle type subject to concious control
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| skeletal muscle tissue | skeletal, striated and voluntary; can contract rapidly and with great force but tires easily
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| endomysium | connective tissue sheath enclosing the muscle fiber
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| perimysium | coarse fibrous membrane wrapping sheathed muscle fibers
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| fascicle | bundle of fibers
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| epimysium | overcoat of connective tissue binding fascicles bundles
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| tendons | blended epimysium tissue; provide durability and conserve space; tough collagenic fibers
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| aponeuroses | sheetlike fibers that attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilage or connective tissue coverings
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| smooth muscle | no striations, involuntary, cannot consciously control it; found in hollow visceral organs ie stomach, urinary bladder, etc; visceral, nonstriated, involuntary
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| smooth muscle cell | sincle nucleus, spindle-shaped, arranged in layers; do the housekeeping jobs of the body; does its job tirelessly
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| cardiac muscle | form the bulk of the heart wall; is striated, involuntary; cushioned by small amounts of soft connective tissue arranged in bundles
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| intercalated discs | junctions of muscle fibers
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| skeletal muscle | maintains posture, stabilized joints, generates heat; accounts for at least 40% of body mass; made up of fascicles
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| ATP | used to power muscle contraction, releasing heat in the muscle; the only energy source to power muscle activity; renewable
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| sarcolemma | the muscle husk; the plasma membrane
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| myofibrils | long ribbonlike organelles which nearly fill the cytoplasm
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| light and dark bands | light (I) and dark (A) bands give the muscle cell as a whole its striped appearance
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| sarcomeres | chains of tiny contractile units that make up the myofibril; boxcar
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| myofilaments | threadlike, what causes the banding pattern in the sarcomeres; two types, do not shorten during contraction, slide past each other
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| Z disc, M line and H zone | Z is the darker area, H is a lighter central area, H contains tiny protein rods that hold the thick filaments together
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| thick filaments | myosin filament, made mostly of bundled molecules of the protein myosin; contain ATPase enzymes, generating power for muscle contraction
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| myosin | bundled molecules of protein
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| cross bridges | myosin heads; link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction
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| thin filaments | composed of contractile protein actin and regulatory proteins; AKA actin filaments, overlap thick filaments
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| actin filaments | same as thin filaments
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| bare zone | the lighter color zones of the thick and thin filaments
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| skeletal muscle cell striations | precise arrangement of myofilaments in the myofibrils, producing the banding pattern in the muscle cells
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) | muscle fiber organelle, specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, stores clacium and releases calcium ions into cytoplasm on demand when muscle fiber is stiumlated to contract
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| function of muscle cells | excitability (responsiveness, irritability), contractility, extensibility, elasticity
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| motor unit | one neuron and all skeletal muscle cells
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| axon (nerve fiber) | long threadlike extension of the neuron; forming junctions with the sarcolemma of a different muscle cell
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| neuromuscular junction | the joining of nerve and muscle cells
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| synaptic cleft | the gap between nerve endings and muscle cell membranes, filled with interstitial fluid
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| neurotransmitter | the chemical created when nerve impulses reach the axon terminal
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| acetylcholine (ACh) | the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle cells
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| action potential | sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+), leaving excess of positive ions, allowing Na+ entry; the upset of the electrical current; contraction of the muscle cell; takes just a few thousandths of a second for this process
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| muscle cell | skeletal muscle cell contracts to its fullest extent, never partially contracts
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| graded responses | different degrees of shortening in response to stimuli; frequency of muscle stimulation or number of cells stimulated
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| muscle twitches | single, brief, jerky contractions (not normal)
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| tetanic contraction (fused)(complete tetanus) | when muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen, contraction is smooth and sustained
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| unfused (incomplete tetanus) | state of the muscle before tetanic contraction
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| ATP regeneration | creation of creatine phosphate (CP), aerobic respiration, anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
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| creatine phosphate (CP) | direct phosphorylation of ADP; found only in muscle fibers; this type is soon exhausted
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| aerobic respiration | supplies 95% of ATP for muscle activity; occurs in the mitrochondria and involves a series of metabolic pathways that use oxygen; requires continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrient fuels to keep it going
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| oxidative phosphorylation | the pathways providing aerobic respiration
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| glycoysis | the initial step of glucose breakdown, does not require oxygen; glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid and captured in ATP bonds
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| lactic acid | pyruvic acid generated during glycolysis, converted to help provide strength for working muscles
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| anerobic glycolysis | only 5% of ATP for muscle strength, 2 1/2 times faster; the end result of production of glycolysis and lactic acid
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| muscle fatigue | muscles used strenuously for a long period of time
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| oxygen deficit | oxygen levels drop, causing muscles to become fatigued; ionic imbalance
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| tension | actin and mysin myofilaments interacting, thin actic filaments pass the thick myosin myofilaments
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| isotonic contractions | myofilaments are successful in sliding movement, muscle shortens, movement occurs
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| isometric contractions | myosin myofilaments are spinning their wheels, tension in the muscle keeps increasing; resistance training
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| muscle tone | the state of continuous partial contraction
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| flaccid | soft and flabby
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| atrophy | wasting away
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| aerobic endurance | less fatigue, caused when increased blood supply to the muscles, more oxygen is stored and more mitochondria cells are formed
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| body movements | flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction
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| origin | attachment of muscle to the immovable or less movable bone
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| insertion | attachment of muscle to the movable bone
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| flexion | movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings two bones closer toegther
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| extension | movement that increases the angle or distance between two bones or parts of the body
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| rotation | movement of a bone around its axis
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| abduction | moving a limb away from midline
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| adduction | movement of a limb toward midline
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| circumduction | combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction; ball and socket
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| dorsiflexion | lifting up the foot so that top surface is closer to the shin
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| plantar flexion | pointing the foot down so that top surface is farther away from the shin
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| inversion | turning the sole of the foot to the midline
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| eversion | turning the sole of the foot away from midline
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| supination (supine) | lying on the back, face or front upward
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| pronation (prone) | lying on the front, back upward
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| opposition | bringing two surfaces together, as in opposing fingers meeting the thumb
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| prime mover | the muscle that has most responsibility for movement
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| antagonist | muscles that oppose a movement
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| synergist | help movement by removing opposing movement; balance the movement
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| fixator | hold something so that movement can be done with no opposition
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| rectus | straight
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| oblique | at a slant
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| maximus | largest
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| minimus | smallest
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| longus | long
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| biceps | two origins
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| triceps | three origins
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| quadriceps | four origins
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| cleido | has clavicle attachment site
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| sterno | has sternum attachement site
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| deltoid | triangular
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| extensor | action of extending
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| adductor | action of bringing closer
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| flexor | action of bringing toward or together
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| sphincters | sqeezing muscles
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| circular muscle | are sphinceters, typically found surrounding external body openings
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| convergent muscle | fascicles converge towrd a single insertion tendon; triangular
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| parallel | fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle; straplike
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| fusiform | spindle-shaped muscle with expanded midsection, such as the bicep
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| pennate | short fascicles attach at a slant to a central tendon
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| unipennate | muscles attach to one side of the tendon
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| bipennate | fascicles insert into opposite sides of the tendon
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| mutipennate | fascicles insert into several sides of the tendon
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| muscular dystrophy | congenital muscular problem; inherited muscle-destroying disease that affects specific uscle groups; muscles degenerate and atrophy
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| Duchenne's muscular dystrophy | almost exclusively in boys; disease progresses from extremities upward, affecting head and chest muscles; most die young and of respiratory failure; muscles lack dystrophin
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| myasthenia gravis | affects muscles during adulthood; difficulty in swallowing and talking, general muscle weakness and fatigue; shortage of acetylcholine receptors; death due to respiratory failure
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