neurosci pt 2
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| size principle | the size of the motor neuron is directly related to excitability. Hence small motor neurons (Slow twitch) are depolarized and recruited first
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| differentiating between myogenic and neuropathic | 1) EMG findings reduced in myogenic
2) creatinine kinase is marker of muscle degeneration
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| Phase dependent reflex | response to stimulus varies with phase...as when hitting a limb during the swing vs the stance phase.
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| frontal leucotomy | was one of initial neurosurgeries, which was effective in treating depression refractive to other treatments
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| LARP and RALP | left anterior and right posterior--left vertical recti, and right obliques
while RALP is right anterior , and left posterior and are in plane with right vertical recti + left obliques
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| antibodies to __ has been show to cause blindness int those with retinoblastomas | the omnipause neurons, which inhibit burst neurons
Omnipause neurons are found in the nucleus of the dorsal raphe
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| nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and medial vestibular nucleus are together involved in | in neural integration of head and eye velocity to determine eye position (so you can hold it after smooth pursuit or saccade)
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| Are REM sleep behavior disorders normal? If not describe what the problem may be | It is not normal; this is likely a sign of a neurodegenerative process not a behavior problem. It is a type of sleep walking due to loss of muscle paralysis during sleep
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| Describe the differences between REM sleep behavior disorder and somnambulism | The former is a disease of the elderly that occurs out of the REM cycle; the later is common in children and occurs out of non-REM/deep sleep
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| What are the four 4's controlled by the hypothalamus? | feeding, fleeing, fighting, fucking ; the four F's
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| What signals the hypothalamus to increase the bodies temperature set point? | Interleukin-1, which is secreted by macrophages and can make its way into the CNS
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| How does bundle/fasicle formation occur? | cadherin. Axons are attracted by integrins. They grow along one another and adhere to one another with CADHERINS
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| What prevents axonal regeneration in the CNS? | Though axons try to sprout, there is little integrin in the CNS, and oligodendroglia (3 factors on its surface=NOGO) inhibit growth). Furthermore, proliferating astrocytes/glia secrete excess chondroitin sulfate which also inhibits axonal growth.
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| What factors might help axonal regeneration in the CNS? | Oncomodulin, which is only secreted by macrophages in the periphery, enhances growth. Also, blocking SOCS3 would deinhibit expression of cytokines by astrocytes.
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