Vocabulary
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| adenoids | the nasopharyngeal tonsils located in the nasopharynx; they protect entry into respiratory system
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| allergy | a hypersensitivity or over reaction by the body to a particular antigen
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| anaphylaxis | anaphyalactic shock; a systematic reaction or a severe response to an allergen that can be life threatening
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| antibiotic | medication capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial micro-organisms that is not effective against viral infections
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| antifungal | antimycotic; agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi; used locally on athlete's foot or systematically for nail fungus
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| antigen | a substance that the body regards as being foreign; causes immature B cells to become plasma cells
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| antihistamines | block release of histamines to relieve or prevent the symptoms of hay fever, which is a common allergy to wind-born pollens or other types of allergies
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| antineoplastic | a medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation (rapid production) of malignant cells
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| antiviral agents | treat viral infections or provide temporary immunity by interfering with viral replication
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| acquired immunity | active immunity; production of antibodies against a specific antigen by the immune system by contracting an infectious disease such as the immunity to chicken pox
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| artificial immunity | protection one receives from a vaccine, such as a flu vaccine
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| B cells | specialized lymphocytes that produce and secrete antibodies; their cell membranes have specific antibodies; some B cells turn into plasma cells
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| bacilli | rod shaped, spore forming bacteria; causes tetanus and TB
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| bacteria | one celled, microscopic organisms; includes bacilli, rickettsia, spirochetes, staphylococci, and streptococci
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| bactericide | a substance that causes death to bacteria; includes penicillins and sephalosporins
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| bacteriostatic | an agent that slows down or stops the growth of bacteria; includes tetracycline, sulfonamide, and erythromycin
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| benign tumor | a non-cancerous growth that can cause problems by placing pressure on adjacent structures; usually don't reoccur with a better chance of recovery
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| bone marrow | produces blood cells
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| brachytheraphy | the use of radioactive materials in contact or implanted into the tissues to be treated
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| chicken pox | varicella; caused by the herpes virus, is highly contagious; characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundreds of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crust
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| complement | group of proteins that normally circulate in blood in an inactive form; they help kill harmful cells by drilling holes in cell membranes and marking foreign invaders to attract phagocytes to destroy them
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| corticosteroid | a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant
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| Crohn's disease | a chronic autoimmune disorder that occurs anywhere in the digestive tract, however it most often found in the ileum and in the colon
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| cytotoxic | a medicine that kills or damages cells
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| functions of the lymphatic system | absorbs fats and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestines; removes waste from the tissues; provides aid to the immune system
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| Hepatitis B | a blood-borne disease that affects the liver and is transmitted through contact of blood or other bodily fluids that are contaminated with the virus; prevented by the hepatitis B vaccine
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| histology | a study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
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| immune response | antigen-antibody reaction; antibodies are produced to find and kill antigens; requires the actions of many specialized cells
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| immune system | maintains good health and protects the body from harmful substances
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| immunization | a vaccination or artificial immunity that provides protection for susceptible individuals from communicable diseases by the administration of a vaccine to provide immunity
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| immunosuppressant | a treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens; a medication used by transplant patients to prevent rejection
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| infectious mononucleosis | mono; caused by the EBV; causes fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, and possible swelling of the spleen and liver involvement
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| interferon | a family of proteins produced by the T cells within hours of contracting a virus whose specialty is fighting viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication
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| invasive lobular carcinoma | infiltrating lobular carcinoma; a cancer that starts in the milk glands. it breaks through the wall of the gland and then invades the fatty tissue of the breast
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| Kaposi's sarcoma | opportunistic infection that is associated with HIV; a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissues to grow under the skin in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat or in other organs
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| lacteals | specialized structure of the lymphatic system located in the walls of the small intestines
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| lingual tonsils | lymphatic tissue located at the base of the tongue
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| lymph fluid and vessels | returns cellular waste back to the circulatory system
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| lymph nodes | specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens or killing viruses by filtering bacteria or harmful substances from lymph
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| lymph vessels | have valves to prevent the backward flow of lymph and returns intracellular fluid to the veins
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| lymphocytes | specialized WBC formed in the bone marrow as stem cells
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| macrophage | type of WBC that surround and kill invading cells; they remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells
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| malaria | disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes; is transferred to humans by the bite of an infectious mosquito
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| malignant | harmful, capable of spreading, potentially life-threatening tumor
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| measles | an acute, highly contagious infection caused by the rubeola virus and transmitted by the respiratory droplets; symptoms include, high fever, runny nose, coughing, photophobia, red itchy rash over the entire body, and koplixs spots in the mouth
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| metastasized | process by which cancer spreads from one place to another or from the primary site to a secondary site
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| multiple sclerosis | progressive autoimmune disorder that affects the nervous system
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| nasopharyngeal tonsils | adenoids that are located in the nasopharynx
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| natural immunity | immunity passed from the mother to her fetus before birth that only lasts for a short time
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| parasites | plant or animal that lives on or in another organism at the expense of that organism; not bacteria
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| peyers patches | located on the walls of the ileum or in the intestines; they form lymphocytes
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| rabies | an acute viral infection that is mostly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal
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| rubella | the German measles or the 3-day measles; it is a viral infection characterized by a low grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine pink rash; causes congenital abnormalities
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| sarcoma | a malignant tumor that arises from connected tissues including hard tissues (bone), soft tissues, and liquid tissues
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| shingles | herpes zoster; acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve, occurs when a dormant chicken pox virus is reactivated
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| skin | wraps the body in a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body
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| spirochete | spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
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| spleen | a sack-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen; filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood; a gland that plays an important role in the immune and cardiovascular systems
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| stage 1 breast cancer | cancer that has not spread beyond the milk duct or past the breast; no larger than 2cm
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| staphylococci | staph infection; a group of 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes
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| streptococci | bacteria that forms a chain
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| structures of the lymphatic system | lymph, lymphatic vessels and ducts, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen, lacteals, peyer's patches, the vermiform appendix, and lymphocytes
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| synthetic immunoglobulins | immune serum; produced in a lab; used as a post exposure preventative measure against certain viruses including rabies and hepatitis
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| T cell | T lymphocytes; small lymphocytes that develop in the thymus as a result of exposure to the hormone thymosin which is secreted by the thymus; produce inferferon and lymphokines and release a substance that attracts phagies and is part of the immune system
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| thymus | located superior to the heart; endocrine gland that assists the immune system and plays an important role in the endocrine system and helps mature T cells
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| tonsils | 3 masses of lymph node tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat that protect the entrance to the respiratory system
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| tuberculosis | TB; caused by the bacilli bacteria
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| varicella | chicken pox caused by the herpes simplex
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| vermiform appendix | hangs from the lower portion of the cecum (first section of the large intestine); lymphatic tissue thought to play a role in the immune system
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| western blot | blood test that produces more accurate results than the ELISA test; performed the confirm the diagnosis of HIV when the ELISA test is positive
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| villi | small, finger like projections that line the small intestine
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| lymph | clear watery fluid that transports waste products and proteins out of the spaces between the cells of the body tissues; destroys bacteria or other pathogens that are present in the tissues
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| lymphatic capillaries | microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body
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| thoracic duct | largest lymphatic vessel in the body; empties into the left subclavian vein
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| cervical lymph nodes | located along the sides of the neck
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| axillary lymph nodes | located in the arm pits
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| inguinal lymph nodes | located in the groin area of the lower body
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| palatine tonsils | located on the left and right sides of the throat, in the area that is visible through the mouth
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| splenic | pertaining to the spleen
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| hemolytic | function of the spleen; destroying of worn out red blood cells and releasing their hemoglobin for reuse
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| pathogens | disease producing, microorganisms
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| allergens | substances that produce allergic reactions
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| toxins | poisons or harmful substances
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| malignant cells | potentially life-threatening cancer cells
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| antibody | a disease fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
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| phagocyte | large WBC that can destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis
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| phagocytosis | process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them
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| allergic reaction | occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader
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| histamine | substance produced by the body that causes the itching, sneezing, watery eyes, and runny nose of an allergic reaction
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| monoclonal antibodies | any class of antibodies produced in a lab by identical offspring or a clone or exact replica of specific cells
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| pathogen | microorganism, living organism that is so small it can only be seen by the aid of a microscope, that causes a disease in humans
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