Language of Medicine Chapter 5 - Created by MTatHome.com
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| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestines and into the bloodstream.
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| achalasia | Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus above the stenosis (narrowing) and loss of peristalsis occur.
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| achlorhydria | Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice.
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| amino acids | The chief constituents of proteins, there are 20 amino acids that contribute to protein syntheses. Amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested.
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| amylase | An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars).
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| anal fistula | Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.
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| anastomosis | A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ.
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| anorexia | Lack of appetite.
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| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body.
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| aphthous stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores.
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| appendectomy | Removal or excision of the appendix.
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| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix.
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| appendix | Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen.
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| ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.
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| bile | Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats.
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| biliary | Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum).
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| bilirubin | A yellow-orange pigment found in bile.
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| borborygmus | Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract.
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| bowel | Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine.
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| buccal mucosa | Mucous membrane lining the cheek.
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| canine teeth | Four, pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw.
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| cecal | Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon).
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| cecum | First part of the large intestine (colon).
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| celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen.
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| cheilitis | Inflammation of the lip.
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| cholecystectomy | Excision or removal of the gallbladder.
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| choledochojejunostomy | Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum.
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| choledocholithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct.
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| choledochotomy | Incision of the common bile duct.
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| cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of gallstones.
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| cirrhosis | Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver.
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| colon | Large intestine (bowel).
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| colonic | Pertaining to the colon.
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| colonic polyposis | Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon.
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| colonoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the colon.
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| colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both
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| colostomy | New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
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| common bile duct | Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine.
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| constipation | Difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool).
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| Crohn disease | Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss.
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| defecation | Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum.
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| deglutition | Swallowing.
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| dental caries | Tooth decay.
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| dentibuccal | Pertaining to the cheek and teeth.
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| dentin | The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown.
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| diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.
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| digestion | The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
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| diverticula | Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon.
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| diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms.
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| diverticulosis | Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation.
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| duodenal | Pertaining to the duodenum.
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| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine.
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| dysentery | Painful intestines; marked by inflammation and infection, especially of the colon with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
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| dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing.
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| elimination | Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes.
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| emulsification | Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles.
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| enamel | White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin( of the crown of the tooth.
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| endodontist | A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth.
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| enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and colon.
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| enterocolostomy | New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis.
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| enzyme | Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix –ase means enzyme.
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| eructation | Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.
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| esophageal | Pertaining to the esophagus.
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| esophageal varices | Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of esophagus.
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| esophagus | Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
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| etiology | Study of the cause of disease.
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| facial | Pertaining to the face.
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| fatty acids | Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat.
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| feces | Solid wastes; stools.
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| flatus | Gas expelled through the anus.
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| gallbladder | Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored.
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| gastric carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer.
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Backflow of solids and fluid from the stomach to the mouth against its normal direction of movement.
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| gastrointestinal tract | The tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus.
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| gastrojejunostomy | New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of the gastric bypass surgery.
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| gastrostomy | New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body.
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| gingivitis | Inflammation of gums.
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| gluconeogenesis | Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver.
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| glucose | Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells.
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| glycogen | Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells.
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| glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar.
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| hematochezia | Passage of bright red blood from the rectum.
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| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region.
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| hepatoma | Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma.
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| hepatomegaly | Enlargement of the liver.
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| herpetic stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters.
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| hiatal hernia | Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm.
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| hydrochloric acid | Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion.
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| hyperbilirubinemia | High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice.
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| hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus.
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| hypoglossal | Pertaining to under the tongue.
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| icterus | Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
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| idiopathic | Pertaining to unknown cause of disease.
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| ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine).
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| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine).
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| ileostomy | Surgical formation of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall.
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| ileum | Third (and final) portion of the small intestine.
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| ileus | Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines.
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| incisor | One of the four front teeth on either jaw.
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| inflammatory bowel disease | Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine (colon); examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
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| inguinal hernia | A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle.
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| insulin | Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into the body cells.
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| intussusception | One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines.
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| irritable bowel syndrome | Group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension.
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| jaundice | A symptom of illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood.
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| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine.
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| labial | Pertaining to the lip.
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| laparoscopy | Laparoscopy visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions.
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| lipase | Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum.
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| lithogenesis | Formation of stone (calculi).
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| liver | Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins, and sugars.
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| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach.
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| mastication | Process of chewing.
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| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood.
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| mesentery | Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall.
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| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth.
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| nausea | Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.
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| odynophagia | Painful swallowing.
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| oral | Pertaining to the mouth.
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| oral leukoplakia | White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
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| orthodontist | Dentist specializing in straightening teeth.
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| palate | Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat.
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| palatoplasty | Surgical repair of the palate.
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| pancreas | Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells.
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| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas.
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| papillae | Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds.
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| parenteral | Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection.
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| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
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| peptic ulcer | Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum.
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| perianal | Pertaining to surrounding the anus.
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| periodontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.
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| periodontist | Dentist specializing in treating the gums.
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| peristalsis | Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures.
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| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the pharynx or throat.
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| pharynx | Throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth.
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| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
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| postprandial | After meals.
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| premolar teeth | Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars.
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| proctologist | Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum.
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| protease | Enzyme that digests protein.
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| pulp | Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels.
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| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum.
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| pyloroplasty | Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter.
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| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum.
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| rectocele | Hernia of the wall of the rectum.
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| rectum | Final section of the colon.
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| rugae | Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth.
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| saliva | Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands.
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| salivary glands | Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands.
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| sialadenitis | Inflammation of the salivary gland.
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| sialolith | Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct.
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| sigmoid colon | Distal, lower end of the colon.
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| sigmoidoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon.
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| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice.
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| steatorrhea | Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat.
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| stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth.
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| sublingual | Pertaining to under the tongue.
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| submandibular | Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible).
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| triglycerides | Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.
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| ulcerative colitis | Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; and inflammatory bowel disease.
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| uvula | Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth.
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| uvulectomy | Removal (excision) of the uvula.
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| villi | Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine, sites of absorption of foods and fluids.
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| viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus.
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| volvulus | Twisting of the intestine upon itself.
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