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LOM Book Chapter 5
Language of Medicine Chapter 5 - Created by MTatHome.com
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestines and into the bloodstream. |
| achalasia | Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle (LES) to relax; dilation of the esophagus above the stenosis (narrowing) and loss of peristalsis occur. |
| achlorhydria | Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. |
| amino acids | The chief constituents of proteins, there are 20 amino acids that contribute to protein syntheses. Amino acids are formed when large protein molecules are digested. |
| amylase | An enzyme that digests (breaks down) starches into simpler substances (such as sugars). |
| anal fistula | Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus. |
| anastomosis | A surgical procedure that creates a new opening between two previously unconnected tubular organs or parts of the same organ. |
| anorexia | Lack of appetite. |
| anus | The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. |
| aphthous stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores. |
| appendectomy | Removal or excision of the appendix. |
| appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix. |
| appendix | Small, slender sac near the beginning of the colon in the RLQ of the abdomen. |
| ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. |
| bile | Yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It travels from the gallbladder into the small intestines to help digest fats. |
| biliary | Pertaining to bile or bile ducts. Bile ducts empty bile into the small intestine (duodenum). |
| bilirubin | A yellow-orange pigment found in bile. |
| borborygmus | Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by hyperactive movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract. |
| bowel | Intestine. The large bowel is called the colon and the small bowel is the small intestine. |
| buccal mucosa | Mucous membrane lining the cheek. |
| canine teeth | Four, pointed dog-like (canine means dog) teeth. Each canine or cusped tooth is third from the midline of the jaw. |
| cecal | Pertaining to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine (colon). |
| cecum | First part of the large intestine (colon). |
| celiac | Pertaining to the abdomen. |
| cheilitis | Inflammation of the lip. |
| cholecystectomy | Excision or removal of the gallbladder. |
| choledochojejunostomy | Surgical anastomosis (create a new opening) between the common bile duct and the jejunum. |
| choledocholithiasis | Abnormal condition of stones in the common bile duct. |
| choledochotomy | Incision of the common bile duct. |
| cholelithiasis | Abnormal condition of gallstones. |
| cirrhosis | Chronic, degenerative disease of the liver. |
| colon | Large intestine (bowel). |
| colonic | Pertaining to the colon. |
| colonic polyposis | Benign growths protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon. |
| colonoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the colon. |
| colorectal cancer | Adenocarcinoma of the colon or the rectum or both |
| colostomy | New opening of the colon through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body. |
| common bile duct | Tube carrying bile from the gallbladder and liver into the first part of the small intestine. |
| constipation | Difficulty in passing (eliminating) feces (stool). |
| Crohn disease | Inflammatory bowel disease marked by diarrhea, pain, fever, weakness and weight loss. |
| defecation | Eliminating of wastes and undigested foods through the rectum. |
| deglutition | Swallowing. |
| dental caries | Tooth decay. |
| dentibuccal | Pertaining to the cheek and teeth. |
| dentin | The chief substance of teeth; surrounding the pulp and covered by enamel of the crown. |
| diarrhea | Frequent passage of loose, watery stools. |
| digestion | The process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances that can be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. |
| diverticula | Small, pouch-like herniations through the muscular wall of a tubular organ such as the colon. |
| diverticulitis | Inflammation of the diverticula; abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms. |
| diverticulosis | Abnormal condition of diverticula without inflammation. |
| duodenal | Pertaining to the duodenum. |
| duodenum | The first part of the small intestine. |
| dysentery | Painful intestines; marked by inflammation and infection, especially of the colon with abdominal pain and diarrhea. |
| dysphagia | Difficulty in swallowing. |
| elimination | Discharge from the body of indigestible materials or wastes. |
| emulsification | Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles. |
| enamel | White, compact and hard substance covering the substance (dentin( of the crown of the tooth. |
| endodontist | A dentist specializing in the inner parts of the tooth. |
| enterocolitis | Inflammation of the small intestine and colon. |
| enterocolostomy | New surgical connection between parts of the small intestine and colon; anastomosis. |
| enzyme | Protein that speeds up the rate of the biochemical reaction. The suffix –ase means enzyme. |
| eructation | Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth. |
| esophageal | Pertaining to the esophagus. |
| esophageal varices | Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of esophagus. |
| esophagus | Tube that carries food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. |
| etiology | Study of the cause of disease. |
| facial | Pertaining to the face. |
| fatty acids | Substances that are produced when fats are digested. They combine with glycerol to form fat. |
| feces | Solid wastes; stools. |
| flatus | Gas expelled through the anus. |
| gallbladder | Small sac lying below the liver, in which bile is stored. |
| gastric carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the stomach; stomach cancer. |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Backflow of solids and fluid from the stomach to the mouth against its normal direction of movement. |
| gastrointestinal tract | The tubular system related to the stomach and intestines beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus. |
| gastrojejunostomy | New surgical opening between the stomach and the jejunum; an anastomosis. The procedure is part of the gastric bypass surgery. |
| gastrostomy | New opening of the stomach through the abdominal wall to the outside of the body. |
| gingivitis | Inflammation of gums. |
| gluconeogenesis | Process of producing new sugar from fats and proteins; occurs mainly in the liver. |
| glucose | Simple sugar necessary as a source of energy for body cells. |
| glycogen | Storage form of glucose (sugar); it produces glucose when it is broken down (glycogenolysis) in liver cells. |
| glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to release sugar. |
| hematochezia | Passage of bright red blood from the rectum. |
| hemorrhoids | Swollen, twisted varicose veins in the rectal region. |
| hepatoma | Tumor (malignant) of liver cells; hepatocellular carcinoma. |
| hepatomegaly | Enlargement of the liver. |
| herpetic stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus. Painful, fluid-filled blisters are produced by the infection and known as cold sores or fever blisters. |
| hiatal hernia | Protrusion of the upper portion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm. |
| hydrochloric acid | Strong acid, present in a dilute form in the stomach; aids digestion. |
| hyperbilirubinemia | High levels of bilirubin (yellow/orange pigment) in the bloodstream; jaundice. |
| hyperglycemia | High levels of sugar in the bloodstream; diabetes mellitus. |
| hypoglossal | Pertaining to under the tongue. |
| icterus | Jaundice; yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. |
| idiopathic | Pertaining to unknown cause of disease. |
| ileitis | Inflammation of the ileum (third part of the small intestine). |
| ileocecal sphincter | Ring of muscles that are between the ileum and the cecum (first part of the large intestine). |
| ileostomy | Surgical formation of an artificial opening from the ileum to the outside of the body through the abdominal wall. |
| ileum | Third (and final) portion of the small intestine. |
| ileus | Failure of peristalsis with obstruction of the intestines. |
| incisor | One of the four front teeth on either jaw. |
| inflammatory bowel disease | Severe inflammation of the small and large intestine (colon); examples are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. |
| inguinal hernia | A small loop of the bowel protrudes through a weakened lower abdominal muscle. |
| insulin | Hormone secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas. Insulin facilitates transport of sugar from the blood into the body cells. |
| intussusception | One portion of the intestine slips into an adjoining part; telescoping of the intestines. |
| irritable bowel syndrome | Group of gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating) associated with stress and tension. |
| jaundice | A symptom of illness marked by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from excess bilirubin in the blood. |
| jejunum | Second part of the small intestine. |
| labial | Pertaining to the lip. |
| laparoscopy | Laparoscopy visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen and abdominal organs through small abdominal incisions. |
| lipase | Enzyme (-ase) that digests fats; produced by cells in the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum. |
| lithogenesis | Formation of stone (calculi). |
| liver | Large, reddish-brown organ in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It secretes bile, forms blood proteins and metabolizes fats, proteins, and sugars. |
| lower esophageal sphincter | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. |
| mastication | Process of chewing. |
| melena | Black, tarry stools; feces containing blood. |
| mesentery | Membrane that holds the intestine together; a fold of the peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the dorsal (back) body wall. |
| molar teeth | Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch. The most posterior molar is known as the wisdom tooth. |
| nausea | Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit. |
| odynophagia | Painful swallowing. |
| oral | Pertaining to the mouth. |
| oral leukoplakia | White plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth. |
| orthodontist | Dentist specializing in straightening teeth. |
| palate | Roof of the mouth; hard palate is the front bony portion and the soft palate is the posterior fleshy part near the throat. |
| palatoplasty | Surgical repair of the palate. |
| pancreas | Gland under and behind the stomach; produces enzymes to digest foods and the hormone insulin to transport sugar to cells. |
| pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas. |
| papillae | Small elevations on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds. |
| parenteral | Pertaining to by some route other than through the gastrointestinal tract, as by intravenous injection. |
| parotid gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear. |
| peptic ulcer | Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. |
| perianal | Pertaining to surrounding the anus. |
| periodontal disease | Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone. |
| periodontist | Dentist specializing in treating the gums. |
| peristalsis | Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal tract and other tubular structures. |
| pharyngeal | Pertaining to the pharynx or throat. |
| pharynx | Throat; the common passageway for food from the mouth. |
| portal vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines. |
| postprandial | After meals. |
| premolar teeth | Either of the two teeth on each side of each jaw, just behind the canine teeth and in front of the molars. |
| proctologist | Specialist in the study of the anus and the rectum. |
| protease | Enzyme that digests protein. |
| pulp | Soft tissue with a tooth containing nerves and blood vessels. |
| pyloric sphincter | Ring of muscles that surround the opening of the stomach to the duodenum. |
| pyloroplasty | Surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter. |
| pylorus | Distal region of the stomach near the duodenum. |
| rectocele | Hernia of the wall of the rectum. |
| rectum | Final section of the colon. |
| rugae | Folds or creases in the mucous membrane of the stomach or the hard palate of the mouth. |
| saliva | Enzyme-containing digestive juice secreted by salivary glands. |
| salivary glands | Three pairs of exocrine glands secreting saliva into the mouth; parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands. |
| sialadenitis | Inflammation of the salivary gland. |
| sialolith | Salivary gland stone; lodged in a salivary gland or duct. |
| sigmoid colon | Distal, lower end of the colon. |
| sigmoidoscopy | Visual endoscopic examination of the sigmoid colon. |
| sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that surrounds an opening or orifice. |
| steatorrhea | Discharge of fat in the feces due to improper digestion and malabsorption of fat. |
| stomatitis | Inflammation of the mouth. |
| sublingual | Pertaining to under the tongue. |
| submandibular | Pertaining to under the lower jaw (mandible). |
| triglycerides | Chief form of fat (lipids) in body cells; composed of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. |
| ulcerative colitis | Inflammation of the colon and rectum with the presence of ulcers; and inflammatory bowel disease. |
| uvula | Small, fleshy mass hanging from the soft palate at the back of the mouth. |
| uvulectomy | Removal (excision) of the uvula. |
| villi | Fingerlike, microscopic projections on the inner surface of the small intestine, sites of absorption of foods and fluids. |
| viral hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus. |
| volvulus | Twisting of the intestine upon itself. |
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