Chapter 15 the heart
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| Major Functions of the Cardiovascular system | Circulate substances throughout the body. Supplies cells & tissues with oxygen, nutrients and also removes waste (CO2 & urea)from cells and tissues.
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| Blood is what type of tissue? | Connective Tissue
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| The study of the of the heart is called? | Cardiology
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| Location of the heart is? | Mediastinum
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| What is the size of the heart? | Closed fist. About 300g (adult)
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| What is the inferior portion of the heart called? | Apex
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| Heart has 3 membranes what are they? | Visceral pericardium, Parietal pericardium and Fibrous Pericardium.
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| The inner most delicate epithelium covering and connective tissue surrounding the heart muscle is called what | Visceral Pericardium
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| Inner linig of fibrous pericardium is called what? | Parietal Pericardium
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| What type of fluid lies between the visceral and parietal pericardium? | Serous Fluid
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| Outermost tough, fibrous protective connective tissue layer that prevents overstretching of the heart? | Fibrous Pericardium
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| Inflammation of the pericardium? | Pericarditis
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| The heart wall is composed of three layers what are they? | Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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| Visceral perocardium consists of mesothelium and connective tissue is called what? | Epicardium
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| Cardiac muscle tissue, bulk of the heart is called what? | Myocardium
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| Smooth inner lining of the heart chambers and valves is called what? | Endocardium
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| How many chambers does the heart have? | 4
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| The right and left atrium are seperated by what? | Interatrial Septum
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| The atria receives blood from where? | Veins
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| The atria is covered by ear-like flaps called? | Auricles
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| Which atrium receives blood from the superor and inferioe vena cava and coronary sinus? | Right Atrium
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| Which atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins? | Left Atrium
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| What seperates the right and left Ventricles? | interventricular Septum
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| This pumps blood from the heart into the arteries? | Ventricles
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| Arteris carry blood toward or away from the heart? | Away
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| This carries blood that is high in O2 & low in C02? | Arteries
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| This carries blood that is high in CO2 and low in O2? | Pulmonary arteries
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| Carries blood from the left ventricule to the body? | Aorta
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| Carries blood from the right ventricle to the body? | Pulmonary Arteries
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| This carries blood to the myocardium. | Coronary Arteries
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| Do veins carry blood toward the heart or away from the heart? | Toward
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| Brings blood from the head and upper limbs? | Superior Vena Cava
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| Brings blood from the trunk and lower limbs? | Inferior Vena Cava
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| Brings blood from the myocardium | Coronary Sinus
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| All of these deposit blood into the right atrium? | Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava and Coronary Sinus
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| Brings blood from the lungs to the left atrium. 2 right and 2 left | Pulmonary Veins
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| This valve lies between the right atrium and ventricle? | Tricuspid Valve
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| This valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle? | Bicuspid Valve
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| Tendon-like , fibrous cords that connect the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscle (inner surface) of ventricles. | Chordae Tendineae
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| The muscle columns that are located on the inner surface of the ventricles? | Papillary Muscle
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| Which valves open when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in te arteries? | Semilunar Valves
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| The pathway through the Heart and Lungs is called what? | Pulmonary Circuit
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| This receives deoxygenated blood from the system and sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated. | Pulmonary Circut
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| Connections between tow or more branches of arteries that supply the same region with blood. | Anastomoses
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| Most problems in the heart occur because of what? | Blood clots, fatty atherosclerotic plaques, and smooth muscle spasms within th ecoronary vessels.
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| Reduction in blood flow? | Ischemia
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| Reduced oxygen supply due to ischemia? | Hypoxia
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| Symptons include: crushing chest pain radiating down left arm, labored breathing, weakness, dizziness, perspiration. Relived by Nitroglycerin | Angina Pectoris (strangled chest)
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| What is a MI? | Myocardial Infarction
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| What is a MI caused by? | Thrombus (stationary Blood Clot) or embolus (moving blood clot) in coronary artery
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| What are the treatments from MI? | Clot-dissolving agents along with heprin or an angioplasty.
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| This occurs when a oxygen deprived (hypoxic) tissue's blood supply is reestablished? | Reperfusion Damage
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| What defends the body against reperfusion damage anf include the enzyme catalase, Vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene. | Anti-oxidants
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| Self Exciting Means? | Autorhythmic
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| Located in the upper most atrial wall. PACEMAKER-self-exciting tissue. | SA Node
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| Located in the interatrial septum, slows down the signal, delay signal that allows for ventricular filling | Atrioventricular Node= A-V Node
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| Only Connection between the stria and ventricles, located in the superior interventricular septum? | AV Bundle
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| Conduction Myofibers. Large in Diameter conduction, causes ventricles to contract which forces blood out? | Purkinje Fibers
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| Used to determine the conduction pathway is normal, the heart is enlarged, certain regions are damaged. | ECG
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| How many waves are per heartbeat? | 3 P Wave, QRS Complex, T Wave
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| Small upward wave, represents atrial depolarization. .1 second after wave begins the atria contracts | P-Wave
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| Precedes Contraction | Depolarization
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| Precedes Relaxation | Repolarization
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| Represents onset of ventricular Depolarization. Shortly after this begins ventricules contract. | QRS Compex
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| Dome shaped upward deflection, Represents ventricular repolarizations, occurs just before ventricles start to relax. | T-Wave
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| Enlargement of an atrium possibly due to mitral stenosis? | Enlarged P Wave
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| Enlarged Q Wave | Myocardial Infarction
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| Enlarged R Wave? | Ventricular Hypertrophy
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| Phase of Contraction | Sytole
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| Phase of Relaxation | Diastole
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| Closing of the AV Valves (Ventricular Systole) | Lub
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| Closing of the SK Valve (Ventricular diastole) | DUB
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| Means to listen to.. | Auscultate
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| A condition when blood leaks back into the heart and the valve cusps is incomplete. | Heart Murmur
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| The volume of blood pumped by either ventricle into the arch of the aorta in one minute | Cardiac Output
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| Factors that regulate stroke volume. | Preload, Contractility and afterload
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| Effect of Stretching | Preload
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| The strength of contraction at any given preload, is affected by a positive and negative inotropic agent | Myocardial Contractility
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| Pressure that must be ovecome before a semilunar vale can open is the... | Afterload
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| a greater preload (stretch) on cardiac muscle fibers just beofre they contract increases their force of contraction during systole. | Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
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| Decrease heart rate. (normal) | Parasympathetic
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| Stressful heartbeat. | Sympathetic
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| The study of the forces involved in accomplishing that feat. | Hemodynamics
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| The vesels that carry blood from the right ventricle to lungs, and the vessels that return the blood to the left atrium. | Pulmonary Circuit
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| Vessels that carry blood from the heart to body cells and back to the heart. | Systemic Circuit
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| Carries blood rich in oxygen. | Arterial System
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| Returns blood to the heart after gas, nutrient and waste exchange, usually follow pathways that are parallel to the artieris that supplied that particular region with blood. | Venous System
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| Are thick walled vessels, have three distinct layers. | Arteries: Tunica INterna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
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| Surrounds lumen and is composed of: Simple Squamous Epithelium, basement memberane | Tunica Interna
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| The thickest layer, smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers. | Tunica Media
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| Outermost layer composed of elastic fibers, . | Tunica Externa
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| Very small arteries, deliver blood to cappillaries in tissues, | Arterioles
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| Decreased Blood Flow; increase blood pressure | Vasoconstriction
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| Increased Blood Flow and decreased blood pressure | Vasodilation
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| Smallest and thinnest blood vessels. | Capillaries
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| Gases, Nitroents, and wastes are exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissues in three ways... | Diffusion, Vesicular Transport, bulk Flow
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| What percent of blood travels through veins and venules? | 60-70%
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| What precent of blood travels through arteries and arterioles? | 10-12%
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| The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of blood vessel? | Blood Pressure
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| Normal blood pressure is? | 120/80
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| Increases CO (rate and Force of contraction) and causes vaso constriction of arterioles. Increases Blood Pressure) | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| Increases Blood Pressure. Increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys (DCT) and casues vasoconstriction of arterioles during diuresis and during hemorrage. | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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| Increases Blood Pressure. Has four different targets that cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and causes the secretion of aldosterone. | Angiotension II
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| Increases Blood Pressure. Increases NA+ and water reabsorption in the kidneys. (PCT) | Aldosterone
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| Decreases Blood Pressure Causes Vasodilaton of arterioles and promotes the loss of salt and water in urine. | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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| Decreases in Blood Pressure. Causes vasodilation of arterioles (plays a key role in inflammation) | Histamine
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