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A&P 211
Chapter 15 the heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Major Functions of the Cardiovascular system | Circulate substances throughout the body. Supplies cells & tissues with oxygen, nutrients and also removes waste (CO2 & urea)from cells and tissues. |
| Blood is what type of tissue? | Connective Tissue |
| The study of the of the heart is called? | Cardiology |
| Location of the heart is? | Mediastinum |
| What is the size of the heart? | Closed fist. About 300g (adult) |
| What is the inferior portion of the heart called? | Apex |
| Heart has 3 membranes what are they? | Visceral pericardium, Parietal pericardium and Fibrous Pericardium. |
| The inner most delicate epithelium covering and connective tissue surrounding the heart muscle is called what | Visceral Pericardium |
| Inner linig of fibrous pericardium is called what? | Parietal Pericardium |
| What type of fluid lies between the visceral and parietal pericardium? | Serous Fluid |
| Outermost tough, fibrous protective connective tissue layer that prevents overstretching of the heart? | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Inflammation of the pericardium? | Pericarditis |
| The heart wall is composed of three layers what are they? | Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| Visceral perocardium consists of mesothelium and connective tissue is called what? | Epicardium |
| Cardiac muscle tissue, bulk of the heart is called what? | Myocardium |
| Smooth inner lining of the heart chambers and valves is called what? | Endocardium |
| How many chambers does the heart have? | 4 |
| The right and left atrium are seperated by what? | Interatrial Septum |
| The atria receives blood from where? | Veins |
| The atria is covered by ear-like flaps called? | Auricles |
| Which atrium receives blood from the superor and inferioe vena cava and coronary sinus? | Right Atrium |
| Which atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins? | Left Atrium |
| What seperates the right and left Ventricles? | interventricular Septum |
| This pumps blood from the heart into the arteries? | Ventricles |
| Arteris carry blood toward or away from the heart? | Away |
| This carries blood that is high in O2 & low in C02? | Arteries |
| This carries blood that is high in CO2 and low in O2? | Pulmonary arteries |
| Carries blood from the left ventricule to the body? | Aorta |
| Carries blood from the right ventricle to the body? | Pulmonary Arteries |
| This carries blood to the myocardium. | Coronary Arteries |
| Do veins carry blood toward the heart or away from the heart? | Toward |
| Brings blood from the head and upper limbs? | Superior Vena Cava |
| Brings blood from the trunk and lower limbs? | Inferior Vena Cava |
| Brings blood from the myocardium | Coronary Sinus |
| All of these deposit blood into the right atrium? | Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava and Coronary Sinus |
| Brings blood from the lungs to the left atrium. 2 right and 2 left | Pulmonary Veins |
| This valve lies between the right atrium and ventricle? | Tricuspid Valve |
| This valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle? | Bicuspid Valve |
| Tendon-like , fibrous cords that connect the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscle (inner surface) of ventricles. | Chordae Tendineae |
| The muscle columns that are located on the inner surface of the ventricles? | Papillary Muscle |
| Which valves open when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in te arteries? | Semilunar Valves |
| The pathway through the Heart and Lungs is called what? | Pulmonary Circuit |
| This receives deoxygenated blood from the system and sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated. | Pulmonary Circut |
| Connections between tow or more branches of arteries that supply the same region with blood. | Anastomoses |
| Most problems in the heart occur because of what? | Blood clots, fatty atherosclerotic plaques, and smooth muscle spasms within th ecoronary vessels. |
| Reduction in blood flow? | Ischemia |
| Reduced oxygen supply due to ischemia? | Hypoxia |
| Symptons include: crushing chest pain radiating down left arm, labored breathing, weakness, dizziness, perspiration. Relived by Nitroglycerin | Angina Pectoris (strangled chest) |
| What is a MI? | Myocardial Infarction |
| What is a MI caused by? | Thrombus (stationary Blood Clot) or embolus (moving blood clot) in coronary artery |
| What are the treatments from MI? | Clot-dissolving agents along with heprin or an angioplasty. |
| This occurs when a oxygen deprived (hypoxic) tissue's blood supply is reestablished? | Reperfusion Damage |
| What defends the body against reperfusion damage anf include the enzyme catalase, Vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene. | Anti-oxidants |
| Self Exciting Means? | Autorhythmic |
| Located in the upper most atrial wall. PACEMAKER-self-exciting tissue. | SA Node |
| Located in the interatrial septum, slows down the signal, delay signal that allows for ventricular filling | Atrioventricular Node= A-V Node |
| Only Connection between the stria and ventricles, located in the superior interventricular septum? | AV Bundle |
| Conduction Myofibers. Large in Diameter conduction, causes ventricles to contract which forces blood out? | Purkinje Fibers |
| Used to determine the conduction pathway is normal, the heart is enlarged, certain regions are damaged. | ECG |
| How many waves are per heartbeat? | 3 P Wave, QRS Complex, T Wave |
| Small upward wave, represents atrial depolarization. .1 second after wave begins the atria contracts | P-Wave |
| Precedes Contraction | Depolarization |
| Precedes Relaxation | Repolarization |
| Represents onset of ventricular Depolarization. Shortly after this begins ventricules contract. | QRS Compex |
| Dome shaped upward deflection, Represents ventricular repolarizations, occurs just before ventricles start to relax. | T-Wave |
| Enlargement of an atrium possibly due to mitral stenosis? | Enlarged P Wave |
| Enlarged Q Wave | Myocardial Infarction |
| Enlarged R Wave? | Ventricular Hypertrophy |
| Phase of Contraction | Sytole |
| Phase of Relaxation | Diastole |
| Closing of the AV Valves (Ventricular Systole) | Lub |
| Closing of the SK Valve (Ventricular diastole) | DUB |
| Means to listen to.. | Auscultate |
| A condition when blood leaks back into the heart and the valve cusps is incomplete. | Heart Murmur |
| The volume of blood pumped by either ventricle into the arch of the aorta in one minute | Cardiac Output |
| Factors that regulate stroke volume. | Preload, Contractility and afterload |
| Effect of Stretching | Preload |
| The strength of contraction at any given preload, is affected by a positive and negative inotropic agent | Myocardial Contractility |
| Pressure that must be ovecome before a semilunar vale can open is the... | Afterload |
| a greater preload (stretch) on cardiac muscle fibers just beofre they contract increases their force of contraction during systole. | Frank-Starling Law of the Heart |
| Decrease heart rate. (normal) | Parasympathetic |
| Stressful heartbeat. | Sympathetic |
| The study of the forces involved in accomplishing that feat. | Hemodynamics |
| The vesels that carry blood from the right ventricle to lungs, and the vessels that return the blood to the left atrium. | Pulmonary Circuit |
| Vessels that carry blood from the heart to body cells and back to the heart. | Systemic Circuit |
| Carries blood rich in oxygen. | Arterial System |
| Returns blood to the heart after gas, nutrient and waste exchange, usually follow pathways that are parallel to the artieris that supplied that particular region with blood. | Venous System |
| Are thick walled vessels, have three distinct layers. | Arteries: Tunica INterna, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa |
| Surrounds lumen and is composed of: Simple Squamous Epithelium, basement memberane | Tunica Interna |
| The thickest layer, smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers. | Tunica Media |
| Outermost layer composed of elastic fibers, . | Tunica Externa |
| Very small arteries, deliver blood to cappillaries in tissues, | Arterioles |
| Decreased Blood Flow; increase blood pressure | Vasoconstriction |
| Increased Blood Flow and decreased blood pressure | Vasodilation |
| Smallest and thinnest blood vessels. | Capillaries |
| Gases, Nitroents, and wastes are exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissues in three ways... | Diffusion, Vesicular Transport, bulk Flow |
| What percent of blood travels through veins and venules? | 60-70% |
| What precent of blood travels through arteries and arterioles? | 10-12% |
| The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of blood vessel? | Blood Pressure |
| Normal blood pressure is? | 120/80 |
| Increases CO (rate and Force of contraction) and causes vaso constriction of arterioles. Increases Blood Pressure) | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
| Increases Blood Pressure. Increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys (DCT) and casues vasoconstriction of arterioles during diuresis and during hemorrage. | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
| Increases Blood Pressure. Has four different targets that cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and causes the secretion of aldosterone. | Angiotension II |
| Increases Blood Pressure. Increases NA+ and water reabsorption in the kidneys. (PCT) | Aldosterone |
| Decreases Blood Pressure Causes Vasodilaton of arterioles and promotes the loss of salt and water in urine. | Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) |
| Decreases in Blood Pressure. Causes vasodilation of arterioles (plays a key role in inflammation) | Histamine |
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