Reproductive System: Development
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| show | The prenatal period is from fertilization to birth.
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| show | fertilization
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| Once sperm are deposited in the vagina, they must move upward through the ____to reach the secondary oocyte in the uterine _____ | show 🗑
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| How do prostaglandins function in reproduction? | show 🗑
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| show | estrogen
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| show | prenatal period
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| show | progesterone
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| show | Union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte
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| show | True
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| Once semen is ejaculated into the female reproductive system, the sperm cells begin their journey toward the secondary oocyte. Name structures in the order through which the sperm cells pass on their way to the secondary oocyte, with the first place sperm | show 🗑
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| Which component of the semen increases sperm cell motility and the contraction of the muscles in the vaginal wall and uterus? | show 🗑
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| Why is the secretion of estrogen important during the first part of the menstrual cycle? | show 🗑
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| How does progesterone affect the vaginal fluids during the latter part of the reproductive cycle (luteal phase)? | show 🗑
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| show | Most sperm never reach the oocyte.
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| What happens to a fetus that was conceived by two sperm cells penetrating one secondary oocyte? | show 🗑
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| Sperm cells are best able to fertilize an oocyte ______ hours after ejaculation. | show 🗑
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| How do prostaglandins function in reproduction? | show 🗑
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| Fertilization is more likely to occur if sexual intercourse takes place between __ hours before ovulation and __ hours after ovulation. | show 🗑
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| What would happen if more than one sperm cell fertilized a single oocyte? | show 🗑
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| show | to digest proteins, particularly those of the corona radiata
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| What is the name of the glycoprotein membrane surrounding the oocyte that the sperm cells must first bind to and then digest in order to reach the oocyte? | show 🗑
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| Which component of the semen increases sperm cell motility and the contraction of the muscles in the vaginal wall and uterus? | show 🗑
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| show | zona pellucida
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| Fertilization is more likely to result when sexual intercourse occurs ______ ovulation. | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes are released by the oocyte that harden the zona pellucida.
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| show | hyaluronidase
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| show | zona pellucida
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| Removing the layers that surround the oocyte is due to the action of ______ sperm, but ______ sperm will fertilize the oocyte. | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell? | show 🗑
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| show | head
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| show | one
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| show | second polar body
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| The ______ is digested by enzymes contained in the acrosome of sperm cells. | show 🗑
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| show | pronuclei
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| During fertilization, the entire sperm cell enters and combines with the secondary oocyte to form the zygote True or False: | show 🗑
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| How many chromosomes are found in a zygote? | show 🗑
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| What will be formed only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized? | show 🗑
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| show | to digest the material forming the zona pellucida
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| Prior to joining (fusing) as fertilization completes, the organelles of the oocyte and the sperm, called _____, contain the genetic material contributed by each parent. | show 🗑
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| When meiosis II of oogenesis completes, the small, nonviable daughter cell that is formed is called a ______. | show 🗑
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| A pregnancy is divided into trimesters, which means that the ______. | show 🗑
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| The prenatal period of development, from conception to delivery, lasts ______ weeks. | show 🗑
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| When the pronuclei of a sperm cell and a secondary oocyte join, a(n) ____ is formed. | show 🗑
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| What is another term for the cell divisions that occur during the earliest stages of prenatal development? | show 🗑
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| During the early stages of cleavage, what is happening within the zygote? | show 🗑
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| show | trimester
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| How do the uterine tubes function in reproduction? | show 🗑
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| A normal ______ period of development lasts approximately 38 weeks. | show 🗑
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| show | The stage of prenatal development consisting of a solid ball of cells.
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| To complete fertilization, the union of a sperm pronucleus with the pronucleus from a secondary oocyte forms the ______. | show 🗑
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| A developing embryo that consists of a hollow ball of cells is referred to as a(n) | show 🗑
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| The term that refers to the cell divisions that occur in the first three days after fertilization is | show 🗑
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| show | The number of cells within the zygote increases exponentially during cleavage.
Cleavage occurs while the zygote is moving through the uterine tube and into the uterine cavity.
Cleavage occurs rapidly.
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| show | cleavage embryo
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| show | morula
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| show | True
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| Which structure becomes the embryo proper? | show 🗑
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| What is a morula? | show 🗑
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| show | the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that develops into the placenta
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| How do fraternal twins occur? | show 🗑
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| show | The cells are pluripotent.
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| show | the splitting of the inner cell mass of a single oocyte at an early stage
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| show | embryo proper
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| What is the outer layer of cells of a blastocyst called? | show 🗑
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| show | fraternal
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| Enzymes produced by the blastocyst allow it to ______. digest part of the uterine lining stimulate the production of FSH stimulate the onset of labor attract sperm to its location | show 🗑
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| show | implantation
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| show | identical
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| show | implantation occurs outside of the uterus
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| show | inner cell mass
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| show | implantation
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| How does the blastocyst become embedded in the uterine lining? | show 🗑
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| The process by which the blastocyst attaches to the uterine endometrium is called ______. | show 🗑
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| When implantation occurs outside of the uterus, it is classified as a(n) ___ pregnancy | show 🗑
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| show | embryo proper
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| show | Placenta
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| At about seven days after fertilization, the ___ attaches to the lining of the uterus. | show 🗑
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| show | digest part of the uterine lining
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| show | attach embryo to uterine wall
produce hormones
exchange gases and nutrients between the maternal blood and embryonic blood
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| What is the chorion? finger-like projections that grow from trophoblast into the endometrium innermost extraembryonic membrane outermost extraembryonic membrane inner cell mass | show 🗑
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| show | placenta
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| What is the name of the finger-like outgrowths of the chorion that grow into the endometrium? lacunae embryonic discs chorionic villi umbilical pili | show 🗑
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| show | Placenta
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| show | Lacunae
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| show | chorion
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| show | the flattened inner cell mass
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| The ______ is a vascular tissue produced by embryonic and maternal tissues that attaches the embryo to the uterine wall. | show 🗑
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| show | amnion
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| show | Field 1: villi or villus
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| show | amnion and the embryonic disc
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| show | exchange gases and nutrients between the maternal blood and embryonic blood
produce hormones
attach embryo to uterine wall
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| show | embryonic disc
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| The placenta arises from which extraembryonic membrane? amnion chorion allantois | show 🗑
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| The membrane enclosing the fluid-filled space that surrounds the embryo after the second week of prenatal development is called the _______ | show 🗑
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| show | amniotic cavity
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| show | placenta
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| show | disc
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| In the uterus, the fetus is surrounded by a fluid called ______. | show 🗑
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| The extraembryonic membrane that forms the placenta is the | show 🗑
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| List three functions of the amniotic fluid. | show 🗑
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| show | amnion and the embryonic disc
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| show | flattened inner cell mass
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| What is amniotic fluid? fluid surrounding the fetus in utero fluid released from the breast before milk production begins fluid within the follicle just prior to ovulation fluid released from the hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| show | connecting stalk
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| show | two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein
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| What cushions the embryo and helps maintain embryonic body temperature? Multiple choice question. endometrium ovarian ligament amniotic fluid urinary bladder | show 🗑
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| show | The membrane formed by the fusion of the chorion and amnion.
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| What is a function of the yolk sac? suppresses uterine contractions. produces the amniotic fluid forms blood cells for the embryo produces hormones to maintain the endometrium | show 🗑
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| Which structure suspends the embryo in the amniotic cavity? umbilical cord chorionic villus placenta allantois | show 🗑
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| An extraembryonic membrane that extends into the connecting stalk and that will give rise to umbilical blood vessels is the | show 🗑
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| show | amniochorionic membrane
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| The structure that forms during the second week of development and functions to produce blood cells and precursors to the sex cells is the ____ ___ | show 🗑
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| Describe the interaction of the fetal and maternal blood systems. | show 🗑
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| show | pinocytosis
active transport
diffusion
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| show | allantois
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| show | Progesterone
Estrogen
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| During which stage of development do the primary germ layers form? gastrula blastocyst morula | show 🗑
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| What occurs during gastrulation? | show 🗑
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| show | Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
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| True or False: All gases and nutrients pass from the mother to the developing fetus by diffusion. | show 🗑
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| The placenta produces the hormone ______ which is converted to ______ by the developing adrenal glands of the embryo. | show 🗑
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| show | in which the three germ layers form
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| show | gastrulation
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| What is the role of the primary germ layers? | show 🗑
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| show | epithelial cells; loose connective tissue
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| show | central nervous system
epidermis
hair
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| Using cholesterol as a starting material, the placenta synthesizes the hormone | show 🗑
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| show | Mesoderm
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| Name the primary germ layer that gives rise to most of the epithelium of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urinary tract. | show 🗑
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| show | the primary germ layers
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| show | ectoderm; endoderm; mesoderm
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| Which primary germ layer gives rise to epidermis, hair, cutaneous glands, the nervous system, parts of special sensory organs, and the lining of the mouth? | show 🗑
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| What is the significance of the formation of the neural tube during the fourth week of development? | show 🗑
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| show | blood and blood vessels
bone
muscle
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| List three structures that arise from the endoderm. | show 🗑
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| show |
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| The ______ stage of development extends from fertilization to the 8th week of prenatal development. | show 🗑
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| Cells making up the ectoderm and endoderm are ______. The mesoderm consists of ______. | show 🗑
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| show | the embryo implants in the uterine wall
extends from the third through the eighth week of development
the main internal organs develop
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| show | neural tube
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| The primary germ layer that gives rise to the skeleton, skeletal muscles, and cartilage is the | show 🗑
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| show | Endoderm
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| show | first 8 weeks
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| The embryonic stage occurs from weeks ______ of development. | show 🗑
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| show | causes birth defects
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| show | embryonic
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| show | True
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| show | teratogens
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| show | extends from the third through the eighth weWhat is the vernix caseosa?ek of development
the main internal organs develop
the embryo implants in the uterine wall
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| show | at end of week 8
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| Indicate three developmental events that occur during third month of pregnancy. | show 🗑
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| The most critical period of development occurs during the ______ of development when all of the organ systems and structures are forming. | show 🗑
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| show | Fine, downy hair found on newborns.
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| show | A mixture of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats fetal and newborn skin.
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| The embryo implants in the uterine wall, the main internal organs develop, and the major external body structures appear during the ______ stage of development. | show 🗑
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| Ossification, coordinated movement, and the formation of fine, downy hair are associated with which stage of development? | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | vernix caseosa
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| show | eye brows and eye lashes form
ossification begins
woman feels movement
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| show | fetal hemoglobin
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| show | Body lengthening accelerates.
External reproductive structures are distinguishable.
Head growth slows.
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| show | vein
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| What is the vernix caseosa? | show 🗑
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| show | venosus
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| show | False
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| What is the foramen ovale? | show 🗑
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| The external reproductive structures and ossification centers form during the ______ month of prenatal development. second third fifth sixth seventh | show 🗑
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| show | Umbilical vein
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| Name the vessel within the fetal circulation that provides a bypass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit. | show 🗑
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| show | vernix caseosa
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| During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via a vessel called the ______. | show 🗑
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| show | foramen ovale
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| show | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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| show | It is a bypass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.
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| Which hormone is at its highest level during the first trimester of pregnancy? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)? | show 🗑
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| show | produce estrogen and progesterone
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| show | corpus luteum; placenta
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| During the first three months of gestation, which hormone is found at its highest concentration in the woman's blood? | show 🗑
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| show | placenta
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| show | placental lactogen
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| show | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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| During pregnancy, uterine contractions are suppressed by which hormone? | show 🗑
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| show | placenta
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| Which hormone helps maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium? | show 🗑
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| show | placental progesterone
placental estrogens
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| show | cardiac output
urine production
blood volume
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| show | prepares the mammary glands for milk production
stimulates breast development
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| List two functions of placental lactogen. | show 🗑
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| True or False Nutrient deficiency is more frequently observed in the pregnant woman than the developing fetus. | show 🗑
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| Function of the hormone relaxin is to: thin the epithelium of the ovary to allow the oocyte to emerge at ovulation suppress smooth muscle contraction loosen the ovarian ligament during labor so that that the ovary doesn't tear away from its locat | show 🗑
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| The corpus luteum and the placenta both ______. | show 🗑
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| Which term refers to the process of childbirth? contractions labor parturition | show 🗑
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| Identify three hormones that are present in elevated levels during pregnancy. | show 🗑
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| As pregnancy progresses, levels of ______ decline which stimulates an increase in the synthesis of ______. | show 🗑
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| show | The developing child absorbs nutrients more efficiently than the mother.
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| What is the function of oxytocin? | show 🗑
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| During pregnancy, uterine contractions are suppressed by which hormone | show 🗑
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| The clinical term for the birth process is | show 🗑
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| The hormone ______ suppresses uterine contractions. The hormone ______ stimulates uterine contractions. | show 🗑
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| During labor, the pressure of the fetal head on the cervix leads to stronger and more frequent contractions. These contractions then push the head of the fetus further, which gives feedback to the brain, causing even stronger and more frequent contraction | show 🗑
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| show | head downward, with head against cervix
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| Describe the process of labor. | show 🗑
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| What is an episiotomy? | show 🗑
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| The pressure of the head of the fetus on the cervix during labor leads to stronger and more frequent contractions. This is an example of ______. | show 🗑
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| Identify the hormone(s) secreted during pregnancy that, when at high levels, cause(s) the ductile system of the mammary glands to grow and branch. | show 🗑
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| Within two or three days after birth, the pituitary hormone __ stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk. | show 🗑
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| show | colostrum
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| During delivery, surgeons may opt to make an incision in the perineal tissues to prevent tearing. This procedure is called a(n) ______. | show 🗑
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| show | Suckling causes the production of more milk.
Milk ejection is controlled by a reflex reaction involving the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveolar glands expels milk
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| show | progesterone
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| The hormone prolactin ______. | show 🗑
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| show | neonatal period
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| show | The placenta, which produces progesterone and lactogen, has been expelled.
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| The time period from birth to four weeks of age is called ______. | show 🗑
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| Similar to breast milk but containing less fat and more maternal antibodies, the mammary secretion called __ occurs immediately after birth | show 🗑
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| What is the function of surfactant? | show 🗑
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| The release of milk from the breast is controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex that stimulates contraction of what cell type? | show 🗑
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| What causes the foramen ovale to close? | show 🗑
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| show | the first 4 weeks of life
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| The expansion of the alveoli in a newborn is made easier by the production of ______. | show 🗑
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| An individual first becomes reproductively functional during the ____ stage of development. | show 🗑
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| At birth, increasing pressure in the left atrium leads to which structural change? | show 🗑
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