Reproductive System: Development
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| show | The prenatal period is from fertilization to birth.
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| show | fertilization
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| show | Field 1: uterus or cervix
Field 2: tube
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| show | Prostaglandins stimulate muscle contraction in the vaginal walls, uterus, and uterine tubes.
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| show | estrogen
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| show | prenatal period
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| During the latter part of the reproductive cycle (luteal phase), the secretion of ______ leads to the thickening of vaginal secretions which inhibits sperm movement. | show 🗑
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| What is fertilization? Process that occurs within the gonads, decreasing the number of chromosomes in the gametes. Union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte Stage of development when the zygote is a solid ball of cells. | show 🗑
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| True or False: Only a few hundred of the sperm ejaculated actually make it to the surface of the secondary oocyte. | show 🗑
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| show | Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Uterine Tube
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| show | prostaglandins
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| Why is the secretion of estrogen important during the first part of the menstrual cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | Progesterone causes the vaginal fluids to thicken, impeding sperm movement.
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| show | Most sperm never reach the oocyte.
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| What happens to a fetus that was conceived by two sperm cells penetrating one secondary oocyte? | show 🗑
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| show | 24 to 48
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| How do prostaglandins function in reproduction? | show 🗑
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| show | 48; 24
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| What would happen if more than one sperm cell fertilized a single oocyte? | show 🗑
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| show | to digest proteins, particularly those of the corona radiata
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| What is the name of the glycoprotein membrane surrounding the oocyte that the sperm cells must first bind to and then digest in order to reach the oocyte? | show 🗑
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| show | prostaglandins
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| The ______ is digested by enzymes contained in the acrosome of sperm cells. | show 🗑
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| Fertilization is more likely to result when sexual intercourse occurs ______ ovulation. | show 🗑
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| show | Enzymes are released by the oocyte that harden the zona pellucida.
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| show | hyaluronidase
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| After the sperm penetrates the corona radiata, it binds to the ______. | show 🗑
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| Removing the layers that surround the oocyte is due to the action of ______ sperm, but ______ sperm will fertilize the oocyte. | show 🗑
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| show | to digest the material forming the zona pellucida
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| show | head
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| show | one
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| show | second polar body
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| show | zona pellucida
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| To complete fertilization, the genetic material of each gamete, contained within ______, will join. | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| show | 46
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| show | second polar body
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| What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell? | show 🗑
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| Prior to joining (fusing) as fertilization completes, the organelles of the oocyte and the sperm, called _____, contain the genetic material contributed by each parent. | show 🗑
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| show | second polar body
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| show | Pregnancy is divided into three 12-week periods.
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| show | 38
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| When the pronuclei of a sperm cell and a secondary oocyte join, a(n) ____ is formed. | show 🗑
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| What is another term for the cell divisions that occur during the earliest stages of prenatal development? | show 🗑
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| During the early stages of cleavage, what is happening within the zygote? | show 🗑
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| A pregnancy is divided into three 3-month periods, each called a(n) | show 🗑
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| How do the uterine tubes function in reproduction? | show 🗑
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| show | Prenatal
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| show | The stage of prenatal development consisting of a solid ball of cells.
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| show | zygote
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| show | blastocyst
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| The term that refers to the cell divisions that occur in the first three days after fertilization is | show 🗑
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| show | The number of cells within the zygote increases exponentially during cleavage.
Cleavage occurs while the zygote is moving through the uterine tube and into the uterine cavity.
Cleavage occurs rapidly.
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| show | cleavage embryo
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| show | morula
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| Cells of the early blastocyst (before implantation) are pluripotent. True or False | show 🗑
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| show | inner cell mass
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| show | The stage of prenatal development consisting of a solid ball of cells.
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| show | the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that develops into the placenta
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| How do fraternal twins occur? | show 🗑
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| Describe the cells of a blastocyst, prior to implantation. | show 🗑
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| How do identical twins occur? | show 🗑
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| The inner cell mass develops into which prenatal structure? | show 🗑
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| What is the outer layer of cells of a blastocyst called? | show 🗑
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| show | fraternal
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| show | digest part of the uterine lining
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| show | implantation
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| When twins develop from a single fertilized oocyte, they are referred to as ___ twins | show 🗑
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| An ectopic pregnancy occurs when ______. | show 🗑
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| show | inner cell mass
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| show | implantation
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| How does the blastocyst become embedded in the uterine lining? | show 🗑
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| show | implantation
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| When implantation occurs outside of the uterus, it is classified as a(n) ___ pregnancy | show 🗑
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| The inner cell mass develops into which prenatal structure? trophoblast yolk sac placenta embryo proper | show 🗑
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| show | Placenta
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| At about seven days after fertilization, the ___ attaches to the lining of the uterus. | show 🗑
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| show | digest part of the uterine lining
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| show | attach embryo to uterine wall
produce hormones
exchange gases and nutrients between the maternal blood and embryonic blood
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| show | outermost extraembryonic membrane
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| show | placenta
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| show | chorionic villi
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| show | Placenta
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| The spaces surrounding the chorionic villi are called | show 🗑
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| The outermost extraembryonic membrane is called the _____ | show 🗑
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| What is the embryonic disc? the point in the uterus where the embryo attaches the yolk sac and amniotic sac combined the hollow cavity in the blastocyst the flattened inner cell mass | show 🗑
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| show | Placenta
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| The ______ is a membrane enclosing the fluid-filled space surrounding the developing embryo. amnion yolk sac allantois | show 🗑
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| show | Field 1: villi or villus
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| The amniotic cavity is the space between the ______. | show 🗑
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| List three functions of the placenta. | show 🗑
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| What is the name of the flattened inner cell mass? embryonic disc primitive disc primitive groove | show 🗑
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| The placenta arises from which extraembryonic membrane? amnion chorion allantois | show 🗑
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| show | Amnion
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| show | amniotic cavity
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| Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the embryo and maternal blood through the structure called the | show 🗑
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| show | disc
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| In the uterus, the fetus is surrounded by a fluid called ______. | show 🗑
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| show | chorion
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| List three functions of the amniotic fluid. | show 🗑
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| show | amnion and the embryonic disc
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| What is an embryonic disc? | show 🗑
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| show | fluid surrounding the fetus in utero
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| show | connecting stalk
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| List the blood vessels found in the umbilical cord. | show 🗑
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| What cushions the embryo and helps maintain embryonic body temperature? Multiple choice question. endometrium ovarian ligament amniotic fluid urinary bladder | show 🗑
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| What is the amniochorionic membrane? The precursor of the chorionic villi that forms the placenta. The membrane formed by the differentiation of the allantois. The membrane formed by the fusion of the chorion and amnion. | show 🗑
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| show | forms blood cells for the embryo
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| Which structure suspends the embryo in the amniotic cavity? umbilical cord chorionic villus placenta allantois | show 🗑
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| An extraembryonic membrane that extends into the connecting stalk and that will give rise to umbilical blood vessels is the | show 🗑
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| During development, the amniotic cavity enlarges to the point that the amnion presses against and fuses with the chorion. This results in the formation of the ______. | show 🗑
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| The structure that forms during the second week of development and functions to produce blood cells and precursors to the sex cells is the ____ ___ | show 🗑
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| show | Fetal and maternal blood are separated by a placental membrane.
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| Indicate three mechanisms by which nutrients enter the embryo. | show 🗑
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| Which extraembryonic membrane gives rise to the umbilical blood vessels? | show 🗑
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| show | Progesterone
Estrogen
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| During which stage of development do the primary germ layers form? gastrula blastocyst morula | show 🗑
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| show | formation of three germ layers
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| show | Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
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| show | False
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| show | progesterone; estrogens
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| A gastrula is the stage of development ______. | show 🗑
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| The process of ______ involves the movement of embryonic cells to form a mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm layers of cells. | show 🗑
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| show | give rise to all organs
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| Cells making up the ectoderm and endoderm are ______. The mesoderm consists of ______. | show 🗑
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| List three tissue types that are produced by the ectoderm. | show 🗑
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| show | Progesterone, estrogen
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| The primary germ layer that gives rise to the skeleton, skeletal muscles, and cartilage is the | show 🗑
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| Name the primary germ layer that gives rise to most of the epithelium of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urinary tract. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following gives rise to the internal organs? the placenta the primary germ layers the uterine wall the trophoblast | show 🗑
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| Of the primary germ layers, the ______ and ______ consist of epithelial cells, while the ______ consists of loose connective tissue. | show 🗑
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| Which primary germ layer gives rise to epidermis, hair, cutaneous glands, the nervous system, parts of special sensory organs, and the lining of the mouth? | show 🗑
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| show | first evidence of central nervous system development
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| List three tissue types that develop from the mesoderm. | show 🗑
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| show | epithelium of the digestive tract
lining of the respiratory tract
urethral lining
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| What is the role of the primary germ layers? give rise to all organs produce hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy form the embryonic portion of the placenta give rise to the extraembryonic membranes | show 🗑
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| The ______ stage of development extends from fertilization to the 8th week of prenatal development. | show 🗑
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| show | epithelial cells; loose connective tissue
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| show | the embryo implants in the uterine wall
extends from the third through the eighth week of development
the main internal organs develop
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| Which structure, developed during the fourth week of gestation, is the precursor to the central nervous system? | show 🗑
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| show | mesoderm
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| show | Endoderm
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| show | first 8 weeks
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| show | 3-8
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| show | causes birth defects
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| show | embryonic
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| True or False: The first eight weeks of embryonic development are considered to be the most critical because that is when all of the essential external and internal body parts form. | show 🗑
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| show | teratogens
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| Which three statements apply to the embryonic stage of development? | show 🗑
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| show | at end of week 8
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| show | Body lengthening accelerates.
External reproductive structures are distinguishable.
Head growth slows.
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| show | First 8 weeks
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| show | Fine, downy hair found on newborns.
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| What is the vernix caseosa? | show 🗑
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| The embryo implants in the uterine wall, the main internal organs develop, and the major external body structures appear during the ______ stage of development. | show 🗑
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| Ossification, coordinated movement, and the formation of fine, downy hair are associated with which stage of development? | show 🗑
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| True or False: Although slightly different in composition, fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin have the same affinity for oxygen. | show 🗑
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| Name the layer of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats the fetal and newborn skin. | show 🗑
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| Which three of the following are associated with the fetal stage of development? | show 🗑
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| Which form of hemoglobin has the greater affinity for oxygen? Multiple choice question. fetal hemoglobin adult hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| Indicate three developmental events that occur during third month of pregnancy. | show 🗑
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| Within the umbilical cord, the vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus is the umbilical | show 🗑
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| What is the vernix caseosa? | show 🗑
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| In the developing fetus, blood from the umbilical vein bypasses the liver and empties directly into the vena cava by way of a vessel called the ductus | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| What is the foramen ovale? | show 🗑
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| show | third
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| Which of these vessels carries well-oxygenated blood? Multiple choice question. Umbilical vein Umbilical artery | show 🗑
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| Name the vessel within the fetal circulation that provides a bypass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit. | show 🗑
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| Name the layer of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats the fetal and newborn skin. | show 🗑
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| During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via a vessel called the ______. | show 🗑
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| show | foramen ovale
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| The hormone produced by trophoblast cells that maintains the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy is ______. | show 🗑
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| Describe the function of the ductus arteriosus. | show 🗑
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| show | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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| What is the function of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)? | show 🗑
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| The corpus luteum and the placenta both ______. form after implantation are located in the ovary produce hCG produce estrogen and progesterone | show 🗑
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| show | corpus luteum; placenta
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| During the first three months of gestation, which hormone is found at its highest concentration in the woman's blood? | show 🗑
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| After the first trimester, the uterine wall is maintained by the secretion of estrogens and progesterone by the ______. | show 🗑
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| show | placental lactogen
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| The hormone produced by trophoblast cells that maintains the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy is ______. | show 🗑
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| show | relaxin
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| The ______ and the corpus luteum produce estrogens and/or progesterone during pregnancy. | show 🗑
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| Which hormone helps maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium? | show 🗑
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| Which two hormones maintain the uterine wall after the first trimester of pregnancy? | show 🗑
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| show | cardiac output
urine production
blood volume
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| show | prepares the mammary glands for milk production
stimulates breast development
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| show | prepares the mammary glands for milk production
stimulates breast development
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| show | True
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| show | suppress smooth muscle contraction
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| show | produce estrogen and progesterone
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| show |
parturition
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| Identify three hormones that are present in elevated levels during pregnancy. | show 🗑
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| As pregnancy progresses, levels of ______ decline which stimulates an increase in the synthesis of ______. | show 🗑
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| Pregnant women commonly exhibit symptoms of nutrient deficiencies. Why? | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates uterine contractions
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| During pregnancy, uterine contractions are suppressed by which hormone | show 🗑
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| The clinical term for the birth process is | show 🗑
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| show | progesterone; prostaglandin
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| show | Positive Feedback
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| show | head downward, with head against cervix
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| Describe the process of labor. | show 🗑
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| What is an episiotomy? | show 🗑
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| show | positive feedback
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| show | estrogens
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| Within two or three days after birth, the pituitary hormone __ stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk. | show 🗑
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| show | colostrum
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| During delivery, surgeons may opt to make an incision in the perineal tissues to prevent tearing. This procedure is called a(n) ______. | show 🗑
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| Which three statements describe milk ejection? | show 🗑
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| The hormone that is primarily responsible for the development of alveolar glands in breast tissue during pregnancy is | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates the production of milk
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| show | neonatal period
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| show | The placenta, which produces progesterone and lactogen, has been expelled.
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| show | the neonatal period
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| show | colostrum
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| show | It reduces surface tension in the lungs.
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| show | myoepithelial cells
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| What causes the foramen ovale to close? | show 🗑
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| When is the neonatal period? | show 🗑
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| show | surfactant
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| An individual first becomes reproductively functional during the ____ stage of development. | show 🗑
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| show | closing of the foramen ovale
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