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Describe the prenatal period.
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The union of a secondary oocyte and a sperm cell is called ______.
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Anatomy & Physiology
Reproductive System: Development
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Describe the prenatal period. | The prenatal period is from fertilization to birth. |
| The union of a secondary oocyte and a sperm cell is called ______. | fertilization |
| Once sperm are deposited in the vagina, they must move upward through the ____to reach the secondary oocyte in the uterine _____ | Field 1: uterus or cervix Field 2: tube |
| How do prostaglandins function in reproduction? | Prostaglandins stimulate muscle contraction in the vaginal walls, uterus, and uterine tubes. |
| Sperm transport and survival is facilitated by thin watery vaginal secretions. Which hormone encourages the production of these secretions? | estrogen |
| Name the developmental phase that begins with the fertilization of the egg and ends at birth. | prenatal period |
| During the latter part of the reproductive cycle (luteal phase), the secretion of ______ leads to the thickening of vaginal secretions which inhibits sperm movement. | progesterone |
| What is fertilization? Process that occurs within the gonads, decreasing the number of chromosomes in the gametes. Union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte Stage of development when the zygote is a solid ball of cells. | Union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte |
| True or False: Only a few hundred of the sperm ejaculated actually make it to the surface of the secondary oocyte. | True |
| Once semen is ejaculated into the female reproductive system, the sperm cells begin their journey toward the secondary oocyte. Name structures in the order through which the sperm cells pass on their way to the secondary oocyte, with the first place sperm | Vagina Cervix Uterus Uterine Tube |
| Which component of the semen increases sperm cell motility and the contraction of the muscles in the vaginal wall and uterus? | prostaglandins |
| Why is the secretion of estrogen important during the first part of the menstrual cycle? | Estrogen production leads to the secretion of a thin watery fluid that promotes sperm transport and survival. |
| How does progesterone affect the vaginal fluids during the latter part of the reproductive cycle (luteal phase)? | Progesterone causes the vaginal fluids to thicken, impeding sperm movement. |
| Which is true about the process of fertilization? Several million sperm surround the oocyte, attempting to penetrate it. Most sperm never reach the oocyte. Usually, several hundred sperm penetrate an oocyte. | Most sperm never reach the oocyte. |
| What happens to a fetus that was conceived by two sperm cells penetrating one secondary oocyte? | It would have gross abnormalities and would not survive. |
| Sperm cells are best able to fertilize an oocyte ______ hours after ejaculation. | 24 to 48 |
| How do prostaglandins function in reproduction? | Prostaglandins stimulate muscle contraction in the vaginal walls, uterus, and uterine tubes. |
| Fertilization is more likely to occur if sexual intercourse takes place between __ hours before ovulation and __ hours after ovulation. | 48; 24 |
| What would happen if more than one sperm cell fertilized a single oocyte? | The zygote would have too many chromosomes. |
| What is the function of the enzyme hyaluronidase, which is associated with the cell membrane of sperm cells? | to digest proteins, particularly those of the corona radiata |
| What is the name of the glycoprotein membrane surrounding the oocyte that the sperm cells must first bind to and then digest in order to reach the oocyte? | zona pellucida |
| Which component of the semen increases sperm cell motility and the contraction of the muscles in the vaginal wall and uterus? | prostaglandins |
| The ______ is digested by enzymes contained in the acrosome of sperm cells. | zona pellucida |
| Fertilization is more likely to result when sexual intercourse occurs ______ ovulation. | within 24 hours after |
| How does an oocyte prevent fertilization by more than one sperm? | Enzymes are released by the oocyte that harden the zona pellucida. |
| The enzyme that is associated with the sperm cell membrane, and functions to digest proteins within the corona radiata, thus aiding the sperm in its attempt to penetrate an oocyte, is called | hyaluronidase |
| After the sperm penetrates the corona radiata, it binds to the ______. | zona pellucida |
| Removing the layers that surround the oocyte is due to the action of ______ sperm, but ______ sperm will fertilize the oocyte. | hundreds of; one |
| What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell? | to digest the material forming the zona pellucida |
| Which part of a sperm cell enters the secondary oocyte during fertilization? | head |
| In order for fertilization to occur, the head(s) of ______ sperm cell(s) need(s) to enter the secondary oocyte. | one |
| When meiosis II of oogenesis completes, the small, nonviable daughter cell that is formed is called a ______. | second polar body |
| The ______ is digested by enzymes contained in the acrosome of sperm cells. | zona pellucida |
| To complete fertilization, the genetic material of each gamete, contained within ______, will join. | pronuclei |
| During fertilization, the entire sperm cell enters and combines with the secondary oocyte to form the zygote True or False: | False |
| How many chromosomes are found in a zygote? | 46 |
| What will be formed only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized? | second polar body |
| What is the function of the enzymes contained within the acrosome of a sperm cell? | to digest the material forming the zona pellucida |
| Prior to joining (fusing) as fertilization completes, the organelles of the oocyte and the sperm, called _____, contain the genetic material contributed by each parent. | Field 1: pronuclei or pronucleus |
| When meiosis II of oogenesis completes, the small, nonviable daughter cell that is formed is called a ______. | second polar body |
| A pregnancy is divided into trimesters, which means that the ______. | Pregnancy is divided into three 12-week periods. |
| The prenatal period of development, from conception to delivery, lasts ______ weeks. | 38 |
| When the pronuclei of a sperm cell and a secondary oocyte join, a(n) ____ is formed. | Zygote |
| What is another term for the cell divisions that occur during the earliest stages of prenatal development? | cleavage |
| During the early stages of cleavage, what is happening within the zygote? | production of increasingly smaller cells |
| A pregnancy is divided into three 3-month periods, each called a(n) | trimester |
| How do the uterine tubes function in reproduction? | Cells lining the uterine tubes have cilia that move the developing embryo toward the uterus. |
| A normal ______ period of development lasts approximately 38 weeks. | Prenatal |
| What is a morula? | The stage of prenatal development consisting of a solid ball of cells. |
| To complete fertilization, the union of a sperm pronucleus with the pronucleus from a secondary oocyte forms the ______. | zygote |
| A developing embryo that consists of a hollow ball of cells is referred to as a(n) | blastocyst |
| The term that refers to the cell divisions that occur in the first three days after fertilization is | cleavage |
| Which three of the following statements describe the process of cleavage? | The number of cells within the zygote increases exponentially during cleavage. Cleavage occurs while the zygote is moving through the uterine tube and into the uterine cavity. Cleavage occurs rapidly. |
| Cells in the uterine tube nourish and assist in moving the developing ______ toward the uterus. | cleavage embryo |
| Around the third day after fertilization the zygote becomes a solid ball of cells, now called a(n) ______. | morula |
| Cells of the early blastocyst (before implantation) are pluripotent. True or False | True |
| Which structure becomes the embryo proper? | inner cell mass |
| What is a morula? | The stage of prenatal development consisting of a solid ball of cells. |
| The trophoblast is ______. | the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that develops into the placenta |
| How do fraternal twins occur? | fertilization of two separate oocytes |
| Describe the cells of a blastocyst, prior to implantation. | The cells are pluripotent. |
| How do identical twins occur? | the splitting of the inner cell mass of a single oocyte at an early stage |
| The inner cell mass develops into which prenatal structure? | embryo proper |
| What is the outer layer of cells of a blastocyst called? | trophoblast |
| When two different oocytes are released at ovulation, and both are fertilized and then implant in the uterus, ____ twin result | fraternal |
| Enzymes produced by the blastocyst allow it to ______. digest part of the uterine lining stimulate the production of FSH stimulate the onset of labor attract sperm to its location | digest part of the uterine lining |
| The process of embedding a blastocyst into the endometrium is called | implantation |
| When twins develop from a single fertilized oocyte, they are referred to as ___ twins | identical |
| An ectopic pregnancy occurs when ______. | implantation occurs outside of the uterus |
| Which structure becomes the embryo proper? | inner cell mass |
| What usually occurs about seven days after fertilization? | implantation |
| How does the blastocyst become embedded in the uterine lining? | The blastocyst produces enzymes that digest the uterine lining. |
| The process by which the blastocyst attaches to the uterine endometrium is called ______. | implantation |
| When implantation occurs outside of the uterus, it is classified as a(n) ___ pregnancy | ectopic |
| The inner cell mass develops into which prenatal structure? trophoblast yolk sac placenta embryo proper | embryo proper |
| The ______ is a vascular tissue produced by embryonic and maternal tissues that attaches the embryo to the uterine wall. placenta blastocyst first polar body inner cell mass | Placenta |
| At about seven days after fertilization, the ___ attaches to the lining of the uterus. | blastocyst |
| Enzymes produced by the blastocyst allow it to ______. attract sperm to its location stimulate the production of FSH digest part of the uterine lining stimulate the onset of labor | digest part of the uterine lining |
| List three functions of the placenta. | attach embryo to uterine wall produce hormones exchange gases and nutrients between the maternal blood and embryonic blood |
| What is the chorion? finger-like projections that grow from trophoblast into the endometrium innermost extraembryonic membrane outermost extraembryonic membrane inner cell mass | outermost extraembryonic membrane |
| What is the name of the vascular structure that nourishes and connects the developing embryo to the uterine wall? morula inner cell mass placenta umbilical cord | placenta |
| What is the name of the finger-like outgrowths of the chorion that grow into the endometrium? lacunae embryonic discs chorionic villi umbilical pili | chorionic villi |
| Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the embryo and maternal blood through the structure called the _____ | Placenta |
| The spaces surrounding the chorionic villi are called | Lacunae |
| The outermost extraembryonic membrane is called the _____ | chorion |
| What is the embryonic disc? the point in the uterus where the embryo attaches the yolk sac and amniotic sac combined the hollow cavity in the blastocyst the flattened inner cell mass | the flattened inner cell mass |
| The ______ is a vascular tissue produced by embryonic and maternal tissues that attaches the embryo to the uterine wall. | Placenta |
| The ______ is a membrane enclosing the fluid-filled space surrounding the developing embryo. amnion yolk sac allantois | amnion |
| The finger-like branches of the chorion that extend into the maternal endometrium are called chorionic | Field 1: villi or villus |
| The amniotic cavity is the space between the ______. | amnion and the embryonic disc |
| List three functions of the placenta. | exchange gases and nutrients between the maternal blood and embryonic blood produce hormones attach embryo to uterine wall |
| What is the name of the flattened inner cell mass? embryonic disc primitive disc primitive groove | embryonic disc |
| The placenta arises from which extraembryonic membrane? amnion chorion allantois | chorion |
| The membrane enclosing the fluid-filled space that surrounds the embryo after the second week of prenatal development is called the _______ | Amnion |
| What is the narrow space between the embryonic disc and amnion called? | amniotic cavity |
| Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the embryo and maternal blood through the structure called the | placenta |
| By the end of the second week of embryonic development, the inner cell mass organizes into a flattened structure called an embryonic | disc |
| In the uterus, the fetus is surrounded by a fluid called ______. | amniotic fluid |
| The extraembryonic membrane that forms the placenta is the | chorion |
| List three functions of the amniotic fluid. | prevents compression of the embryo helps maintain embryonic body temperature protects the embryo from jarring impacts |
| The amniotic cavity is the space between the ______. | amnion and the embryonic disc |
| What is an embryonic disc? | flattened inner cell mass |
| What is amniotic fluid? fluid surrounding the fetus in utero fluid released from the breast before milk production begins fluid within the follicle just prior to ovulation fluid released from the hypothalamus | fluid surrounding the fetus in utero |
| The umbilical cord arises from which structure? chorionic villus yolk sac endometrium connecting stalk | connecting stalk |
| List the blood vessels found in the umbilical cord. | two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein |
| What cushions the embryo and helps maintain embryonic body temperature? Multiple choice question. endometrium ovarian ligament amniotic fluid urinary bladder | amniotic fluid |
| What is the amniochorionic membrane? The precursor of the chorionic villi that forms the placenta. The membrane formed by the differentiation of the allantois. The membrane formed by the fusion of the chorion and amnion. | The membrane formed by the fusion of the chorion and amnion. |
| What is a function of the yolk sac? suppresses uterine contractions. produces the amniotic fluid forms blood cells for the embryo produces hormones to maintain the endometrium | forms blood cells for the embryo |
| Which structure suspends the embryo in the amniotic cavity? umbilical cord chorionic villus placenta allantois | umbilical cord |
| An extraembryonic membrane that extends into the connecting stalk and that will give rise to umbilical blood vessels is the | allantois |
| During development, the amniotic cavity enlarges to the point that the amnion presses against and fuses with the chorion. This results in the formation of the ______. | amniochorionic membrane |
| The structure that forms during the second week of development and functions to produce blood cells and precursors to the sex cells is the ____ ___ | yolk sac |
| Describe the interaction of the fetal and maternal blood systems. | Fetal and maternal blood are separated by a placental membrane. |
| Indicate three mechanisms by which nutrients enter the embryo. | pinocytosis active transport diffusion |
| Which extraembryonic membrane gives rise to the umbilical blood vessels? | allantois |
| Using cholesterol as a starting material, the placenta synthesizes the hormone ___This hormone is then converted to ____ by the embryonic adrenal glands. | Progesterone Estrogen |
| During which stage of development do the primary germ layers form? gastrula blastocyst morula | gastrula |
| What occurs during gastrulation? | formation of three germ layers |
| Indicate the three primary germ layers | Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm |
| True or False: All gases and nutrients pass from the mother to the developing fetus by diffusion. | False |
| The placenta produces the hormone ______ which is converted to ______ by the developing adrenal glands of the embryo. | progesterone; estrogens |
| A gastrula is the stage of development ______. | in which the three germ layers form |
| The process of ______ involves the movement of embryonic cells to form a mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm layers of cells. | gastrulation |
| What is the role of the primary germ layers? | give rise to all organs |
| Cells making up the ectoderm and endoderm are ______. The mesoderm consists of ______. | epithelial cells; loose connective tissue |
| List three tissue types that are produced by the ectoderm. | central nervous system epidermis hair |
| Using cholesterol as a starting material, the placenta synthesizes the hormone | Progesterone, estrogen |
| The primary germ layer that gives rise to the skeleton, skeletal muscles, and cartilage is the | Mesoderm |
| Name the primary germ layer that gives rise to most of the epithelium of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urinary tract. | endoderm |
| Which of the following gives rise to the internal organs? the placenta the primary germ layers the uterine wall the trophoblast | the primary germ layers |
| Of the primary germ layers, the ______ and ______ consist of epithelial cells, while the ______ consists of loose connective tissue. | ectoderm; endoderm; mesoderm |
| Which primary germ layer gives rise to epidermis, hair, cutaneous glands, the nervous system, parts of special sensory organs, and the lining of the mouth? | ectoderm |
| What is the significance of the formation of the neural tube during the fourth week of development? | first evidence of central nervous system development |
| List three tissue types that develop from the mesoderm. | blood and blood vessels bone muscle |
| List three structures that arise from the endoderm. | epithelium of the digestive tract lining of the respiratory tract urethral lining |
| What is the role of the primary germ layers? give rise to all organs produce hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy form the embryonic portion of the placenta give rise to the extraembryonic membranes | |
| The ______ stage of development extends from fertilization to the 8th week of prenatal development. | embryonic |
| Cells making up the ectoderm and endoderm are ______. The mesoderm consists of ______. | epithelial cells; loose connective tissue |
| Which three statements apply to the embryonic stage of development? | the embryo implants in the uterine wall extends from the third through the eighth week of development the main internal organs develop |
| Which structure, developed during the fourth week of gestation, is the precursor to the central nervous system? | neural tube |
| The primary germ layer that gives rise to the skeleton, skeletal muscles, and cartilage is the | mesoderm |
| Name the primary germ layer that gives rise to most of the epithelium of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder, and urinary tract. | Endoderm |
| The most critical period of development occurs during the ______ of development when all of the organ systems and structures are forming. | first 8 weeks |
| The embryonic stage occurs from weeks ______ of development. | 3-8 |
| A teratogen is a compound that ______. | causes birth defects |
| The embryo implants in the uterine wall, the main internal organs develop, and the major external body structures appear during the __ stage of development | embryonic |
| True or False: The first eight weeks of embryonic development are considered to be the most critical because that is when all of the essential external and internal body parts form. | True |
| Substances that cause birth defects are known as | teratogens |
| Which three statements apply to the embryonic stage of development? | extends from the third through the eighth weWhat is the vernix caseosa?ek of development the main internal organs develop the embryo implants in the uterine wall |
| When does the fetal stage begin? | at end of week 8 |
| Indicate three developmental events that occur during third month of pregnancy. | Body lengthening accelerates. External reproductive structures are distinguishable. Head growth slows. |
| The most critical period of development occurs during the ______ of development when all of the organ systems and structures are forming. | First 8 weeks |
| What is lanugo? | Fine, downy hair found on newborns. |
| What is the vernix caseosa? | A mixture of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats fetal and newborn skin. |
| The embryo implants in the uterine wall, the main internal organs develop, and the major external body structures appear during the ______ stage of development. | Embryonic |
| Ossification, coordinated movement, and the formation of fine, downy hair are associated with which stage of development? | fetal |
| True or False: Although slightly different in composition, fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin have the same affinity for oxygen. | False |
| Name the layer of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats the fetal and newborn skin. | vernix caseosa |
| Which three of the following are associated with the fetal stage of development? | eye brows and eye lashes form ossification begins woman feels movement |
| Which form of hemoglobin has the greater affinity for oxygen? Multiple choice question. fetal hemoglobin adult hemoglobin | fetal hemoglobin |
| Indicate three developmental events that occur during third month of pregnancy. | Body lengthening accelerates. External reproductive structures are distinguishable. Head growth slows. |
| Within the umbilical cord, the vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus is the umbilical | vein |
| What is the vernix caseosa? | A mixture of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats fetal and newborn skin. |
| In the developing fetus, blood from the umbilical vein bypasses the liver and empties directly into the vena cava by way of a vessel called the ductus | venosus |
| True or False: Although slightly different in composition, fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin have the same affinity for oxygen. | False |
| What is the foramen ovale? | an opening in the interatrial septum that blood flows through |
| The external reproductive structures and ossification centers form during the ______ month of prenatal development. second third fifth sixth seventh | third |
| Which of these vessels carries well-oxygenated blood? Multiple choice question. Umbilical vein Umbilical artery | Umbilical vein |
| Name the vessel within the fetal circulation that provides a bypass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit. | ductus arteriosus |
| Name the layer of sebum and dead epithelial cells that coats the fetal and newborn skin. | vernix caseosa |
| During fetal development, blood from the umbilical cord flows directly into the vena cava bypassing the liver via a vessel called the ______. | ductus venosus |
| Blood from the right atrium of the fetal heart bypasses the lungs and flows directly into the left atrium through the ______. | foramen ovale |
| The hormone produced by trophoblast cells that maintains the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy is ______. | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| Describe the function of the ductus arteriosus. | It is a bypass from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. |
| Which hormone is at its highest level during the first trimester of pregnancy? | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| What is the function of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)? | prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating |
| The corpus luteum and the placenta both ______. form after implantation are located in the ovary produce hCG produce estrogen and progesterone | produce estrogen and progesterone |
| During the first trimester, the ______ acts as an important source of pregnancy hormones. For the second and third trimester, the ______ provides the necessary estrogens and progesterone. | corpus luteum; placenta |
| During the first three months of gestation, which hormone is found at its highest concentration in the woman's blood? | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| After the first trimester, the uterine wall is maintained by the secretion of estrogens and progesterone by the ______. | placenta |
| Which hormone stimulates the development of the breast tissue during pregnancy? | placental lactogen |
| The hormone produced by trophoblast cells that maintains the corpus luteum during the early stages of pregnancy is ______. | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| During pregnancy, uterine contractions are suppressed by which hormone? | relaxin |
| The ______ and the corpus luteum produce estrogens and/or progesterone during pregnancy. | placenta |
| Which hormone helps maintain a high concentration of maternal blood calcium? | parathyroid hormone |
| Which two hormones maintain the uterine wall after the first trimester of pregnancy? | placental progesterone placental estrogens |
| Which three of the following increase in the mother during pregnancy? | cardiac output urine production blood volume |
| List two functions of placental lactogen. | prepares the mammary glands for milk production stimulates breast development |
| List two functions of placental lactogen. | prepares the mammary glands for milk production stimulates breast development |
| True or False Nutrient deficiency is more frequently observed in the pregnant woman than the developing fetus. | True |
| Function of the hormone relaxin is to: thin the epithelium of the ovary to allow the oocyte to emerge at ovulation suppress smooth muscle contraction loosen the ovarian ligament during labor so that that the ovary doesn't tear away from its locat | suppress smooth muscle contraction |
| The corpus luteum and the placenta both ______. | produce estrogen and progesterone |
| Which term refers to the process of childbirth? contractions labor parturition | parturition |
| Identify three hormones that are present in elevated levels during pregnancy. | parathyroid hormone aldosterone placental estrogen |
| As pregnancy progresses, levels of ______ decline which stimulates an increase in the synthesis of ______. | progesterone; prostaglandin |
| Pregnant women commonly exhibit symptoms of nutrient deficiencies. Why? | The developing child absorbs nutrients more efficiently than the mother. |
| What is the function of oxytocin? | stimulates uterine contractions |
| During pregnancy, uterine contractions are suppressed by which hormone | relaxin |
| The clinical term for the birth process is | parturition |
| The hormone ______ suppresses uterine contractions. The hormone ______ stimulates uterine contractions. | progesterone; prostaglandin |
| During labor, the pressure of the fetal head on the cervix leads to stronger and more frequent contractions. These contractions then push the head of the fetus further, which gives feedback to the brain, causing even stronger and more frequent contraction | Positive Feedback |
| Describe the normal position of a fetus as the time of birth nears. | head downward, with head against cervix |
| Describe the process of labor. | rhythmic contractions of the uterus that propel the fetus from the uterus |
| What is an episiotomy? | an incision in the perineal tissues that prevents tearing during delivery |
| The pressure of the head of the fetus on the cervix during labor leads to stronger and more frequent contractions. This is an example of ______. | positive feedback |
| Identify the hormone(s) secreted during pregnancy that, when at high levels, cause(s) the ductile system of the mammary glands to grow and branch. | estrogens |
| Within two or three days after birth, the pituitary hormone __ stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk. | Prolactin |
| Immediately after birth, the mammary glands secrete a thin, watery fluid called ______ that contains antibodies from the mother's immune system. | colostrum |
| During delivery, surgeons may opt to make an incision in the perineal tissues to prevent tearing. This procedure is called a(n) ______. | episiotomy |
| Which three statements describe milk ejection? | Suckling causes the production of more milk. Milk ejection is controlled by a reflex reaction involving the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary. Contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveolar glands expels milk |
| The hormone that is primarily responsible for the development of alveolar glands in breast tissue during pregnancy is | progesterone |
| The hormone prolactin ______. | stimulates the production of milk |
| What is the first division/stage of the postnatal period? | neonatal period |
| Why is prolactin, a hormone that has been produced since the fifth week of pregnancy, finally able to stimulate milk production after delivery? | The placenta, which produces progesterone and lactogen, has been expelled. |
| The time period from birth to four weeks of age is called ______. | the neonatal period |
| Similar to breast milk but containing less fat and more maternal antibodies, the mammary secretion called __ occurs immediately after birth | colostrum |
| What is the function of surfactant? | It reduces surface tension in the lungs. |
| The release of milk from the breast is controlled by a neuroendocrine reflex that stimulates contraction of what cell type? | myoepithelial cells |
| What causes the foramen ovale to close? | increasing pressure in the left atrium |
| When is the neonatal period? | the first 4 weeks of life |
| The expansion of the alveoli in a newborn is made easier by the production of ______. | surfactant |
| An individual first becomes reproductively functional during the ____ stage of development. | Field 1: adolescence or adolescent |
| At birth, increasing pressure in the left atrium leads to which structural change? | closing of the foramen ovale |
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