Chapter 12
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| abdomin/o celi/o lapar/o | abdomen
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| an/o | anus
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| appendic/o | appendix
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| bil/i chol/e | bile
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| bucc/o | cheek
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| cheil/o | lip
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| col/o colon/o | colon
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| cyst/o | bladder or sac
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| dent/i | teeth
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| doch/o | duct
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| duoden/o | duodenum
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| enter/o | small intestine
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| gingiv/o | gum
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| gloss/o lingu/o | tongue
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| hepato/o hepatic/o | liver
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| herni/o | hernia
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| ile/o | ileum
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| inguin/o | groin
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| jejun/o | jejunum (empty)
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| lith/o | stone
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| or/o stomat/o | mouth
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| peritone/o | peritoneum
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| phag/o | eat or swallow
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| proct/o | anus and rectum
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| sial/o | saliva
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon (resembles)
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| steat/o | fat
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| -emesis (suffix) | vomiting
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| Oral cavity | cavity that receives food for digestion
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| salivary glands | three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and the sublingual glands
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| cheeks | lateral walls of the mouth
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| lips | fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
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| palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate
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| uvula | small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
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| tongue | muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum
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| gums | tissue covering the processes of the jaws
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| teeth | hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing)
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| pharynx | throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx
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| esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx tot he stomach
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| stomach | sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
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| cardiac sphincter | opening from the esophagus to the stomach (sphincter = band)
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| pyloric sphincter | opening from the stomach into the duodenum
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| small intestine | smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
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| duodenum | first portion of the small intestine
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| jejunum | second portion of the small intestine
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| ileum | third portion of the small intestine
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| large intestine | larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
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| cecum | first part of the large intestine
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| vermiform appendix | worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection (vermi = worm)
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| colon | portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape
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| ascending colon | portion of the colon that extends "upward" from the cecum
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| transverse colon | portion of the colon that extends "across" from the ascending cecum
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| descending colon | portion of the colon that extends "downward" from the transverse colon
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| sigmoid colon | portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum
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| rectum | distal (end) portion of the large intestine
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| rectal ampulla | dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
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| anus | opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
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| feces | waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
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| defecation | evacuation of feces from the rectum
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| peritoneum | membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer; (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
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| peritoneal cavity | space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
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| omentum | an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
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| liver | organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
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| gallbladder | receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver
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| pancreas | gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
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| biliary ducts | ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
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| hypochondriac regions | upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
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| epigastric region | upper middle region below the sternum
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| lumbar regions | middle lateral regions
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| umbilical region | region of the navel
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| inguinal regions | lower lateral groin regions
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| hypogastric region | region below the navel
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| anorexia | loss of appetite (orexia = appetite)
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| aphagia | inability to swallow
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| ascites | accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascos = bag)
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| buccal | in the cheek
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| diarrhea | frequent loose or liquid stools
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| constipation | infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo = to press together)
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| dyspepsia | indigestion (pepsis = digestion)
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| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing
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| eructation | belch
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| flatulence | gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus = a blowing)
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| halitosis | bad breath (halitus = breath)
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| hematemesis | vomiting blood
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| hematochezia | red blood in stool (chezo = defecate)
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| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver
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| hyperbilirubinemia | excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
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| icterus jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood jaundice = yellow
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| melena | dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
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| nausea | feeling sick in the stomach
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| steatorrhea | feces containing fat
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| sublingual hypoglossal | under the tongue
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| ankyloglossia | tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum
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| cheilitis | inflammation of the lip
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| esophageal varices | swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
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| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus
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| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
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| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums
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| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue
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| parotiditis parotitis | inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps
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| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o = to digest)
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| gastric ulcer | ulcer located in the stomach
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| duodenal ulcer | ulcer located in the duodenum
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| pyloric stenosis | narrowed condition of the pylorus
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| sialoadenitis | inflammation of salivary gland
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| stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth
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| anal fistula | an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula = pipe)
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| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| colitis | inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
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| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
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| colorectal polyps | benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
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| pediculated polyp | projected on a stalk (ped/o = foot)
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| sessile polyp | lying flat on the surface (sessilis = low growing)
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| diverticulum | an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
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| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon
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| diverticulitis | inflammation of diverticula
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| dysentery | inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (ex. amebic dysentery)
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| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine
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| hemorrhoid | swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois = a vein likely to bleed)
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| hernia | protrusion of a part from its normal location
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| hiatal hernia | protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
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| inguinal hernia | protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
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| incarcerated hernia | hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
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| strangulated hernia | hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
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| umbilical hernia | protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
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| ileitis | inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
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| intussusception | prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus = within; suscipiens = to take up)
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum
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| proctitis | inflammation of the rectum and the anus
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| volvulus | twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo = to roll)
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| cholangitis | inflammation of the bile ducts
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| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder
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| choledocholithiasis | presence of stones in the common bile duct
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| cholelithiasis | presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
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| cirrhosis | chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho = yellow)
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| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver
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| hepatitis A | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
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| hepatitis B | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
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| hepatitis C | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| biopsy (Bx) | removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination
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| incisional biopsy | removal of a portion of a lesion
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| excisional biopsy | removal of an entire lesion
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| needle biopsy | percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (ex. for liver biopsy)
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| endoscopy | examination within body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the GI tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
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| colonoscopy | examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
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| proctoscopy | examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope
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| sigmoidoscopy | examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) | examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum w/ a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to
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| capsule endoscopy | examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities.
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| laparoscopy | examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract
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| radiography | x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, & pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieves obstructions, etc.
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| upper GI series | x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, & duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
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| barium swallow | x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects
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| fluoroscopy | x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (ex. during a barium swallow)
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| small bowel series | x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
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| lower GI series (barium enema) | x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
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| cholangiogram | x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
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| cholecystogram | x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
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| computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen | cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
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| sonography | ultrasound imaging
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| abdominal sonogram | ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (ex. liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and aorta)
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| endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) | images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures (ex. biliary ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas)
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| stool culture and sensitivity (C&S) | isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
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| stool occult blood study | chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract
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| abdominocentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
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| abdominal paracentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ex. fluid accumulated in ascites)
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| anal fistulectomy | excision of an anal fistula
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| anastomosis | union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery
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| appendectomy | excision of a diseased appendix
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| bariatric surgery | treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight; iatric = pertains to tx)
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| cheiloplasty | repair of the lip
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| cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (ex. cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)
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| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder through a laparscope
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| colostomy | creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructiions
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| esophagoplasty | repair of the esophagus
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| gastrectomy | partial or complete removal of the stomach
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| gastric resection | partial removal and repair of the stomach
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| gastroenterostomy | formation of an artificial opening b/w the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
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| glossectomy | excision of all or part of the tongue
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| glossorrhaphy | suture of the tongue
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| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids
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| hepatic lobectomy | excision of a lobe of the liver
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| herniorrhaphy hernioplasty | repair of a hernia
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| ileostomy | surgical creation of an opening on the abdoment to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (ex. ulcerative colitis)
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| laparoscopic surgery | abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
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| laparotomy | incision into the abdomen
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| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas
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| polypectomy | excision of polyps
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| proctoplasty | repair of the anus and rectum
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| gastric lavage | oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage = to wash)
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| nasogastric (NG) intubation | insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
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| antacid | drug that neutralizes stomach acid
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| antiemetic | drug that prevents or stops vomiting
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| antispasmodic | drug that decreases motility in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
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| cathartic | drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
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