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PSD-GI System
Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abdomin/o celi/o lapar/o | abdomen |
| an/o | anus |
| appendic/o | appendix |
| bil/i chol/e | bile |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| cheil/o | lip |
| col/o colon/o | colon |
| cyst/o | bladder or sac |
| dent/i | teeth |
| doch/o | duct |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | small intestine |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| gingiv/o | gum |
| gloss/o lingu/o | tongue |
| hepato/o hepatic/o | liver |
| herni/o | hernia |
| ile/o | ileum |
| inguin/o | groin |
| jejun/o | jejunum (empty) |
| lith/o | stone |
| or/o stomat/o | mouth |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| phag/o | eat or swallow |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| sial/o | saliva |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon (resembles) |
| steat/o | fat |
| -emesis (suffix) | vomiting |
| Oral cavity | cavity that receives food for digestion |
| salivary glands | three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and the sublingual glands |
| cheeks | lateral walls of the mouth |
| lips | fleshy structures surrounding the mouth |
| palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard palate and the soft palate |
| uvula | small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate |
| tongue | muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum |
| gums | tissue covering the processes of the jaws |
| teeth | hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) |
| pharynx | throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and for air traveling to the larynx |
| esophagus | muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx tot he stomach |
| stomach | sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus |
| cardiac sphincter | opening from the esophagus to the stomach (sphincter = band) |
| pyloric sphincter | opening from the stomach into the duodenum |
| small intestine | smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach |
| duodenum | first portion of the small intestine |
| jejunum | second portion of the small intestine |
| ileum | third portion of the small intestine |
| large intestine | larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation |
| cecum | first part of the large intestine |
| vermiform appendix | worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection (vermi = worm) |
| colon | portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape |
| ascending colon | portion of the colon that extends "upward" from the cecum |
| transverse colon | portion of the colon that extends "across" from the ascending cecum |
| descending colon | portion of the colon that extends "downward" from the transverse colon |
| sigmoid colon | portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum |
| rectum | distal (end) portion of the large intestine |
| rectal ampulla | dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal |
| anus | opening of the rectum to the outside of the body |
| feces | waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid |
| defecation | evacuation of feces from the rectum |
| peritoneum | membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer; (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen) |
| peritoneal cavity | space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
| omentum | an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs |
| liver | organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion |
| gallbladder | receptacle that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver |
| pancreas | gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food |
| biliary ducts | ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts |
| hypochondriac regions | upper lateral regions beneath the ribs |
| epigastric region | upper middle region below the sternum |
| lumbar regions | middle lateral regions |
| umbilical region | region of the navel |
| inguinal regions | lower lateral groin regions |
| hypogastric region | region below the navel |
| anorexia | loss of appetite (orexia = appetite) |
| aphagia | inability to swallow |
| ascites | accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascos = bag) |
| buccal | in the cheek |
| diarrhea | frequent loose or liquid stools |
| constipation | infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo = to press together) |
| dyspepsia | indigestion (pepsis = digestion) |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| eructation | belch |
| flatulence | gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus = a blowing) |
| halitosis | bad breath (halitus = breath) |
| hematemesis | vomiting blood |
| hematochezia | red blood in stool (chezo = defecate) |
| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver |
| hyperbilirubinemia | excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood |
| icterus jaundice | yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood jaundice = yellow |
| melena | dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood |
| nausea | feeling sick in the stomach |
| steatorrhea | feces containing fat |
| sublingual hypoglossal | under the tongue |
| ankyloglossia | tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum |
| cheilitis | inflammation of the lip |
| esophageal varices | swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage |
| esophagitis | inflammation of the esophagus |
| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gums |
| glossitis | inflammation of the tongue |
| parotiditis parotitis | inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps |
| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria (pept/o = to digest) |
| gastric ulcer | ulcer located in the stomach |
| duodenal ulcer | ulcer located in the duodenum |
| pyloric stenosis | narrowed condition of the pylorus |
| sialoadenitis | inflammation of salivary gland |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mouth |
| anal fistula | an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula = pipe) |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| colitis | inflammation of the colon (large intestine) |
| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations |
| colorectal polyps | benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy |
| pediculated polyp | projected on a stalk (ped/o = foot) |
| sessile polyp | lying flat on the surface (sessilis = low growing) |
| diverticulum | an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber |
| diverticulosis | presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon |
| diverticulitis | inflammation of diverticula |
| dysentery | inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, bloody stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (ex. amebic dysentery) |
| enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine |
| hemorrhoid | swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois = a vein likely to bleed) |
| hernia | protrusion of a part from its normal location |
| hiatal hernia | protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm |
| inguinal hernia | protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region |
| incarcerated hernia | hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction |
| strangulated hernia | hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous |
| umbilical hernia | protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel) |
| ileitis | inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine |
| intussusception | prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus = within; suscipiens = to take up) |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| proctitis | inflammation of the rectum and the anus |
| volvulus | twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo = to roll) |
| cholangitis | inflammation of the bile ducts |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| choledocholithiasis | presence of stones in the common bile duct |
| cholelithiasis | presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
| cirrhosis | chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho = yellow) |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| hepatitis A | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water |
| hepatitis B | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids |
| hepatitis C | inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually |
| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas |
| biopsy (Bx) | removal and microscopic study of tissue for pathological examination |
| incisional biopsy | removal of a portion of a lesion |
| excisional biopsy | removal of an entire lesion |
| needle biopsy | percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (ex. for liver biopsy) |
| endoscopy | examination within body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the GI tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as biopsy, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions |
| colonoscopy | examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope |
| proctoscopy | examination of the rectum and anus with a proctoscope |
| sigmoidoscopy | examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope |
| esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) | examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum w/ a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to |
| capsule endoscopy | examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities. |
| laparoscopy | examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract |
| radiography | x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract |
| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, & pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieves obstructions, etc. |
| upper GI series | x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, & duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium |
| barium swallow | x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects |
| fluoroscopy | x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (ex. during a barium swallow) |
| small bowel series | x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series |
| lower GI series (barium enema) | x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium |
| cholangiogram | x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery |
| cholecystogram | x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine |
| computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen | cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract |
| sonography | ultrasound imaging |
| abdominal sonogram | ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (ex. liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and aorta) |
| endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) | images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures (ex. biliary ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas) |
| stool culture and sensitivity (C&S) | isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to identify disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed |
| stool occult blood study | chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract |
| abdominocentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid |
| abdominal paracentesis | puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ex. fluid accumulated in ascites) |
| anal fistulectomy | excision of an anal fistula |
| anastomosis | union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery |
| appendectomy | excision of a diseased appendix |
| bariatric surgery | treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and/or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight; iatric = pertains to tx) |
| cheiloplasty | repair of the lip |
| cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (ex. cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis) |
| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | excision of the gallbladder through a laparscope |
| colostomy | creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructiions |
| esophagoplasty | repair of the esophagus |
| gastrectomy | partial or complete removal of the stomach |
| gastric resection | partial removal and repair of the stomach |
| gastroenterostomy | formation of an artificial opening b/w the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer |
| glossectomy | excision of all or part of the tongue |
| glossorrhaphy | suture of the tongue |
| hemorrhoidectomy | excision of hemorrhoids |
| hepatic lobectomy | excision of a lobe of the liver |
| herniorrhaphy hernioplasty | repair of a hernia |
| ileostomy | surgical creation of an opening on the abdoment to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (ex. ulcerative colitis) |
| laparoscopic surgery | abdominal surgery using a laparoscope |
| laparotomy | incision into the abdomen |
| pancreatectomy | excision of the pancreas |
| polypectomy | excision of polyps |
| proctoplasty | repair of the anus and rectum |
| gastric lavage | oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage = to wash) |
| nasogastric (NG) intubation | insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis |
| antacid | drug that neutralizes stomach acid |
| antiemetic | drug that prevents or stops vomiting |
| antispasmodic | drug that decreases motility in the GI tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea |
| cathartic | drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative |
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