Cardiovascular System Part 1
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| The Cardiovascular system consists of: | Heart and Blood Vessels
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| Hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump; Generates force to transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes through body | Heart
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| _______ ________ transport blood throughout the body | Blood Vessels
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| _______ transport blood throughout the body. | Arteries
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| _____ transport blood toward the heart. | Veins
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| _______ transport blood between arteries and veins, and perform nutrient, gas, and waste exchange. | Capillaries
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| Two _____ _____ (______) are included in the Cardiovascular System. | Closed Circuits (Pathways)
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| The two closed circuits in the Cardiovascular System are: | Pulmonary circuit and Systemic circuit
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| The ______ circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen, flows back to heart. | Pulmonary
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| The ______ circuit transports oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to body cells, flows back to the heart. | Systemic
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| Organization of the heart: _____ side pumps to pulmonary circuit, blood returns to left side. | Right
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| Organization of the heart: ____ side pumps to the systemic circuit, blood returns to the right side | Left
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| Both sides of the heart pump at the same time? True False | True
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| Covering over heart and proximal ends of large blood vessels | Pericardium (Pericardial Sac)
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| Portions of the Pericardium: -Tough outer layer, surrounds double-layered serous membrane | Fibrous Pericardium
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| Portions of the Pericardium: -Deep to Fibrous pericardium; outer layer of serous membrane covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium | Parietal Pericardium
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| Portions of Pericardium: -Inner layer of serous membrane; attached to surface of heart; also called the epicardium | Visceral Pericardium
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| Portions of Pericardium: -Space between visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium | Pericardial Cavity
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| Wall of Heart: -Outer layer -Thin -AKA Visceral Pericardium -Reduces friction | Epicardium
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| Wall of Heart: -Middle layer -Thickest Layer -Composed of cardiac muscle tissue | Myocardium
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| Wall of Heart: -Inner Layer -Thin -Forms inner lining of all heart chambers | Endocardium
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| Wall of Heart Function: -Forms a protective outer covering -Secretes serous fluid | Epicardium
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| Wall of Heart Function: -Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers | Myocardium
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| Wall of Heart Function: -Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valve | Endocardium
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| Types of Heart Chambers: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Atria (Atrium)
2. Auricles
3. Ventricles
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| Heart Chamber: 1. Thin-walled upper chambers 2. Receive blood returning to heart | Atria (Atrium)
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| Heart Chamber: 1. Flap like projections from Atria 2. Allow Atrial expansion | Auricles
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| Heart Chamber: 1. Thick walled lower chambers 2. Pump blood into arteries | Ventricles
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| There are _ chambers of the heart. | 4
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| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood returning from systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus) -Pumps blood into the right ventricle | Right Atrium
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| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs | Right Ventricule
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| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood from the pulmonary veins -Pumps blood to left ventricle | Left Atrium
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| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood from the left atrium -Pumps blood to systemic circuit | Left ventricule
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| Heart Valves: 1. Separates right atrium from right ventricle | Tricuspid Valve (Right atrioventricular valve)
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| Heart Valves: 1. Separates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk | Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
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| Heart Valves: 1. Separates left atrium from left ventricle | Mitral (Bicupsid) Valve (Left Atrioventricular Valve)
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| Heart Valves: 1. Separates left ventricle from aorta | Aortic Semilunar Valve
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| Valve: ____________ Location: Right atrioventricular orifice Function: Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricle contraction | Tricuspid Valve
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| Valve: ____________ Location: Entrance to Pulmonary Trunk Function: Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation | Pulmonary Valve
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| Valve: ____________ Location: Left atrioventricular orifice Function: Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during contraction. | Mitral Valve
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| Valve: ____________ Location: Entrance to aorta Function: Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation | Aortic Valve
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| Septum: -Separates left and right atria | Intertrial Septum
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| Septum: -Separates left and right Ventricles | Interventricular Septum
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| Large Veins that Return oxygen-poor blood to the heart | Superior and Inferior Venae Cava
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| Fibrous strings that attach cusps of tricuspid and mitral valves to papillary muscles in wall of heart. | Chordae Tendinaea
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| 4 veins that return blood from lungs to left atrium | Pulmonary Veins
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| Oxygen-poor blood from the vena cavae and coronary sinus enter the _____ ______. | Right Atrium
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| Blood flows from right atrium, through the ______ valve into the ______ ventricle. | Tricuspid
Right
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| Right atrium contracts, sending remaining blood into ______ ventricle. | Right
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| Right ventricle _________. | Contracts
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| Tricuspid valve closes _______ _________ ________. | RIght atrioventricular orifice
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| As pressures rises in right ventricle, the __________ ________ _______ opens blood flow into __________ _______. | 1. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
2. Pulmonary Trunk
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| Blood then flows into the ______ trunk. | Pulmonary
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| Blood flows to _____, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen. | Lungs
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| Blood returns to _____ atrium via pulmonary ______. | 1. Left
2. veins
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| Blood flows from left atrium, through _______ valve, into ____ ventricle. | 1. Mitral
2. Left
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| Left atrium ________, sending remaining blood into left ventricle. | Contracts
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| Left ventricle ________. | contracts
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| Mitral valve closes ____ ____________ ______. | Left Atrioventricular Orifice
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| As pressure rises in left ventricle, ______ _________ _____ opens. | Aortic Semilunar Valve
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| Blood flows into ______, transporting oxygen-rich blood to body cells. | Aorta
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| Supply blood to tissues of the Heart | Left and right coronary arteries
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| The coronary arteries are first 2 branches of the ____. | Aorta
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| Branches of right coronary artery: | 1. Posterior Interventricular artery
2. Right Marginal Branch
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| Branches of right coronary artery: -Supplies posterior ventricles | Posterior Interventricular Artery
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| Branches of right coronary artery: -Supplies right artrium and ventricle | Right Marginal branch
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| Branches of left coronary artery: | Circumflex Branch
Anterior Interventricular
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| Branches of left coronary artery: Supplies left atrium and ventricle | Circumflex Branch
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| Branches of left coronary artery: Supplies walls of ventricles | Anterior interventricular (Left anterior descending) artery.
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| ______ veins drain blood from Myocardium. | Cardiac
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| Enlarged vein into which other cardiac veins drain; drains into right atrium | Coronary Sinus
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| Contraction of a heart chamber | Systole
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| Relaxation of a heart chamber | Diastole
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| The events that occur during a heartbeat. | Cardiac Cycle
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| ____________ _____ between cells contain desmosomes for structural support, and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells | Intercalated discs
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| Cardiac Muscle cells have how many central nucleuses? | 1
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| Cardiac Muscle Cells form a _________ _________, mass of merging cells that function as a unit | Functional Syncytium
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| Specialized group of cardiac muscle cells, which initiate and distribute cardiac action potentials through myocardium | Cardiac Conduction System
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| Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Pacemaker | Initiates rhythmic contractions of the heart
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| Internodal Atrial Muscle | Conducts impulses from SA (Sinoatrial) node to Atria
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| Junctional Fibers: | Conduct impulses from SA (Sinoatrial) node to Atrioventricular (AV) node
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| AV (Atrioventricular) Bundle (of His): | Conducts impulses rapidly
between SA (Sinoatrial) node and bundle branches
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| Left and Right Bundle Branches | Split off from AV (Atrioventricular) bundle, conduct
impulses to Purkinje fibers on both sides of heart
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| Purkinje Fibers: | Large fibers that conduct impulses to ventricular
myocardium; conduct impulses to apex first; whorled pattern of muscle in
ventricles contract with twisting motion
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| -A recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle -Used to assess ability of heart to conduct impulses | Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
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| Atrial depolarization; occurs just prior to atrial contraction | P Wave
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| Ventricular depolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular contraction | QRS complex (3 waves):
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| Ventricular repolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation | T Wave
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| Heartbeat through a stethoscope sounds like: | Lubb-Dubb
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| 1st heart sound | S1
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| 2nd heart sound | S2
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| 1st Heart sound occurs during ______ _______. | Ventricular Systole
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| 2nd heart sound occurs during __________ ________ | Ventricle Diastole
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| Closing of the AV valves is associated with _________ _______ | Ventricle Systole
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| Closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves is associated with _________ _________ | Ventricular Diastole
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| Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve | Murmur
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| True or False: During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the heart chambers rises and falls | True
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| In Ventricular _________: -Pressure is lower than atrial pressure -Atria and ventricles are relaxed -AV Valves are open, and semilunar valves are closed -About 70% of blood flows passively from atria into ventricles | Diastole
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| During Atrial _______ and Ventricular ______: -Atria contract and ventricles are relaxed -The AV Valves open and the semilunar valves close -Atrial systole pushes remaining 30% of blood into the ventricles, causing ventricular pressure to increase | Systole
Diastole
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| Cardiac Center in _______ ________ performs neural regulation of heart | Medulla Oblongata
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| _____________ ______ that Innervate Heart: -Reach heart via vagus nerves -Decrease heart rate, due to influence on SA and AV nodes | Parasympathetic Impulses
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| _____________ ______ that Innervate Heart: -Reach heart on accelerator nerves -Increase heart rate, due to influence on SA and AV nodes, atrial and ventricular myocardium | Sympathetic Impulses
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| _____________ ______ : Involve cardiac control center in medulla oblongata -Balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers -Contains a cardioinhibitor reflex center and a cardioaccelerator reflex center | Baroreceptor Reflexes
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| Altered heart rhythms | Arrythmias
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| -Uncoordinated, chaotic contraction of small areas of myocardium -Atrial fibrillation not life-threatening; ventricular fibrillation is often fatal | Fibrillation
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| Abnormally fast heartbeat, >100 beats/min at rest | Tachycardia
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| Abnormally slow heartbeat, <60 beats/min at rest | Bradycardia
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| Rapid, regular contraction of a heart chamber, 250 to 350 beats/min | Flutter
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| Beat that occurs before expected in normal cardiac cycle; often originates from ectopic regions of heart (other than SA node) | Premature Beat
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| Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over, and act as secondary pacemaker; 40 to 60/min, instead of 70 to 80 | Ectopic Pacemaker
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| Device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction system; implantable and battery-powered | Artificial Pacemaker
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| Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart are called ______, those that carry blood away from the heart are ________ | Veins,
Arteries
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| Deoxygenated blood travels from the heart to the lungs via the ______ circuit. | Pulmonary
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| What is the function of the systemic circuit? | The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
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| Supplies blood to the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues | Left Side of heart
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| Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases | Right Side of heart
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| The heart is housed within the mediastinum and rests on the ___________, a muscle | Diaphragm
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| Which circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body? | The systemic circuit
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| Which side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit? | Left Side
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| What is the pericardium? | The covering that encloses the heart
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| Which statement accurately describes the fibrous pericardium? | Outer portion of the pericardial sac composed of tough connective tissue
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| The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the ______ of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the ______ of the heart. | Right side
Left Side
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| What is the visceral pericardium? | The serous membrane attached directly to the surface of the heart
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| The heart, and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches, are enclosed in a membranous sac called the ______. | Pericardium
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| The _________ pericardium covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. | Parietal
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| The outermost layer of the sac surrounding the heart is composed of tough connective tissue. What is this layer called? | Fibrous pericardium
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| What is the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium called? | Pericardial cavity
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| Which side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit? | Left Side
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| Which describes the parietal pericardium? | the outermost serous membrane
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| The auricles are flap-like projection off of the ________ and serve to increase their blood volume. | Atria or Atrium
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| The middle layer of the heart wall, known as the myocardium, is composed primarily of _______. | Cardiac Muscle
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| The inner layer of the heart wall, the endocardium consists of ______. | epithelium and underlying connective tissue rich in elastic and collagen fibers
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| What is the interatrial septum? | the wall that separates the right and left atria
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| Describes the parietal pericardium? | The outermost serous membrane
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| What is the earlike extension of each atrium called? | Auricle
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| The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called | Ventricles
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| What vessels bring blood to the right atrium? | inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
superior vena cava
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| The wall that separates the upper chambers of the heart is the ______, and the wall that separates the lower chambers is the ______. | interatrial septum; interventricular septum
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| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | Between the right atrium and right ventricle
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| How does the tricuspid valve close? | The contraction of the right ventricle forces blood against the cusps, which closes the valve.
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| What are the ventricles?Where is the the pulmonary semilunar valve located? | The thicker-walled, inferior chambers of the heart
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| What are the chordae tendineae? | Tough fibrous cords that anchor the AV valves to the papillary muscles
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| Contraction of the right ventricle leads to what action? | closing of the tricuspid valve
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| The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. Why? | The left ventricle has to pump blood farther.
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| What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk? | Right ventricle
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| Blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus flow into the ______. | Right Atrium
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| The blood from the right ventricle travels only to the lungs. This physiological attribute explains what anatomical feature? | The wall of the right ventricle is thinner than the wall of the left ventricle.
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| Blood from the right ventricle flows to the ________ ________, which then splits into two arteries (left and right) that lead into the lungs. | Pulmonary Trunk
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| Where is the the pulmonary semilunar valve located? | between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
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| Where does the blood that enters the left atrium come from? | pulmonary veins
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| The left atrioventricular valve is also called the ________ valve. | mitral or bicuspid
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| Blood leaving the right ventricle flows into the ______. | pulmonary trunk
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