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Anatomy & Physiology
Cardiovascular System Part 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The Cardiovascular system consists of: | Heart and Blood Vessels |
| Hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump; Generates force to transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes through body | Heart |
| _______ ________ transport blood throughout the body | Blood Vessels |
| _______ transport blood throughout the body. | Arteries |
| _____ transport blood toward the heart. | Veins |
| _______ transport blood between arteries and veins, and perform nutrient, gas, and waste exchange. | Capillaries |
| Two _____ _____ (______) are included in the Cardiovascular System. | Closed Circuits (Pathways) |
| The two closed circuits in the Cardiovascular System are: | Pulmonary circuit and Systemic circuit |
| The ______ circuit carries oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen, flows back to heart. | Pulmonary |
| The ______ circuit transports oxygen-rich blood and nutrients to body cells, flows back to the heart. | Systemic |
| Organization of the heart: _____ side pumps to pulmonary circuit, blood returns to left side. | Right |
| Organization of the heart: ____ side pumps to the systemic circuit, blood returns to the right side | Left |
| Both sides of the heart pump at the same time? True False | True |
| Covering over heart and proximal ends of large blood vessels | Pericardium (Pericardial Sac) |
| Portions of the Pericardium: -Tough outer layer, surrounds double-layered serous membrane | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Portions of the Pericardium: -Deep to Fibrous pericardium; outer layer of serous membrane covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium | Parietal Pericardium |
| Portions of Pericardium: -Inner layer of serous membrane; attached to surface of heart; also called the epicardium | Visceral Pericardium |
| Portions of Pericardium: -Space between visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardium | Pericardial Cavity |
| Wall of Heart: -Outer layer -Thin -AKA Visceral Pericardium -Reduces friction | Epicardium |
| Wall of Heart: -Middle layer -Thickest Layer -Composed of cardiac muscle tissue | Myocardium |
| Wall of Heart: -Inner Layer -Thin -Forms inner lining of all heart chambers | Endocardium |
| Wall of Heart Function: -Forms a protective outer covering -Secretes serous fluid | Epicardium |
| Wall of Heart Function: -Contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers | Myocardium |
| Wall of Heart Function: -Forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valve | Endocardium |
| Types of Heart Chambers: 1. 2. 3. | 1. Atria (Atrium) 2. Auricles 3. Ventricles |
| Heart Chamber: 1. Thin-walled upper chambers 2. Receive blood returning to heart | Atria (Atrium) |
| Heart Chamber: 1. Flap like projections from Atria 2. Allow Atrial expansion | Auricles |
| Heart Chamber: 1. Thick walled lower chambers 2. Pump blood into arteries | Ventricles |
| There are _ chambers of the heart. | 4 |
| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood returning from systemic circuit (from the superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus) -Pumps blood into the right ventricle | Right Atrium |
| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs | Right Ventricule |
| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood from the pulmonary veins -Pumps blood to left ventricle | Left Atrium |
| 4 Chambers of Heart: -Receives blood from the left atrium -Pumps blood to systemic circuit | Left ventricule |
| Heart Valves: 1. Separates right atrium from right ventricle | Tricuspid Valve (Right atrioventricular valve) |
| Heart Valves: 1. Separates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk | Pulmonary Semilunar Valve |
| Heart Valves: 1. Separates left atrium from left ventricle | Mitral (Bicupsid) Valve (Left Atrioventricular Valve) |
| Heart Valves: 1. Separates left ventricle from aorta | Aortic Semilunar Valve |
| Valve: ____________ Location: Right atrioventricular orifice Function: Prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricle contraction | Tricuspid Valve |
| Valve: ____________ Location: Entrance to Pulmonary Trunk Function: Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation | Pulmonary Valve |
| Valve: ____________ Location: Left atrioventricular orifice Function: Prevents blood from moving from the left ventricle into the left atrium during contraction. | Mitral Valve |
| Valve: ____________ Location: Entrance to aorta Function: Prevents blood from moving from the aorta into the left ventricle during ventricular relaxation | Aortic Valve |
| Septum: -Separates left and right atria | Intertrial Septum |
| Septum: -Separates left and right Ventricles | Interventricular Septum |
| Large Veins that Return oxygen-poor blood to the heart | Superior and Inferior Venae Cava |
| Fibrous strings that attach cusps of tricuspid and mitral valves to papillary muscles in wall of heart. | Chordae Tendinaea |
| 4 veins that return blood from lungs to left atrium | Pulmonary Veins |
| Oxygen-poor blood from the vena cavae and coronary sinus enter the _____ ______. | Right Atrium |
| Blood flows from right atrium, through the ______ valve into the ______ ventricle. | Tricuspid Right |
| Right atrium contracts, sending remaining blood into ______ ventricle. | Right |
| Right ventricle _________. | Contracts |
| Tricuspid valve closes _______ _________ ________. | RIght atrioventricular orifice |
| As pressures rises in right ventricle, the __________ ________ _______ opens blood flow into __________ _______. | 1. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 2. Pulmonary Trunk |
| Blood then flows into the ______ trunk. | Pulmonary |
| Blood flows to _____, drops off carbon dioxide, picks up oxygen. | Lungs |
| Blood returns to _____ atrium via pulmonary ______. | 1. Left 2. veins |
| Blood flows from left atrium, through _______ valve, into ____ ventricle. | 1. Mitral 2. Left |
| Left atrium ________, sending remaining blood into left ventricle. | Contracts |
| Left ventricle ________. | contracts |
| Mitral valve closes ____ ____________ ______. | Left Atrioventricular Orifice |
| As pressure rises in left ventricle, ______ _________ _____ opens. | Aortic Semilunar Valve |
| Blood flows into ______, transporting oxygen-rich blood to body cells. | Aorta |
| Supply blood to tissues of the Heart | Left and right coronary arteries |
| The coronary arteries are first 2 branches of the ____. | Aorta |
| Branches of right coronary artery: | 1. Posterior Interventricular artery 2. Right Marginal Branch |
| Branches of right coronary artery: -Supplies posterior ventricles | Posterior Interventricular Artery |
| Branches of right coronary artery: -Supplies right artrium and ventricle | Right Marginal branch |
| Branches of left coronary artery: | Circumflex Branch Anterior Interventricular |
| Branches of left coronary artery: Supplies left atrium and ventricle | Circumflex Branch |
| Branches of left coronary artery: Supplies walls of ventricles | Anterior interventricular (Left anterior descending) artery. |
| ______ veins drain blood from Myocardium. | Cardiac |
| Enlarged vein into which other cardiac veins drain; drains into right atrium | Coronary Sinus |
| Contraction of a heart chamber | Systole |
| Relaxation of a heart chamber | Diastole |
| The events that occur during a heartbeat. | Cardiac Cycle |
| ____________ _____ between cells contain desmosomes for structural support, and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells | Intercalated discs |
| Cardiac Muscle cells have how many central nucleuses? | 1 |
| Cardiac Muscle Cells form a _________ _________, mass of merging cells that function as a unit | Functional Syncytium |
| Specialized group of cardiac muscle cells, which initiate and distribute cardiac action potentials through myocardium | Cardiac Conduction System |
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Pacemaker | Initiates rhythmic contractions of the heart |
| Internodal Atrial Muscle | Conducts impulses from SA (Sinoatrial) node to Atria |
| Junctional Fibers: | Conduct impulses from SA (Sinoatrial) node to Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| AV (Atrioventricular) Bundle (of His): | Conducts impulses rapidly between SA (Sinoatrial) node and bundle branches |
| Left and Right Bundle Branches | Split off from AV (Atrioventricular) bundle, conduct impulses to Purkinje fibers on both sides of heart |
| Purkinje Fibers: | Large fibers that conduct impulses to ventricular myocardium; conduct impulses to apex first; whorled pattern of muscle in ventricles contract with twisting motion |
| -A recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle -Used to assess ability of heart to conduct impulses | Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) |
| Atrial depolarization; occurs just prior to atrial contraction | P Wave |
| Ventricular depolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular contraction | QRS complex (3 waves): |
| Ventricular repolarization; occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation | T Wave |
| Heartbeat through a stethoscope sounds like: | Lubb-Dubb |
| 1st heart sound | S1 |
| 2nd heart sound | S2 |
| 1st Heart sound occurs during ______ _______. | Ventricular Systole |
| 2nd heart sound occurs during __________ ________ | Ventricle Diastole |
| Closing of the AV valves is associated with _________ _______ | Ventricle Systole |
| Closing of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves is associated with _________ _________ | Ventricular Diastole |
| Abnormal heart sound derived from incomplete closure of cusps of a valve | Murmur |
| True or False: During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the heart chambers rises and falls | True |
| In Ventricular _________: -Pressure is lower than atrial pressure -Atria and ventricles are relaxed -AV Valves are open, and semilunar valves are closed -About 70% of blood flows passively from atria into ventricles | Diastole |
| During Atrial _______ and Ventricular ______: -Atria contract and ventricles are relaxed -The AV Valves open and the semilunar valves close -Atrial systole pushes remaining 30% of blood into the ventricles, causing ventricular pressure to increase | Systole Diastole |
| Cardiac Center in _______ ________ performs neural regulation of heart | Medulla Oblongata |
| _____________ ______ that Innervate Heart: -Reach heart via vagus nerves -Decrease heart rate, due to influence on SA and AV nodes | Parasympathetic Impulses |
| _____________ ______ that Innervate Heart: -Reach heart on accelerator nerves -Increase heart rate, due to influence on SA and AV nodes, atrial and ventricular myocardium | Sympathetic Impulses |
| _____________ ______ : Involve cardiac control center in medulla oblongata -Balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers -Contains a cardioinhibitor reflex center and a cardioaccelerator reflex center | Baroreceptor Reflexes |
| Altered heart rhythms | Arrythmias |
| -Uncoordinated, chaotic contraction of small areas of myocardium -Atrial fibrillation not life-threatening; ventricular fibrillation is often fatal | Fibrillation |
| Abnormally fast heartbeat, >100 beats/min at rest | Tachycardia |
| Abnormally slow heartbeat, <60 beats/min at rest | Bradycardia |
| Rapid, regular contraction of a heart chamber, 250 to 350 beats/min | Flutter |
| Beat that occurs before expected in normal cardiac cycle; often originates from ectopic regions of heart (other than SA node) | Premature Beat |
| Damage to SA node may lead to AV node taking over, and act as secondary pacemaker; 40 to 60/min, instead of 70 to 80 | Ectopic Pacemaker |
| Device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction system; implantable and battery-powered | Artificial Pacemaker |
| Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart are called ______, those that carry blood away from the heart are ________ | Veins, Arteries |
| Deoxygenated blood travels from the heart to the lungs via the ______ circuit. | Pulmonary |
| What is the function of the systemic circuit? | The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body |
| Supplies blood to the systemic circulation to deliver oxygen to tissues | Left Side of heart |
| Supplies blood to the lungs for exchange of respiratory gases | Right Side of heart |
| The heart is housed within the mediastinum and rests on the ___________, a muscle | Diaphragm |
| Which circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body? | The systemic circuit |
| Which side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit? | Left Side |
| What is the pericardium? | The covering that encloses the heart |
| Which statement accurately describes the fibrous pericardium? | Outer portion of the pericardial sac composed of tough connective tissue |
| The pulmonary circuit receives blood from the ______ of the heart and the systemic circuit receives blood from the ______ of the heart. | Right side Left Side |
| What is the visceral pericardium? | The serous membrane attached directly to the surface of the heart |
| The heart, and the proximal ends of the large blood vessels to which it attaches, are enclosed in a membranous sac called the ______. | Pericardium |
| The _________ pericardium covers the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. | Parietal |
| The outermost layer of the sac surrounding the heart is composed of tough connective tissue. What is this layer called? | Fibrous pericardium |
| What is the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium called? | Pericardial cavity |
| Which side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit? | Left Side |
| Which describes the parietal pericardium? | the outermost serous membrane |
| The auricles are flap-like projection off of the ________ and serve to increase their blood volume. | Atria or Atrium |
| The middle layer of the heart wall, known as the myocardium, is composed primarily of _______. | Cardiac Muscle |
| The inner layer of the heart wall, the endocardium consists of ______. | epithelium and underlying connective tissue rich in elastic and collagen fibers |
| What is the interatrial septum? | the wall that separates the right and left atria |
| Describes the parietal pericardium? | The outermost serous membrane |
| What is the earlike extension of each atrium called? | Auricle |
| The thick-walled inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called | Ventricles |
| What vessels bring blood to the right atrium? | inferior vena cava coronary sinus superior vena cava |
| The wall that separates the upper chambers of the heart is the ______, and the wall that separates the lower chambers is the ______. | interatrial septum; interventricular septum |
| Where is the tricuspid valve located? | Between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| How does the tricuspid valve close? | The contraction of the right ventricle forces blood against the cusps, which closes the valve. |
| What are the ventricles?Where is the the pulmonary semilunar valve located? | The thicker-walled, inferior chambers of the heart |
| What are the chordae tendineae? | Tough fibrous cords that anchor the AV valves to the papillary muscles |
| Contraction of the right ventricle leads to what action? | closing of the tricuspid valve |
| The wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. Why? | The left ventricle has to pump blood farther. |
| What chamber of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk? | Right ventricle |
| Blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae and the coronary sinus flow into the ______. | Right Atrium |
| The blood from the right ventricle travels only to the lungs. This physiological attribute explains what anatomical feature? | The wall of the right ventricle is thinner than the wall of the left ventricle. |
| Blood from the right ventricle flows to the ________ ________, which then splits into two arteries (left and right) that lead into the lungs. | Pulmonary Trunk |
| Where is the the pulmonary semilunar valve located? | between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
| Where does the blood that enters the left atrium come from? | pulmonary veins |
| The left atrioventricular valve is also called the ________ valve. | mitral or bicuspid |
| Blood leaving the right ventricle flows into the ______. | pulmonary trunk |
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