Cells, Tissues and Genetics - Bones and Cartilage PT2 - 7/10/24
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| periosteum? | fibrous connective tissue sheath surrounding outer cortical surface of bone (not joints)
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| periosteum contains what? | blood vessels, nerve fibres and osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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| blood vessels, nerve fiberss and osteoblasts and osteoclasts are found where? | periosteum
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| periosteum is tightly attached where? | to outer cortical surface of bone by thick collagenous Sharpey's fibers which extend into underlying bone tissue
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| what helps attach periosteum to the outer cortical surface of bone? | thick collagenous Sharpey's fibers
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| periosteum is a membranous structure covering what? | inner surface of cortical bone, trabecular bone and blood vessel canals (Volkman's canals)
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| endosteum? | in contact with bone marrow space, trabecular bone, blood vessel canals containing blood vessels, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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| endosteum contains what? | blood vessels, osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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| endosteum is in contact with what? | bone marrow space, trabecular bone and blood vessel canals
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| blood vessels, osteoclasts and osteoblasts are found where? | endosteum
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| ossification? | process of bone formation by osteoblasts
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| intramembranous ossification? | process of bone development from fibrous membranes typically in flat bones and foetal development
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| process of bone development from fibrous membranes typically in flat bones and foetal development? | intramembranous ossification
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| process of bone formation by osteoblasts? | ossification
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| endochondral ossification? | process of bone development from hyaline cartilage where long bones lengthen as chondrocytes divide and secrete hyaline cartilage
osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone
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| process of bone development from hyaline cartilage? | endochondral ossification
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| when do long bones lengthen during endochondral ossification? | as chondrocytes divide and secrete hyaline cartilage
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| during endochondral ossification osteoblasts replace what with bone? | cartilage
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| during endochondral ossification osteoblasts replace cartilage with what? | bone
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| proliferation of chondrocytes is located where? | epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
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| the epiphyseal plate is what? | hyaline cartilage responsible for bone elongation
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| what is responsible for bone elongation? | proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate
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| epiphyseal side of plate is? | cartilaginous
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| diaphyseal side of bone is? | replacing cartilage
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| what is side of plate is cartilaginous? | epiphyseal
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| what side of bone replaces cartilage | diaphyseal
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| appositional growth? | increase in diameter of bone by addition of bony tissue at bone surface
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| increase in diameter of bone by addition of bony tissue at bone surface? | appositional growth
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| osteoblasts at bone surface secrete what? | bone matrix
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| osteoclasts are found where? | inner surface of bone
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| osteoclasts do what? | break down bone by differentiating into osteocytes
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| balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts allow what? | bone to thicken without becoming too heavy
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| bone remodeling? | replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
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| what is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue? | bone remodelling
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| bone remodelling requires what? | osteoblast bone deposition and osteoclast resorption
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| mechanical stresses on skeleton cause release of calcium that what? | stimulates bone remodelling
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| how is bone remodelling stimulated through calcium? | mechanical stresses on skeleton cause release of calcium
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| parathyroid hormone stimulates what? | bone resorption
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| what hormone stimulates bone resorption? | parathyroid hormone
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| calcitonin does what? | inhibits resorption
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| how does calcitonin inhibit resorption? | through surface receptors
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| how is resorption inhibited? | calcitonin
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| what vitamins and mineralsare required in normal bone growth? | D,C and A and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
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| D,C and A and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are needed for what? | bone growth
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| describe bone turnover rates | high
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| osteoporosis? | systemic skeletal disorder described as having reduced bone mass, porous bone
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| causes of osteoporosis? | low oestrogen (menopause) / testosterone levels
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| how can you test for osteoporosis? | bone mass density (BMD) is DEXA scan
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| how can you find bone mass density? | DEXA scan
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| DEXA scan? | test for bone mass density
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| BMD? | bone mass density
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| within the cartilage matrix there is? | fibres, chondrocytes and lacunae
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| why do injuries heal poorly in cartilage | are avascular
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| avascular? | lack blood vessels
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| types of cartilage? | hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
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| cells of cartilage? | chondroblasts and chondrocytes
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| chondroblasts and chondrocytes secrete what in their ECM? | glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans reinforced by collagen and elastic fibres
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| how do chondrocytes occur? | chondroblasts secrete matrix and become entrapped in it
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| where are chondrocytes found? | in lacunae
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| describe the blood supply in cartilage | none
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| how does nourishment reach the cells? | via diffusion through the matrix from vascular supply in connective tissue (perichondrium)
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| what connective tissue surrounds cartilage and supplies nourishment through diffusion through the matrix? | perichondrium
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| perichondrium? | connective tissue surrounding cartilage supplying nourishment through diffusion through the matrix
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| flexible nature of cartilage and resistance to compression allow cartilage to? | absorb shock
cover surface of most bony joints
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| elastic cartilage contains what? | numerous elastic fibres surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae making them ideal for flexibility
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| elastic fibres in elastic cartilage compared to collagen fibres? | collagen fibres are thicker than elastic fibres
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| fibrocartilage? | very little ground substance and the matrix is predominantly collagen fibres
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| describe the ground substance in fibrocartilage? | very little
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| describe the matrix in fibrocartilage | predominantly collagen fibres
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| compare collagen fibres in fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage | collagen fibres thicker and visible in fibrocartilage not hyaline cartilage
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| articular cartilage? | only found in synovial joints comprised of hyaline cartilage allowing easy articulation, increased weight distribution and shock absorption
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| where are articular cartilage found? | synovial joints comprised of hyaline cartilage
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| easy articulation, increased weight distribution and shock absorption is made possible in articular cartilage through? | articular cartilage being comprised of hyaline cartilage
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