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CTG:
Cells, Tissues and Genetics - Bones and Cartilage PT2 - 7/10/24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| periosteum? | fibrous connective tissue sheath surrounding outer cortical surface of bone (not joints) |
| periosteum contains what? | blood vessels, nerve fibres and osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| blood vessels, nerve fiberss and osteoblasts and osteoclasts are found where? | periosteum |
| periosteum is tightly attached where? | to outer cortical surface of bone by thick collagenous Sharpey's fibers which extend into underlying bone tissue |
| what helps attach periosteum to the outer cortical surface of bone? | thick collagenous Sharpey's fibers |
| periosteum is a membranous structure covering what? | inner surface of cortical bone, trabecular bone and blood vessel canals (Volkman's canals) |
| endosteum? | in contact with bone marrow space, trabecular bone, blood vessel canals containing blood vessels, osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| endosteum contains what? | blood vessels, osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| endosteum is in contact with what? | bone marrow space, trabecular bone and blood vessel canals |
| blood vessels, osteoclasts and osteoblasts are found where? | endosteum |
| ossification? | process of bone formation by osteoblasts |
| intramembranous ossification? | process of bone development from fibrous membranes typically in flat bones and foetal development |
| process of bone development from fibrous membranes typically in flat bones and foetal development? | intramembranous ossification |
| process of bone formation by osteoblasts? | ossification |
| endochondral ossification? | process of bone development from hyaline cartilage where long bones lengthen as chondrocytes divide and secrete hyaline cartilage osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone |
| process of bone development from hyaline cartilage? | endochondral ossification |
| when do long bones lengthen during endochondral ossification? | as chondrocytes divide and secrete hyaline cartilage |
| during endochondral ossification osteoblasts replace what with bone? | cartilage |
| during endochondral ossification osteoblasts replace cartilage with what? | bone |
| proliferation of chondrocytes is located where? | epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) |
| the epiphyseal plate is what? | hyaline cartilage responsible for bone elongation |
| what is responsible for bone elongation? | proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate |
| epiphyseal side of plate is? | cartilaginous |
| diaphyseal side of bone is? | replacing cartilage |
| what is side of plate is cartilaginous? | epiphyseal |
| what side of bone replaces cartilage | diaphyseal |
| appositional growth? | increase in diameter of bone by addition of bony tissue at bone surface |
| increase in diameter of bone by addition of bony tissue at bone surface? | appositional growth |
| osteoblasts at bone surface secrete what? | bone matrix |
| osteoclasts are found where? | inner surface of bone |
| osteoclasts do what? | break down bone by differentiating into osteocytes |
| balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts allow what? | bone to thicken without becoming too heavy |
| bone remodeling? | replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue |
| what is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue? | bone remodelling |
| bone remodelling requires what? | osteoblast bone deposition and osteoclast resorption |
| mechanical stresses on skeleton cause release of calcium that what? | stimulates bone remodelling |
| how is bone remodelling stimulated through calcium? | mechanical stresses on skeleton cause release of calcium |
| parathyroid hormone stimulates what? | bone resorption |
| what hormone stimulates bone resorption? | parathyroid hormone |
| calcitonin does what? | inhibits resorption |
| how does calcitonin inhibit resorption? | through surface receptors |
| how is resorption inhibited? | calcitonin |
| what vitamins and mineralsare required in normal bone growth? | D,C and A and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium |
| D,C and A and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are needed for what? | bone growth |
| describe bone turnover rates | high |
| osteoporosis? | systemic skeletal disorder described as having reduced bone mass, porous bone |
| causes of osteoporosis? | low oestrogen (menopause) / testosterone levels |
| how can you test for osteoporosis? | bone mass density (BMD) is DEXA scan |
| how can you find bone mass density? | DEXA scan |
| DEXA scan? | test for bone mass density |
| BMD? | bone mass density |
| within the cartilage matrix there is? | fibres, chondrocytes and lacunae |
| why do injuries heal poorly in cartilage | are avascular |
| avascular? | lack blood vessels |
| types of cartilage? | hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage |
| cells of cartilage? | chondroblasts and chondrocytes |
| chondroblasts and chondrocytes secrete what in their ECM? | glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans reinforced by collagen and elastic fibres |
| how do chondrocytes occur? | chondroblasts secrete matrix and become entrapped in it |
| where are chondrocytes found? | in lacunae |
| describe the blood supply in cartilage | none |
| how does nourishment reach the cells? | via diffusion through the matrix from vascular supply in connective tissue (perichondrium) |
| what connective tissue surrounds cartilage and supplies nourishment through diffusion through the matrix? | perichondrium |
| perichondrium? | connective tissue surrounding cartilage supplying nourishment through diffusion through the matrix |
| flexible nature of cartilage and resistance to compression allow cartilage to? | absorb shock cover surface of most bony joints |
| elastic cartilage contains what? | numerous elastic fibres surrounding chondrocytes in lacunae making them ideal for flexibility |
| elastic fibres in elastic cartilage compared to collagen fibres? | collagen fibres are thicker than elastic fibres |
| fibrocartilage? | very little ground substance and the matrix is predominantly collagen fibres |
| describe the ground substance in fibrocartilage? | very little |
| describe the matrix in fibrocartilage | predominantly collagen fibres |
| compare collagen fibres in fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage | collagen fibres thicker and visible in fibrocartilage not hyaline cartilage |
| articular cartilage? | only found in synovial joints comprised of hyaline cartilage allowing easy articulation, increased weight distribution and shock absorption |
| where are articular cartilage found? | synovial joints comprised of hyaline cartilage |
| easy articulation, increased weight distribution and shock absorption is made possible in articular cartilage through? | articular cartilage being comprised of hyaline cartilage |
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