Cells, Tissues and Genetics - Bones and Catilages PT1 - 7/10/24
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| cartilage and bone are called supporting connective tissues why? | provide a strong framework that supports the rest of the body
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| in connective tissues what does the matrix contain? | numerous fibres and sometimes deposits of solid calcium salts
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| numerous fibres and sometimes deposits of solid calcium salts are found where? | matrix of connective tissues
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| cartilage? | smooth firm structure containing a flexible matrix
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| bone? | calcified making it inflexible
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| what is calcified making it inflexible? | bone
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| what is smooth firm structure containing a flexible matrix? | cartilage
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| as the cells of cartilage and bone secrete their respective matrices they become what? | trapped in matrix
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| when do cells of cartilage and bone become trapped in their own matrices? | when cells of cartilage and bone secrete their respective matrices
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| both cartilage and bone do what? | resist stress, and support various elements of the body
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| functions of the bone? | support
protection
assisting movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
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| how does bone offer support? | make up structural framework and provide attachment sites for muscles
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| how does bone offer protection? | protection of internal organs
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| how does bone offer mineral homeostasis? | bone is a store for calcium and phosphorus
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| how does bone offer blood cell production? | produces blood cells in the bone marrow
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| ECM? | extracellular matrix
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| bone is made up of? | cells and extracellular matrix
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| cells in the bone? | osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
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| bone's ECM has what % of organic compounds? | 40
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| bone's ECM has what % of inorganic compounds? | 60
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| there is 40% of what in the bone's ECM? | organic compounds
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| there is 60% of what in the bone's ECM? | inorganic compounds
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| structures found in the ECM? | lamellae, osteons, osteoid, trabeculae and periosteum
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| lamellae, osteons, osteoid, trabeculae and periosteum are found where? | ECM
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| the exact composition of ECM differs based on? | sex, age and helath
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| sex age and health influence what? | the exact composition of ECM
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| the main inorganic components of ECM are what? | calcium deficient apatite (HA) and trace elements
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| calcium deficient apatite (HA) and trace elements are what? | main inorganic components of ECM
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| bimomineralisation? | deposition of HA
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| deposition of HA? | biomineralisation
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| collagen is produced during what and acts as a template for the deposition of HA | mineralisation of tissue
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| what is produced during the mineralisation of tissue and acts as a template for the deposition of HA? | collagen
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| collagen is produced during the mineralisation of tissue and does what? | acts as a template for the deposition of HA
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| osteoid? | organic ECM of bone
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| osteoid consists mainly of what? | 90% collagen type I and some type V and 10% proteoglycans
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| in the osteoid, how much % is collagen type I? | 90
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| how is collagen type I synthesised? | osteoblasts before mineralisation
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| before mineralisation, osteoblasts do what? | synthesise collagen type I
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| proteoglycans? | non collagenous proteins
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| what % of proteoglycans is there in the osteoid? | 10%
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| 90% of what in the osteoid? | collagen type I
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| 10% of what in the osteoid? | proteoglycans
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| osteoblast? | secrete collagen and organic ECM of bone (osteoid)
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| what happens to osteoid soon after being deposited? | becomes calcified
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| what happens to osteoblasts after secretion? | become trapped in the organic matter and differentiate into osteocytes
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| what becomes trapped in organic matter and differentiates into osteocytes? | osteoblasts
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| osteoblasts become trapped in organic matter and what? | differentiate into osteocytes
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| osteoblasts become trapped in what and differentiate into osteocytes? | organic matter
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| what do osteocytes do? | maintain bone tissue and occupy lacunae where their slender processes extend through canaliculi to form gap junction with each other and osteoblasts
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| osteocytes maintain what? | bone tissue
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| osteocytes occupy what? | lacunae
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| lacunae are occupied by what? | osteocytes
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| slender processes of osteocytes extend through where? | canaliculi
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| canaliculi? | channels for the transport of nutrients and waste
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| when osteocytes form gap junction what do they form it with? | each other and osteoblasts
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| when slender processes of osteocytes extend through canaliculi they form what for communication? | gap junctions with each other and osteoblasts
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| where do osteoclasts derive from? | monocytes (WBC)
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| what derives from monocytes (WBC)? | osteoclasts
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| when osteoclasts fuse what is formed? | multinucleated osteoclasts
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| cell surface receptors facilitate what? | adherence to surface of bone
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| adherence to surface of bone is facilitated how? | through cell surface receptors
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| function of osteoclast? | break down bone matrix (bone resorption)
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| where are osteoclasts? | migrate and collect at sites of bone resoprtion
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| what are osteoclasts important for? | remodelling, growth and repair of bone
work alongside osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone
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| why do osteoclasts work alongside osteoblasts? | maintain healthy bone
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| imbalance of osteoclast could lead to? | osteoporosis
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| long bones? | slender shaft (diaphysis) and two heads (epiphyses)
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| short bones? | length and width are similar
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| flat bones? | two flat pates of compact bone sandwiching layer of spongy bone
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| irregular bones? | no definite morphology
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| sesamoid bones? | formed within the substance of tendons
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| how is the long bone of a child divided? | diaphysis, metaphysis, physis and epiphysis
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| diaphysis? | shaft or primary ossification centre
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| metaphysis? | where bone flares
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| physis? | growth plate
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| epiphysis? | secondary ossification centre
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| in adult, how is the bond split? | metaphysis and diaphysis
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| the matrix of the bone consists mainly of what? | hard calcium compounds and lacunae containing osteocytes
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| lacunae surrounds what? | blood vessels
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| blood vessels are surrounded by what? | lacunae
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| compact bone consists of what? | closely packed osteons / haversian systems
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| what are osteons / haversian systems? | functional unit of compact bone
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| what does the osteon consist of? | central canal - osteonic (haversian)/ central canal
surrounding concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix
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| what is the osteonic / haversian? | central canal in osteon
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| surrounding concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix is found where? | osteon
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| between what, there are osteocytes located in lacunae? | lamellae
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| position of the central canals? | run parallel to the surface of the bone
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| what provides passageways that link the blood vessels of periosteum central canals and marrow cavity central canals | perforating canals
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| perforating canals provide passageways that link what? | blood vessels of central canals of periosteum and blood vessels of central canals of marrow cavity
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| spongy bone? | no osteons
different lamellae arrangement
lamellae form rods or plats (trabeculae)
frequent branching of thin trabeculae create an open network
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| what has no osteons? | spongy bone
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| lamellae form rods or plates called what in spongy bone? | trabeculae
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| lamellae form what in spongy bone | rods or plates
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| frequent branching of thin trabeculae create what? | open network in spongy bone
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| an open network in spongy bone is created how? | through frequent branching of thin trabeculae
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