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CTG:
Cells, Tissues and Genetics - Bones and Catilages PT1 - 7/10/24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cartilage and bone are called supporting connective tissues why? | provide a strong framework that supports the rest of the body |
| in connective tissues what does the matrix contain? | numerous fibres and sometimes deposits of solid calcium salts |
| numerous fibres and sometimes deposits of solid calcium salts are found where? | matrix of connective tissues |
| cartilage? | smooth firm structure containing a flexible matrix |
| bone? | calcified making it inflexible |
| what is calcified making it inflexible? | bone |
| what is smooth firm structure containing a flexible matrix? | cartilage |
| as the cells of cartilage and bone secrete their respective matrices they become what? | trapped in matrix |
| when do cells of cartilage and bone become trapped in their own matrices? | when cells of cartilage and bone secrete their respective matrices |
| both cartilage and bone do what? | resist stress, and support various elements of the body |
| functions of the bone? | support protection assisting movement mineral homeostasis blood cell production |
| how does bone offer support? | make up structural framework and provide attachment sites for muscles |
| how does bone offer protection? | protection of internal organs |
| how does bone offer mineral homeostasis? | bone is a store for calcium and phosphorus |
| how does bone offer blood cell production? | produces blood cells in the bone marrow |
| ECM? | extracellular matrix |
| bone is made up of? | cells and extracellular matrix |
| cells in the bone? | osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts |
| bone's ECM has what % of organic compounds? | 40 |
| bone's ECM has what % of inorganic compounds? | 60 |
| there is 40% of what in the bone's ECM? | organic compounds |
| there is 60% of what in the bone's ECM? | inorganic compounds |
| structures found in the ECM? | lamellae, osteons, osteoid, trabeculae and periosteum |
| lamellae, osteons, osteoid, trabeculae and periosteum are found where? | ECM |
| the exact composition of ECM differs based on? | sex, age and helath |
| sex age and health influence what? | the exact composition of ECM |
| the main inorganic components of ECM are what? | calcium deficient apatite (HA) and trace elements |
| calcium deficient apatite (HA) and trace elements are what? | main inorganic components of ECM |
| bimomineralisation? | deposition of HA |
| deposition of HA? | biomineralisation |
| collagen is produced during what and acts as a template for the deposition of HA | mineralisation of tissue |
| what is produced during the mineralisation of tissue and acts as a template for the deposition of HA? | collagen |
| collagen is produced during the mineralisation of tissue and does what? | acts as a template for the deposition of HA |
| osteoid? | organic ECM of bone |
| osteoid consists mainly of what? | 90% collagen type I and some type V and 10% proteoglycans |
| in the osteoid, how much % is collagen type I? | 90 |
| how is collagen type I synthesised? | osteoblasts before mineralisation |
| before mineralisation, osteoblasts do what? | synthesise collagen type I |
| proteoglycans? | non collagenous proteins |
| what % of proteoglycans is there in the osteoid? | 10% |
| 90% of what in the osteoid? | collagen type I |
| 10% of what in the osteoid? | proteoglycans |
| osteoblast? | secrete collagen and organic ECM of bone (osteoid) |
| what happens to osteoid soon after being deposited? | becomes calcified |
| what happens to osteoblasts after secretion? | become trapped in the organic matter and differentiate into osteocytes |
| what becomes trapped in organic matter and differentiates into osteocytes? | osteoblasts |
| osteoblasts become trapped in organic matter and what? | differentiate into osteocytes |
| osteoblasts become trapped in what and differentiate into osteocytes? | organic matter |
| what do osteocytes do? | maintain bone tissue and occupy lacunae where their slender processes extend through canaliculi to form gap junction with each other and osteoblasts |
| osteocytes maintain what? | bone tissue |
| osteocytes occupy what? | lacunae |
| lacunae are occupied by what? | osteocytes |
| slender processes of osteocytes extend through where? | canaliculi |
| canaliculi? | channels for the transport of nutrients and waste |
| when osteocytes form gap junction what do they form it with? | each other and osteoblasts |
| when slender processes of osteocytes extend through canaliculi they form what for communication? | gap junctions with each other and osteoblasts |
| where do osteoclasts derive from? | monocytes (WBC) |
| what derives from monocytes (WBC)? | osteoclasts |
| when osteoclasts fuse what is formed? | multinucleated osteoclasts |
| cell surface receptors facilitate what? | adherence to surface of bone |
| adherence to surface of bone is facilitated how? | through cell surface receptors |
| function of osteoclast? | break down bone matrix (bone resorption) |
| where are osteoclasts? | migrate and collect at sites of bone resoprtion |
| what are osteoclasts important for? | remodelling, growth and repair of bone work alongside osteoblasts to maintain healthy bone |
| why do osteoclasts work alongside osteoblasts? | maintain healthy bone |
| imbalance of osteoclast could lead to? | osteoporosis |
| long bones? | slender shaft (diaphysis) and two heads (epiphyses) |
| short bones? | length and width are similar |
| flat bones? | two flat pates of compact bone sandwiching layer of spongy bone |
| irregular bones? | no definite morphology |
| sesamoid bones? | formed within the substance of tendons |
| how is the long bone of a child divided? | diaphysis, metaphysis, physis and epiphysis |
| diaphysis? | shaft or primary ossification centre |
| metaphysis? | where bone flares |
| physis? | growth plate |
| epiphysis? | secondary ossification centre |
| in adult, how is the bond split? | metaphysis and diaphysis |
| the matrix of the bone consists mainly of what? | hard calcium compounds and lacunae containing osteocytes |
| lacunae surrounds what? | blood vessels |
| blood vessels are surrounded by what? | lacunae |
| compact bone consists of what? | closely packed osteons / haversian systems |
| what are osteons / haversian systems? | functional unit of compact bone |
| what does the osteon consist of? | central canal - osteonic (haversian)/ central canal surrounding concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix |
| what is the osteonic / haversian? | central canal in osteon |
| surrounding concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix is found where? | osteon |
| between what, there are osteocytes located in lacunae? | lamellae |
| position of the central canals? | run parallel to the surface of the bone |
| what provides passageways that link the blood vessels of periosteum central canals and marrow cavity central canals | perforating canals |
| perforating canals provide passageways that link what? | blood vessels of central canals of periosteum and blood vessels of central canals of marrow cavity |
| spongy bone? | no osteons different lamellae arrangement lamellae form rods or plats (trabeculae) frequent branching of thin trabeculae create an open network |
| what has no osteons? | spongy bone |
| lamellae form rods or plates called what in spongy bone? | trabeculae |
| lamellae form what in spongy bone | rods or plates |
| frequent branching of thin trabeculae create what? | open network in spongy bone |
| an open network in spongy bone is created how? | through frequent branching of thin trabeculae |
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