Chapter 2 Human Diseases, A Systematic Approach, 8th ed., Zelman
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| Immunity | body's ability to resist infectious disease
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| Antigen | any foreign substance that is non self
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| Nonspecific Immunity | present at birth and provides immediate short-term protection from antigen, physical barriers and chemical barriers (white blood cells, mucus), includes Phagocytes
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| Specific Immunity | primed by initial exposure to antigen of specific pathogen, responds quickly to antigens and prevents future exposures to create same response
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| Pathogens | disease causing microorganisms
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| Phagocytes | leukocytes that destroy pathogens
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| Example of nonspecific immunity | Phagocytes
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| Humoral Immunity | due to action of antibodies B Cells primary form of protection
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| B Cells | antibodies are proteins produced by white blood cells called B lymphocytes or b cells
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| Cell-mediated Immunity | defense against viruses, abnormal cells, and other intracellular pathogens, and it is responsible for rejecting tissue grafts and organ transplants. T cells/lymphocytes responsible
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| T Cells types | Helper T Cell and Cytotoxic T Cells-
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| Helper T Cell | divides producing cytotoxic t cells
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| Cytotoxic T Cells | activated by antigen and divide and produce clones and memory t cells
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| Pars of Specific Immunity | Humoral Immunity, B Cells, Cell-mediated Immunity, T Cells
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| Important Immunoglobulins | IgM and IgE
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| IgM | First antibody produced in primary response to antigen, activates complement
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| IgE | Stimulates release of histamines and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic responses
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| Immune system and aging | Immune system function declines, Thymus atrophies, Fewer T cells
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| Types of Diagnostic Testing | Agglutination reactions, Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Western blot, Fluorescent antibody techniques, Flow cytometry, C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation
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| Agglutination reactions | detect bacterial and viral diseases used in blood typing
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| Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) | enzyme to label antibody or antigen, widely used
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| Western blot | detects antibodies in serum
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| Fluorescent antibody techniques | use antibody labeled with fluorescent molecule to detect antigen
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| Flow cytometry | identifies and counts cells that have a particular antigen
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| Erythrocyte sedimentation | measure general levels of inflammation in body (same as C-reactive protein)
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| C-reactive protein | measure general levels of inflammation in body (same as Erythrocyte sedimentation)
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| Autoimmunity | immune system fails to distinguish between self and non self attacks what it sees as non self
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| Autoantibodies | antibodies that person develops to their own tissues or own self antigens
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| Raynaud's phenomenon | Secondary, areas of skin turn white or blue
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| Overview of Lupus | skin joints heart blood lung brain 90% of women most diagnoses between 15-44 y/o idiopathic etiology-Systemic (many body systems involved), Cutaneous (only skin), Drug-induced, Neonatal
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| Scleroderma Overview | Name means hard skin, Chronic autoimmune disease of connected tissue, Localized scleroderma (only skin)
Systemic sclerosis scleroderma (skin+internal organs)-Limited cutaneous SSC above the elbows, skin and feet below knees-Diffuse cutaneous all areas
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| Sjögren's Syndrome Overview | Chronic, slow progressive autoimmune disease affects moisture producing glands, exocrine
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| Allergy Overview | Extreme immune response to a harmless antigen
Immediate (Type I), Cytotoxic (Type II), Immune-complex (Type III), Delayed (Type IV), Histamine dilates blood cells leaks plasma into tissues
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| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and HIV Overview | Reduction of helper T cells, Increase opportunistic infections
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| Hodgkin's Lymphoma overview | Cancer of the immune system, Reed-Sternberg cells
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| Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Overview | Cancer of the lymphocytes
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