Chapter 1 Human Diseases, A Systematic Approach, 8th ed., Zelman
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| Health | Condition in which the human body preforms its vital systems normally
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| Homeostasis | Relatively stable conditions even with unstable environments
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| Disease | Any deviation from normal structure or function of body (ex-not normal amount of insulin)
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| Pathology | Study of disease – structural/ functional changes
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| Pathologist | Studies changes caused by disease
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| Signs | Evidence of disease by physical examination (visual, test)
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| Symptoms | Indications of disease the patient says (says they have pain but looks normal)
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| Asymptomatic | No signs or symptoms (chlamydia)
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| Syndrome | Abnormal structure or function (AIDS)
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| Disorder | Abnormality not characterized by physical abnormality
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| Diagnosis | Process of identifying disease or disorder. Interviews can be used
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| Physical Exam types (to diagnose) | Inspection, palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, vital signs
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| Inspection | Visual examination of external surface of body, movement and posture (reflex with knee)
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| Palpation | Feeling the body with hands to see tenderness/texture of body (tumor)
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| Auscultation | Listening to lungs/heart/intestines frequency/quality of sounds (wheezing of lungs)
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| Percussion | Producing sounds by tapping parts of body size/consistency/fluid of body parts
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| Vital signs | Pulse, respiratory rate, temperature
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| Imaging Technologies (to diagnose) | Electrocardiography, radiography, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, Nuclear medicine
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| Electrocardiography | Reading hearts electrical impulses
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| Radiography | X rays for internal structures
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| Computed tomography (CT) | Computers and x rays to create 3d images of internal structures
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | Analyzes tissue responses of magnetic fields
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| Ultrasound | Analyzes low frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images
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| Nuclear Medicine | Radioactive materials cause contrast in body to see structure of organs
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| Prognosis | Predicted course and outcome
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| Acute | Sudden onset and short duration
Terminal-Will end in death
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| Chronic | Comes on slower and last longer (asthma, cancer)
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| Remission | Period of time when signs or symptoms of disease subside or disappear
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| Exacerbation | signs and symptoms grow more severe
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| Relapse | disease returns after it appears to be cured
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| Complication | related disease that develops in someone that already has a disease (bed sores from fracture)
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| Sequela | aftermath of a disease (rheumatic fever causes permanent damage to heart)
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| Leading cause of death in USA | Diseases of heart, followed by issues from a sedentary lifestyle
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| Mortality | number of deaths that occur within people with a certain disease- #of deaths due to a certain disease/people with the disease
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| Morbidity | number of cases of a disease in a population- #of NEW cases of disease/total # of people in a population
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| Incidence | # new cases in disease in a population
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| Prevalence | %population affected with certain disease in a specific time frame - # of people with a disease in a certain time frame/total people in population in time frame
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| Epidemiology | uses statistics -study of occurrence transmission, distribution, and control of disease
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| Leading causes of death in low income countries | communicable diseases, maternal and child health
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| Etiology | Cause of a disease
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| Pathogenesis | how the etiology leads to physiological changes in body resulting to disease
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| Idiopathic | cause of disease is not known
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| Chief Causes of Disease | Hereditary, congenital, degenerative, inflammatory, neoplastic, metabolic, traumatic, nutritional
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| Hereditary | abnormality in genes or chromosomes
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| Congenital | disease exists at or from birth can be heredity or development in uterus
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| degenerative | function or structure of specific organs deteriorate over time
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| inflammatory | Autoimmune, Allergic-abnormal immune function
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| neoplastic | abnormal growth leads to tumors
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| metabolic | disruption of normal metabolism (food to energy)
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| traumatic | physical or chemical injury
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| nutritional | over or under consumption of nutrients
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| Risk factors | environmental, chemical, physiological, psychological, genetic
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| Environmental | pollution, living close to highway
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| chemical | exposure to chemical toxin, ex. working at nail salon
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| physiological | ex. high blood pressure/sugar
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| psychological | ex. anxiety
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| genetic | abnormality in genes or chromosomes
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| risk factors | Poor Nutrition, Lack of Physical Activity, Tobacco Use, Excessive Alcohol Consumption
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| Health promotion and disease prevention | Be Physically Active, Eat Wisely, maintain a Healthy Weight, Be Tobacco Free, Limit Alcohol, Get Recommended Screening Tests and Immunizations, Manage Stress
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| Palliative | provide comfort and relieve pain ex terminal cancer
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| Pharmacologic | drugs- can relieve signs and symptoms or cure
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| Surgical | correct physiological abnormalities
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| Psychiatric/Psychological treatments | used for mental disorders
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| Types of Treatment for Disease | Palliative, Pharmacologic, Surgical, Psychiatric/Psychological
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