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Exam 1
Chapter 1 Human Diseases, A Systematic Approach, 8th ed., Zelman
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Health | Condition in which the human body preforms its vital systems normally |
| Homeostasis | Relatively stable conditions even with unstable environments |
| Disease | Any deviation from normal structure or function of body (ex-not normal amount of insulin) |
| Pathology | Study of disease – structural/ functional changes |
| Pathologist | Studies changes caused by disease |
| Signs | Evidence of disease by physical examination (visual, test) |
| Symptoms | Indications of disease the patient says (says they have pain but looks normal) |
| Asymptomatic | No signs or symptoms (chlamydia) |
| Syndrome | Abnormal structure or function (AIDS) |
| Disorder | Abnormality not characterized by physical abnormality |
| Diagnosis | Process of identifying disease or disorder. Interviews can be used |
| Physical Exam types (to diagnose) | Inspection, palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, vital signs |
| Inspection | Visual examination of external surface of body, movement and posture (reflex with knee) |
| Palpation | Feeling the body with hands to see tenderness/texture of body (tumor) |
| Auscultation | Listening to lungs/heart/intestines frequency/quality of sounds (wheezing of lungs) |
| Percussion | Producing sounds by tapping parts of body size/consistency/fluid of body parts |
| Vital signs | Pulse, respiratory rate, temperature |
| Imaging Technologies (to diagnose) | Electrocardiography, radiography, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, Nuclear medicine |
| Electrocardiography | Reading hearts electrical impulses |
| Radiography | X rays for internal structures |
| Computed tomography (CT) | Computers and x rays to create 3d images of internal structures |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | Analyzes tissue responses of magnetic fields |
| Ultrasound | Analyzes low frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images |
| Nuclear Medicine | Radioactive materials cause contrast in body to see structure of organs |
| Prognosis | Predicted course and outcome |
| Acute | Sudden onset and short duration Terminal-Will end in death |
| Chronic | Comes on slower and last longer (asthma, cancer) |
| Remission | Period of time when signs or symptoms of disease subside or disappear |
| Exacerbation | signs and symptoms grow more severe |
| Relapse | disease returns after it appears to be cured |
| Complication | related disease that develops in someone that already has a disease (bed sores from fracture) |
| Sequela | aftermath of a disease (rheumatic fever causes permanent damage to heart) |
| Leading cause of death in USA | Diseases of heart, followed by issues from a sedentary lifestyle |
| Mortality | number of deaths that occur within people with a certain disease- #of deaths due to a certain disease/people with the disease |
| Morbidity | number of cases of a disease in a population- #of NEW cases of disease/total # of people in a population |
| Incidence | # new cases in disease in a population |
| Prevalence | %population affected with certain disease in a specific time frame - # of people with a disease in a certain time frame/total people in population in time frame |
| Epidemiology | uses statistics -study of occurrence transmission, distribution, and control of disease |
| Leading causes of death in low income countries | communicable diseases, maternal and child health |
| Etiology | Cause of a disease |
| Pathogenesis | how the etiology leads to physiological changes in body resulting to disease |
| Idiopathic | cause of disease is not known |
| Chief Causes of Disease | Hereditary, congenital, degenerative, inflammatory, neoplastic, metabolic, traumatic, nutritional |
| Hereditary | abnormality in genes or chromosomes |
| Congenital | disease exists at or from birth can be heredity or development in uterus |
| degenerative | function or structure of specific organs deteriorate over time |
| inflammatory | Autoimmune, Allergic-abnormal immune function |
| neoplastic | abnormal growth leads to tumors |
| metabolic | disruption of normal metabolism (food to energy) |
| traumatic | physical or chemical injury |
| nutritional | over or under consumption of nutrients |
| Risk factors | environmental, chemical, physiological, psychological, genetic |
| Environmental | pollution, living close to highway |
| chemical | exposure to chemical toxin, ex. working at nail salon |
| physiological | ex. high blood pressure/sugar |
| psychological | ex. anxiety |
| genetic | abnormality in genes or chromosomes |
| risk factors | Poor Nutrition, Lack of Physical Activity, Tobacco Use, Excessive Alcohol Consumption |
| Health promotion and disease prevention | Be Physically Active, Eat Wisely, maintain a Healthy Weight, Be Tobacco Free, Limit Alcohol, Get Recommended Screening Tests and Immunizations, Manage Stress |
| Palliative | provide comfort and relieve pain ex terminal cancer |
| Pharmacologic | drugs- can relieve signs and symptoms or cure |
| Surgical | correct physiological abnormalities |
| Psychiatric/Psychological treatments | used for mental disorders |
| Types of Treatment for Disease | Palliative, Pharmacologic, Surgical, Psychiatric/Psychological |
Created by:
LemonLinds
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