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Deciphering the Code by Y.Harrell

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Term
Definition
Examples
gen/o   creation, cause   pathogenic  
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hydr/o   water   hydrophobia, dehydration  
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morph/o   change   morphology  
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myc/o   fungus   dermatomycosis  
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necro/o   death   necrosis  
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rect/o   straight   rectoplasty, rectitis  
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path/o or pathy   suffering, disease   pathology  
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-centesis   punture   amniocentesis  
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-gram   written record   cardiogram  
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-graph   instrument used to produce a record   cardiograph  
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-graphy   process of recording   cardiography  
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-meter   instrument used to measure   cephalometer  
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-metry   process of measuring   cephalometry  
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-scope   instrument used to look   arthroscope  
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-scopy   process of looking   arthroscopy  
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LV   Left Ventricle: One of the heart’s chambers responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body.   Left ventricular hypertrophy can occur in response to high blood pressure.  
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RV   Right Ventricle: The heart chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.   Right ventricular failure can lead to swelling in the legs.  
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ASA   Acetylsalicylic Acid: Commonly known as aspirin, used to prevent blood clots.   often prescribed to reduce the risk of heart attacks.  
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HDL   High-Density Lipoprotein: Known as "good" cholesterol, it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.   are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.  
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LDL   Low-Density Lipoprotein: Known as "bad" cholesterol, high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.   Reducing LDL levels can help prevent coronary artery disease.  
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ECG   Electrocardiogram: A test that records the electrical activity of the heart.   can help diagnose arrhythmias and other heart conditions.  
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BP   Blood Pressure: The force of blood against the walls of the arteries.   High BP can lead to cardiovascular disease.  
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CAD   Coronary Artery Disease: A condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked.   can lead to chest pain or heart attacks.  
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CHF   Congestive Heart Failure: A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively.   can cause fluid buildup in the lungs and legs.  
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mi   Myocardial Infarction: Another term for a heart attack, where blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked.   often requires immediate medical attention to restore blood flow.  
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Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome   A condition caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart, leading to rapid heartbeats.   Patients may experience episodes of palpitations and dizziness.  
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Kawasaki Disease   An illness that primarily affects children and involves inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to heart problems.   can cause coronary artery aneurysms.  
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Eisenmenger Syndrome   A condition resulting from a congenital heart defect that leads to pulmonary hypertension.   It can cause cyanosis and other serious symptoms.  
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(MVP) Mitral Valve Prolapse   A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, often leading to regurgitation.   can cause heart murmurs and sometimes palpitations.  
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Beck's Triad   A set of three symptoms (hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and jugular venous distension) associated with cardiac tamponade.   helps in diagnosing cardiac tamponade.  
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Cardiomyopathy   A disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood effectively.   Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type that can lead to heart failure.  
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Hypertension   High blood pressure   increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.  
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Angina Pectoris   Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles   can be a symptom of coronary artery disease  
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Arrhythmia   An irregular heartbeat   include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.  
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Atherosclerosis   A condition where arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque buildup.   can lead to heart attacks and strokes.  
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oste/o   disease in your bone or refers to the bone.   osteoporosis  
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-ectomy   surgery - the removal of.   vasectomy  
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Cost/o   In between the ribs   Intercostal  
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dactyl/o   Refers to fingers and toes.   Dactylitis  
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Carpo   Relating to the wrist   Carpal bones  
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Tibi/o   Refers to the tibia and fibula-in the shin bone.   Tibial Fracture  
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Algia, dynia   Pain   Myalgia  
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edema   Swelling caused by excess fluid.   Lymphedema  
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-ptosis   "Droopy" condition.   Blepharoptosis  
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Spondylo-   vertebra or spine   Spondylitis  
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Arthr/o   Joints   Arthroscopic Surgery  
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-itis   inflammation in the brain   arthritis.  
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NASID)   A medicine that reduces inflammation.   Ibuprofen  
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Tax/o   absent of movement   Ataxia  
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arth   loosening a stiff joint or relating to joints.   arthrolysis  
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craino   skull or head.   craniosynostosis  
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ophy   Can relate to disease, conditions, or specific body functions.   Ophthalmology  
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brady   slow movement   Bradycardia  
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meta   Over, after, or change.   metatarsalgia  
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my/o   muscles(removal of a muscle tunor(myomectomy) )   Myasthenia  
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fasc   the connective tissue surrounding muscles   Fasciitis  
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cerebell/o   Refers to the cerebellum - part of the brain.   cerebellar ataxia  
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neur/o   nerves   Neurology  
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psych/o   mind   Psychology  
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-mania   excessive desire or obsession.   Pyromania  
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myel/o   spinal cord: bone marrow   Myelopathy  
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-plegia   paralysis   Paraplegia  
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mening/o   membrane surrounding the brain and the spinal cord.   Meningitis  
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cerebr/o, encephal/o   brain   Cerebral Palsy  
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hypn/o, somn/o   sleep   Insomnia  
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-paresis   slight or partial paralysis   Hemiparesis  
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lacrim/o   tear   Lacrimation  
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aur/o; ot/o   Ear   Otoscope  
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Phas/o   Speech   Aphasia  
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gnosi/o   know   Agnosia  
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phren/o   Diaphragm(mind)   Schizophrenia  
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dacryo   tear   dacryocystalgia  
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-emia   blood condition   anemia  
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ACTH   A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.   Adrenocorticotropic hormone  
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DI   A condition characterized by excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine due to insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a lack of response to ADH.   Diabetes Insipidus  
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FBS   A test that measures blood glucose levels after fasting for a specific period, usually overnight.   Fasting Blood Sugar  
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GTT   A test used to diagnose diabetes and other disorders of glucose metabolism, where blood glucose levels are measured after consuming a glucose-rich drink.   Glucose Tolerance Test  
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DM   A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.   Diabetes Melilitus  
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cardi/o ; coron/o   heart   Cardiology  
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peri   around or surrounding (the heart)   pericardium  
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tachy   Fast or rapid   tachycardia  
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dys   bad, difficult, or abnormal.   dysrhythmia  
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scler   hard   angiosclerosis  
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ven/o   veins   venogram  
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PCI   A non-surgical procedure used to treat narrowing of the coronary arteries of the heart.   Percutaneous coronary intervention  
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CO   The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute.   cardiac output  
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SCA   A sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness.   Sudden Cardiac Arrest  
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CHF   A condition in which the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to fluid buildup.   Congestive Heart Failure  
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SV   The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction.   Stroke Volume  
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HTN   High blood pressure.   Hypertension  
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angi/o, vas/o, vascular/o   blood vessel or just a "vessel"   angioscopy  
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CABG   A surgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart by creating a bypass around blocked arteries.   Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting  
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MRA   A type of MRI that specifically looks at blood vessels.   Magnetic Resonance Angiography  
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TEE   An imaging test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart from inside the esophagus.   Transesophageal Echocardiogram  
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hypophys/o   Pituitary Gland   Hypophysitis  
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aden/o   Gland   Adenoma, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, or pituitary gland  
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thym/o   Refers to the thymus gland.   Thymus  
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gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o   Sugar, glucose, and frutose   Glucagon, glucocorticoid, glucosuria, hypoglycemia  
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adrenal/o   Refers to the adrenal glands   Adrenalectomy  
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thyr/o   Refers to the "thyroid" gland.   Thyroid  
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-tropin   stimulating hormone (to turn)   corticotropin, thyrotropin, gonadotropin  
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luek/o   White blood cells   leukocyte  
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-cyte   cell   leukocyte  
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-penia ; pen   Deficiency   Leukopenia  
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Ket/o   ketone body   diabetic ketoacidosis  
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-uria   calciuria   urine condition  
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thromb/o   Clots   Thrombosis  
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phleb/o   vein   Phlebitis  
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coagul (middle term)   coagulation refers to the blood’s ability to form clots   hypercoagulability  
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aort/o   main artery leaving the heart and distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body   Aortic  
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ventricul/o   lower chamber of the heart   Ventricular tachycardia  
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sept/o   "Partition" or "dividing" structure; can refer to any wall dividing two cavities   Septal defect  
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arteri/o   large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to body tissue.   Arteriosclerosis  
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atri/o   upper chamber of the heart.   Atrial fibrillation  
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ather/o   fatty plaque.   Atherosclerosis  
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-oma   tumor   Melanoma  
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cutane   skin   Subcutaneous  
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-plasia   enlargement or over development or a condition growth. "formation"   adrenocorticohyperplasia  
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Puitar/o   pituitary gland   pituitary gland  
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Gonad/o   The term gonad actually refers to the sex organs of both men and women. In males, of course, the gonads are the testicles, and in females, they are the ovaries.   gonadopathy, gonadogenesis  
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Pancreat/o   The pancreas   pancreatitis, pancreatolith  
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adren/o,   Means on the Kidney.   adrenocorticohyperplasia  
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cortic/o   Refers to the "outer surface" of any organ.   corticotropic  
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Crin/o   To secrete internally.(secretion)   Exocrine, Endocrine  
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-hypo   Low or under or beneath   Hypoglycemia  
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-hyper   High   Hyperglycemia  
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hormon/o   To rush or push.   Hormonopoesis  
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meno, mena   The lack of your menstural flow.   Amenorrhea  
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-rrhea   discharge(flow)(runny)   Diarrhea, amenorrhea  
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-ism or -ia or -osis   condition   Hypergonadism  
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Thel   onset of "breast" development.   Thelarche  
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-dipsia   Excessive thirst   Polydipsia  
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poly   Excessive   Polyuria  
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Acro   Extremities, but also can mean top or high.   Acromegaly  
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Galacto,   Milk   galactorrhea  
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-ophthalmos, otone   the eye   exophthalmos  
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-cele   hernia   thyrocele  
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-megaly   enlargement   thyromegaly  
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Eu   Means normal.   Euglycemia  
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lipid or "steato"   Fat   hyperlipidemia  
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Endar or endo , enter/o   Inside   endocrine  
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Exo   Outside   exocrine  
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ic retro   pertaining to backwards   endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography  
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-lysis   loosen, "breakdown".   glycolysis  
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TSH   A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls how much thyroid hormone the thyroid gland makes.   thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin)  
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T3   A hormone produced by the thyroid gland.   triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid)  
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TFT   Tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid.   Thyroid Function Test  
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-toxin   Poison   Thyroidtoxin  
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Pseudo   Change   pseudocyst  
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-ic   Inflammation   pancreatic  
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-crine   secreation   Endocrine  
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-genesis or -gen   creation   ketogenesis  
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ic hyper   pertaining to over   thymic hyperplasia  
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-crit   Judge(separate)   hematocrit  
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hepato   Liver   hepatosplenitis  
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-ectasia   Dilation   lymphangiectasia  
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-lytic, -lysis   the "breakdown"   Thrombolytic  
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Lapar/o, celi/o, abdomin/o   Abdomen   Laparosplenectomy  
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-otomy   Incision   Lymphadenotomy  
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Nephr/o or ren/o   Kidney   nephrosplenopexy  
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-pexy   Fixation   nephrosplenopexy  
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-apheresis   Separation   plasmapheresis  
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-oid(suffix)   Resembling or like   adenoid  
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ox/o   Oxygen   Oxygen  
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isch   To hold back or restrain(blockage).   Ischemia  
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-pnea, spri/o   Refers to "breathing" or respiration. Also, to breathe through.   eupnea  
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rhin/o, nas/o   nose   nasogastric tube, nasendoscope, rhinorrhea, rhinoplasty  
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or/o, stomat/o   mouth   Oropharynx  
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phren/o   diaphragm   phrenospasm, phrenoplegia  
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pulmon/o   lungs   pulmonologist, pulmonary  
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thorac/o, pector/o (also pectus), steth/o   chest   thoracic, pectoralgia, pectus excavatum, stethoscope  
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capn/o, carb/o   carbon dioxide   hypercapnia, hypocarbia  
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-oma   tumor, cyst, or mass   Lymphoma, Carcinoma, Glioma  
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cyst/o or a vesic/o   bladder   cystocele  
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-lith   stone   choledocholithectomy  
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Semin or Spermat/o   sperm   aspermia, spermicide, spermatocele  
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Gingiv/o   gums   gingivectomy  
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chol/e, bil/i   bile or Gall bladder   cholangiopancreatography  
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meat/o   opening or to go through   meatoscopic, meatal stenosis  
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prostat/o   prostate   prostatitis, prostatomegaly  
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balan/o   Penis   balanorrhea, balanitis  
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glomerul/o   glomerulus   glomerulopathy, glomerulonephritis  
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pyel/o   renal pelvis.   pyelonephritis, pyelitis  
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ureter/o   ureter, urethra   urethralgia  
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epididym/o   epididymis   epididymectomy, epididymectomy  
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orchi/o   testicle   orchitis, orchiopexy, anorchidism, testitis  
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ur/o, urin/o   urine system   urine, urology, hematuria  
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tonsill/o   Almond   tonsillectomy, tonsillitis  
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adenoid/o   Resembling a gland.   adenoidectomy, adenoiditis  
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laryng/o   Larynx(voice box)   laryngospasm, laryngitis  
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pharyng/o   The pharynx (THE THROAT) is the pathway used by both food and air.   pharyngitis, pharyngostenosis  
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trache/o ; trach/a   windpipe(rough)   tracheotomy, tracheostomy  
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sin/o, sinus/o   hollow or cavity   sinusitis, sinusotomy  
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pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o   Lungs or air.   pneumomelanosis, pneumatology, pneumonia  
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lob/o   Lobe: a well-defined portion of any organ. We are checking his spermatogenesis to make sure he can produce healthy sperm.   lobectomy, lobotomy  
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bronch/o, bronchi/o   The main branches from the trachea into each lung.   bronchoscope, bronchiostenosis  
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bronchiol/o   The little bronchus, which is a smaller subdivision of the bronchial tubes.   bronchiolitis, bronchiolectasis  
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alveol/o   hollow or cavity   alveolitis, alveolar  
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-phonia   sound   dysphonia  
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hemo   blood   hemoptysis  
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cyan   blue   cyanosis  
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-ptysis   cough   hemoptysis  
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-loquy   speak   pectoriloquy  
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-cavatum   hollowed   pectus excavatum  
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-ectasis   expansion   bronchiectasis  
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caseous necr   cheeselike death   caseous necrosis  
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-fusion   pour or pouring   pleural effusion  
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-stenosis or sten   narrowing   tracheostenosis  
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computed tomo   to cut   computed tomography  
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-malacia   softening   tracheomalacia  
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coni   dust   pneumoconiosis  
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theli   nipple   mesothelioma  
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-plasty   Repair (reconstruction)   palatoplasty  
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septo   septum   septoplasty  
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-stomy   opening.   tracheostomy  
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dent/o, odont/o   tooth   dentist, odontalgia  
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gloss/o, lingu/o   Tongue   glossopathy, hypoglossal, sublingual  
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gastr/o   Stomach   gastritis, gastropexy  
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duoden/o   Duodenum   gastroduodenoscope, duodenectomy  
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an/o   anus   anoplasty, anal fistula  
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-aphoresis   Profuse Sweating   Diaphoresis  
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-exis   Rupture   arteriorrhexis  
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emsis   vomiting   hyperemesis  
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-clasis   break or breaking   odontoclasis  
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-phony   sound   anophony  
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chondr   cartilage   hypochondriac  
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umbilic   belly button   umbilical  
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mal   bad   malabsorption  
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carcin   cancer   hepatocarcinoma  
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-rrhaphy   suture   enterorrhaphy  
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doch/o   duct   Choledocho  
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amni/o   The amnion is the innermost membrane covering the fetus.   amniocentesis  
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-cyesis   Labor pains. "pregnancy"   pseudocyesis  
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cervic/o   Cervix   cervicectomy  
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hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o; -truim   A Uterus.   hysterectomy  
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oophor/o, ovari/o   Egg(ovary).   oophorocystectomy  
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salping/o   Trumpet > Fallopian Tube   salpingectomy, salpingoscope  
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fet/o   Offspring, fetus   fetometry  
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part/o, nat/o   Birth   postpartum, neonatal  
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vulv/o   Vulva   hysterectomy  
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mamm/o, mast/o   Breast   mammoplasty  
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perine/o   Perineum   perineoplasty  
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toc/o   Labor   oxytocin  
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chorion/o, chori/o   Chorion   chorioamnionitis  
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mast/o   breast   mastectomy  
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vagin/o, colp/o   Vagina.   Vaginoplasty  
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gyn/o, gynec/o   Woman   Gynecologic  
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EDD   The expected date when a pregnant woman will give birth, typically calculated 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period.   Expected date of delivery  
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FAS   A condition in a child resulting from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy, causing brain damage and growth problems.   Fetal alcohol syndrome  
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G   Refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether the pregnancy resulted in a live birth.   Gravida  
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LGA   A term used for newborns who are larger than the typical weight for their gestational age, often above the 90th percentile.   Large for gestational age  
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CPD   A condition where the baby’s head is too large to fit through the mother’s pelvis during childbirth, potentially requiring a cesarean delivery.   Cephalopelvic disproportion  
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contra-   against or opposite.   Contraindication  
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-taxis   bloody nose   Chemotaxis  
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syn   together   craniosynostosis  
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mono   one   monoplegia  
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-ium   biological tissue   Endocardium  
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ile   small intestine   ileostomy  
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colon   large intestine   colonoscope  
🗑


   

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