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Unit 1: MED TERM104
Deciphering the Code by Y.Harrell
| Term | Definition | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| gen/o | creation, cause | pathogenic |
| hydr/o | water | hydrophobia, dehydration |
| morph/o | change | morphology |
| myc/o | fungus | dermatomycosis |
| necro/o | death | necrosis |
| rect/o | straight | rectoplasty, rectitis |
| path/o or pathy | suffering, disease | pathology |
| -centesis | punture | amniocentesis |
| -gram | written record | cardiogram |
| -graph | instrument used to produce a record | cardiograph |
| -graphy | process of recording | cardiography |
| -meter | instrument used to measure | cephalometer |
| -metry | process of measuring | cephalometry |
| -scope | instrument used to look | arthroscope |
| -scopy | process of looking | arthroscopy |
| LV | Left Ventricle: One of the heart’s chambers responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body. | Left ventricular hypertrophy can occur in response to high blood pressure. |
| RV | Right Ventricle: The heart chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. | Right ventricular failure can lead to swelling in the legs. |
| ASA | Acetylsalicylic Acid: Commonly known as aspirin, used to prevent blood clots. | often prescribed to reduce the risk of heart attacks. |
| HDL | High-Density Lipoprotein: Known as "good" cholesterol, it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream. | are associated with a lower risk of heart disease. |
| LDL | Low-Density Lipoprotein: Known as "bad" cholesterol, high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries. | Reducing LDL levels can help prevent coronary artery disease. |
| ECG | Electrocardiogram: A test that records the electrical activity of the heart. | can help diagnose arrhythmias and other heart conditions. |
| BP | Blood Pressure: The force of blood against the walls of the arteries. | High BP can lead to cardiovascular disease. |
| CAD | Coronary Artery Disease: A condition where the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked. | can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. |
| CHF | Congestive Heart Failure: A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. | can cause fluid buildup in the lungs and legs. |
| mi | Myocardial Infarction: Another term for a heart attack, where blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked. | often requires immediate medical attention to restore blood flow. |
| Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome | A condition caused by an extra electrical pathway in the heart, leading to rapid heartbeats. | Patients may experience episodes of palpitations and dizziness. |
| Kawasaki Disease | An illness that primarily affects children and involves inflammation of the blood vessels, which can lead to heart problems. | can cause coronary artery aneurysms. |
| Eisenmenger Syndrome | A condition resulting from a congenital heart defect that leads to pulmonary hypertension. | It can cause cyanosis and other serious symptoms. |
| (MVP) Mitral Valve Prolapse | A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, often leading to regurgitation. | can cause heart murmurs and sometimes palpitations. |
| Beck's Triad | A set of three symptoms (hypotension, muffled heart sounds, and jugular venous distension) associated with cardiac tamponade. | helps in diagnosing cardiac tamponade. |
| Cardiomyopathy | A disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood effectively. | Dilated cardiomyopathy is a type that can lead to heart failure. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure | increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. |
| Angina Pectoris | Chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscles | can be a symptom of coronary artery disease |
| Arrhythmia | An irregular heartbeat | include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. |
| Atherosclerosis | A condition where arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque buildup. | can lead to heart attacks and strokes. |
| oste/o | disease in your bone or refers to the bone. | osteoporosis |
| -ectomy | surgery - the removal of. | vasectomy |
| Cost/o | In between the ribs | Intercostal |
| dactyl/o | Refers to fingers and toes. | Dactylitis |
| Carpo | Relating to the wrist | Carpal bones |
| Tibi/o | Refers to the tibia and fibula-in the shin bone. | Tibial Fracture |
| Algia, dynia | Pain | Myalgia |
| edema | Swelling caused by excess fluid. | Lymphedema |
| -ptosis | "Droopy" condition. | Blepharoptosis |
| Spondylo- | vertebra or spine | Spondylitis |
| Arthr/o | Joints | Arthroscopic Surgery |
| -itis | inflammation in the brain | arthritis. |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NASID) | A medicine that reduces inflammation. | Ibuprofen |
| Tax/o | absent of movement | Ataxia |
| arth | loosening a stiff joint or relating to joints. | arthrolysis |
| craino | skull or head. | craniosynostosis |
| ophy | Can relate to disease, conditions, or specific body functions. | Ophthalmology |
| brady | slow movement | Bradycardia |
| meta | Over, after, or change. | metatarsalgia |
| my/o | muscles(removal of a muscle tunor(myomectomy) ) | Myasthenia |
| fasc | the connective tissue surrounding muscles | Fasciitis |
| cerebell/o | Refers to the cerebellum - part of the brain. | cerebellar ataxia |
| neur/o | nerves | Neurology |
| psych/o | mind | Psychology |
| -mania | excessive desire or obsession. | Pyromania |
| myel/o | spinal cord: bone marrow | Myelopathy |
| -plegia | paralysis | Paraplegia |
| mening/o | membrane surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. | Meningitis |
| cerebr/o, encephal/o | brain | Cerebral Palsy |
| hypn/o, somn/o | sleep | Insomnia |
| -paresis | slight or partial paralysis | Hemiparesis |
| lacrim/o | tear | Lacrimation |
| aur/o; ot/o | Ear | Otoscope |
| Phas/o | Speech | Aphasia |
| gnosi/o | know | Agnosia |
| phren/o | Diaphragm(mind) | Schizophrenia |
| dacryo | tear | dacryocystalgia |
| -emia | blood condition | anemia |
| ACTH | A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol. | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| DI | A condition characterized by excessive thirst and large volumes of dilute urine due to insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or a lack of response to ADH. | Diabetes Insipidus |
| FBS | A test that measures blood glucose levels after fasting for a specific period, usually overnight. | Fasting Blood Sugar |
| GTT | A test used to diagnose diabetes and other disorders of glucose metabolism, where blood glucose levels are measured after consuming a glucose-rich drink. | Glucose Tolerance Test |
| DM | A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. | Diabetes Melilitus |
| cardi/o ; coron/o | heart | Cardiology |
| peri | around or surrounding (the heart) | pericardium |
| tachy | Fast or rapid | tachycardia |
| dys | bad, difficult, or abnormal. | dysrhythmia |
| scler | hard | angiosclerosis |
| ven/o | veins | venogram |
| PCI | A non-surgical procedure used to treat narrowing of the coronary arteries of the heart. | Percutaneous coronary intervention |
| CO | The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. | cardiac output |
| SCA | A sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness. | Sudden Cardiac Arrest |
| CHF | A condition in which the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to fluid buildup. | Congestive Heart Failure |
| SV | The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction. | Stroke Volume |
| HTN | High blood pressure. | Hypertension |
| angi/o, vas/o, vascular/o | blood vessel or just a "vessel" | angioscopy |
| CABG | A surgical procedure to improve blood flow to the heart by creating a bypass around blocked arteries. | Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting |
| MRA | A type of MRI that specifically looks at blood vessels. | Magnetic Resonance Angiography |
| TEE | An imaging test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart from inside the esophagus. | Transesophageal Echocardiogram |
| hypophys/o | Pituitary Gland | Hypophysitis |
| aden/o | Gland | Adenoma, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, or pituitary gland |
| thym/o | Refers to the thymus gland. | Thymus |
| gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o | Sugar, glucose, and frutose | Glucagon, glucocorticoid, glucosuria, hypoglycemia |
| adrenal/o | Refers to the adrenal glands | Adrenalectomy |
| thyr/o | Refers to the "thyroid" gland. | Thyroid |
| -tropin | stimulating hormone (to turn) | corticotropin, thyrotropin, gonadotropin |
| luek/o | White blood cells | leukocyte |
| -cyte | cell | leukocyte |
| -penia ; pen | Deficiency | Leukopenia |
| Ket/o | ketone body | diabetic ketoacidosis |
| -uria | calciuria | urine condition |
| thromb/o | Clots | Thrombosis |
| phleb/o | vein | Phlebitis |
| coagul (middle term) | coagulation refers to the blood’s ability to form clots | hypercoagulability |
| aort/o | main artery leaving the heart and distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body | Aortic |
| ventricul/o | lower chamber of the heart | Ventricular tachycardia |
| sept/o | "Partition" or "dividing" structure; can refer to any wall dividing two cavities | Septal defect |
| arteri/o | large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to body tissue. | Arteriosclerosis |
| atri/o | upper chamber of the heart. | Atrial fibrillation |
| ather/o | fatty plaque. | Atherosclerosis |
| -oma | tumor | Melanoma |
| cutane | skin | Subcutaneous |
| -plasia | enlargement or over development or a condition growth. "formation" | adrenocorticohyperplasia |
| Puitar/o | pituitary gland | pituitary gland |
| Gonad/o | The term gonad actually refers to the sex organs of both men and women. In males, of course, the gonads are the testicles, and in females, they are the ovaries. | gonadopathy, gonadogenesis |
| Pancreat/o | The pancreas | pancreatitis, pancreatolith |
| adren/o, | Means on the Kidney. | adrenocorticohyperplasia |
| cortic/o | Refers to the "outer surface" of any organ. | corticotropic |
| Crin/o | To secrete internally.(secretion) | Exocrine, Endocrine |
| -hypo | Low or under or beneath | Hypoglycemia |
| -hyper | High | Hyperglycemia |
| hormon/o | To rush or push. | Hormonopoesis |
| meno, mena | The lack of your menstural flow. | Amenorrhea |
| -rrhea | discharge(flow)(runny) | Diarrhea, amenorrhea |
| -ism or -ia or -osis | condition | Hypergonadism |
| Thel | onset of "breast" development. | Thelarche |
| -dipsia | Excessive thirst | Polydipsia |
| poly | Excessive | Polyuria |
| Acro | Extremities, but also can mean top or high. | Acromegaly |
| Galacto, | Milk | galactorrhea |
| -ophthalmos, otone | the eye | exophthalmos |
| -cele | hernia | thyrocele |
| -megaly | enlargement | thyromegaly |
| Eu | Means normal. | Euglycemia |
| lipid or "steato" | Fat | hyperlipidemia |
| Endar or endo , enter/o | Inside | endocrine |
| Exo | Outside | exocrine |
| ic retro | pertaining to backwards | endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
| -lysis | loosen, "breakdown". | glycolysis |
| TSH | A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that controls how much thyroid hormone the thyroid gland makes. | thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin) |
| T3 | A hormone produced by the thyroid gland. | triiodothyronine (one of two primary hormones produced by the thyroid) |
| TFT | Tests performed to evaluate the function of the thyroid. | Thyroid Function Test |
| -toxin | Poison | Thyroidtoxin |
| Pseudo | Change | pseudocyst |
| -ic | Inflammation | pancreatic |
| -crine | secreation | Endocrine |
| -genesis or -gen | creation | ketogenesis |
| ic hyper | pertaining to over | thymic hyperplasia |
| -crit | Judge(separate) | hematocrit |
| hepato | Liver | hepatosplenitis |
| -ectasia | Dilation | lymphangiectasia |
| -lytic, -lysis | the "breakdown" | Thrombolytic |
| Lapar/o, celi/o, abdomin/o | Abdomen | Laparosplenectomy |
| -otomy | Incision | Lymphadenotomy |
| Nephr/o or ren/o | Kidney | nephrosplenopexy |
| -pexy | Fixation | nephrosplenopexy |
| -apheresis | Separation | plasmapheresis |
| -oid(suffix) | Resembling or like | adenoid |
| ox/o | Oxygen | Oxygen |
| isch | To hold back or restrain(blockage). | Ischemia |
| -pnea, spri/o | Refers to "breathing" or respiration. Also, to breathe through. | eupnea |
| rhin/o, nas/o | nose | nasogastric tube, nasendoscope, rhinorrhea, rhinoplasty |
| or/o, stomat/o | mouth | Oropharynx |
| phren/o | diaphragm | phrenospasm, phrenoplegia |
| pulmon/o | lungs | pulmonologist, pulmonary |
| thorac/o, pector/o (also pectus), steth/o | chest | thoracic, pectoralgia, pectus excavatum, stethoscope |
| capn/o, carb/o | carbon dioxide | hypercapnia, hypocarbia |
| -oma | tumor, cyst, or mass | Lymphoma, Carcinoma, Glioma |
| cyst/o or a vesic/o | bladder | cystocele |
| -lith | stone | choledocholithectomy |
| Semin or Spermat/o | sperm | aspermia, spermicide, spermatocele |
| Gingiv/o | gums | gingivectomy |
| chol/e, bil/i | bile or Gall bladder | cholangiopancreatography |
| meat/o | opening or to go through | meatoscopic, meatal stenosis |
| prostat/o | prostate | prostatitis, prostatomegaly |
| balan/o | Penis | balanorrhea, balanitis |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus | glomerulopathy, glomerulonephritis |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis. | pyelonephritis, pyelitis |
| ureter/o | ureter, urethra | urethralgia |
| epididym/o | epididymis | epididymectomy, epididymectomy |
| orchi/o | testicle | orchitis, orchiopexy, anorchidism, testitis |
| ur/o, urin/o | urine system | urine, urology, hematuria |
| tonsill/o | Almond | tonsillectomy, tonsillitis |
| adenoid/o | Resembling a gland. | adenoidectomy, adenoiditis |
| laryng/o | Larynx(voice box) | laryngospasm, laryngitis |
| pharyng/o | The pharynx (THE THROAT) is the pathway used by both food and air. | pharyngitis, pharyngostenosis |
| trache/o ; trach/a | windpipe(rough) | tracheotomy, tracheostomy |
| sin/o, sinus/o | hollow or cavity | sinusitis, sinusotomy |
| pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o, pulmon/o | Lungs or air. | pneumomelanosis, pneumatology, pneumonia |
| lob/o | Lobe: a well-defined portion of any organ. We are checking his spermatogenesis to make sure he can produce healthy sperm. | lobectomy, lobotomy |
| bronch/o, bronchi/o | The main branches from the trachea into each lung. | bronchoscope, bronchiostenosis |
| bronchiol/o | The little bronchus, which is a smaller subdivision of the bronchial tubes. | bronchiolitis, bronchiolectasis |
| alveol/o | hollow or cavity | alveolitis, alveolar |
| -phonia | sound | dysphonia |
| hemo | blood | hemoptysis |
| cyan | blue | cyanosis |
| -ptysis | cough | hemoptysis |
| -loquy | speak | pectoriloquy |
| -cavatum | hollowed | pectus excavatum |
| -ectasis | expansion | bronchiectasis |
| caseous necr | cheeselike death | caseous necrosis |
| -fusion | pour or pouring | pleural effusion |
| -stenosis or sten | narrowing | tracheostenosis |
| computed tomo | to cut | computed tomography |
| -malacia | softening | tracheomalacia |
| coni | dust | pneumoconiosis |
| theli | nipple | mesothelioma |
| -plasty | Repair (reconstruction) | palatoplasty |
| septo | septum | septoplasty |
| -stomy | opening. | tracheostomy |
| dent/o, odont/o | tooth | dentist, odontalgia |
| gloss/o, lingu/o | Tongue | glossopathy, hypoglossal, sublingual |
| gastr/o | Stomach | gastritis, gastropexy |
| duoden/o | Duodenum | gastroduodenoscope, duodenectomy |
| an/o | anus | anoplasty, anal fistula |
| -aphoresis | Profuse Sweating | Diaphoresis |
| -exis | Rupture | arteriorrhexis |
| emsis | vomiting | hyperemesis |
| -clasis | break or breaking | odontoclasis |
| -phony | sound | anophony |
| chondr | cartilage | hypochondriac |
| umbilic | belly button | umbilical |
| mal | bad | malabsorption |
| carcin | cancer | hepatocarcinoma |
| -rrhaphy | suture | enterorrhaphy |
| doch/o | duct | Choledocho |
| amni/o | The amnion is the innermost membrane covering the fetus. | amniocentesis |
| -cyesis | Labor pains. "pregnancy" | pseudocyesis |
| cervic/o | Cervix | cervicectomy |
| hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o; -truim | A Uterus. | hysterectomy |
| oophor/o, ovari/o | Egg(ovary). | oophorocystectomy |
| salping/o | Trumpet > Fallopian Tube | salpingectomy, salpingoscope |
| fet/o | Offspring, fetus | fetometry |
| part/o, nat/o | Birth | postpartum, neonatal |
| vulv/o | Vulva | hysterectomy |
| mamm/o, mast/o | Breast | mammoplasty |
| perine/o | Perineum | perineoplasty |
| toc/o | Labor | oxytocin |
| chorion/o, chori/o | Chorion | chorioamnionitis |
| mast/o | breast | mastectomy |
| vagin/o, colp/o | Vagina. | Vaginoplasty |
| gyn/o, gynec/o | Woman | Gynecologic |
| EDD | The expected date when a pregnant woman will give birth, typically calculated 40 weeks from the first day of the last menstrual period. | Expected date of delivery |
| FAS | A condition in a child resulting from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy, causing brain damage and growth problems. | Fetal alcohol syndrome |
| G | Refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether the pregnancy resulted in a live birth. | Gravida |
| LGA | A term used for newborns who are larger than the typical weight for their gestational age, often above the 90th percentile. | Large for gestational age |
| CPD | A condition where the baby’s head is too large to fit through the mother’s pelvis during childbirth, potentially requiring a cesarean delivery. | Cephalopelvic disproportion |
| contra- | against or opposite. | Contraindication |
| -taxis | bloody nose | Chemotaxis |
| syn | together | craniosynostosis |
| mono | one | monoplegia |
| -ium | biological tissue | Endocardium |
| ile | small intestine | ileostomy |
| colon | large intestine | colonoscope |
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