Pathological terms
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| concussion | Brain injury due to trauma.
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| coma | Abnormally deep sleep with little or no response to stimuli.
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| brain contusion | Bruising of the surface of the brain without penetration.
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| closed head trauma | brain hit skull and rebound to other side of skull
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| shaken baby syndrome | closed head trauma in young children creating potentially fatal damage
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| subdural hematoma | tumor like collection of blood caused by trauma
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| spina bifida | Congenital defect with deformity of the spinal column.
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| meningocele | In spina bifida cystica, protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin
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| meningomyelocele | In spina bifida cystica, protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord above the surface of the skin.
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| Tay-sachs disease | Hereditary disease that causes deterioration in the central nervous system and, eventually, death
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| hydrocephalus | Overproduction of fluid in the brain.
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| dementia | Deterioration in mental capacity, usually in the elderly.
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| Alzheimer disease | A type of degenerative brain disease causing thought disorders, gradual loss of muscle control, and eventually, death.
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| amnesia | Loss of memory
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| Apraxia | Inability to properly use familiar objects.
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| agnosia | Inability to receive and understand outside stimuli.
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lou Gehrig's disease | Degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death.
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| Huntington chorea | Hereditary disorder with uncontrollable, jerking movements.
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| multiple sclerosis (MS) | Degenerative disease with loss of myelin, resulting in muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, and some paralysis.
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| demyelination | Destruction of myelin sheath, particularly in multiple sclerosis.
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| gait | Manner of walking.
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| paresthesia | Abnormal sensation, such as tingling.
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| myasthenia gravis | Disease involving overproduction of antibodies that block certain neurotransmitters; causes muscle weakness.
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| Parkinson's disease | Degeneration of nerves in the brain caused by lack of sufficient dopamine.
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| dopamine | Substance in the brain or manufactured substance that helps relieve symptoms of Parkinson disease.
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| palsy | Partial or complete paralysis.
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| cerebral palsy | Congenital disease caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth and resulting in lack of motor coordination.
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| Bell's palsy | Paralysis of one side of the face; usually temporary.
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| ataxia | Condition with uncoordinated voluntary muscular movement, usually resulting from disorders of the cerebellum or spinal cord.
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| epilepsy | Chronic recurrent seizure activity.
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| aura | Group of symptoms that precede a seizure.
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| absence seizures, petit mal seizures | Mild epileptic seizure consisting of brief disorientation with the environment.
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| shingles | Viral disease affecting peripheral nerves and caused by herpes zoster.
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| tonic-clonic seizures, grand mal seizures | Severe epileptic seizure accompanied by convulsions, twitching, and loss of consciousness.
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| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges.
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| Tourette syndrome | Neurological disorder that causes uncontrollable speech sounds and tics.
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| tics | Twitching movements that accompany some neurological disorders.
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| pyrogenic meningitis | Meningitis caused by bacteria; can be fatal; bacterial meningitis.
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| bacterial meningitis | Meningitis caused by bacteria; pyrogenic meningitis.
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| viral meningitis | Meningitis caused by a virus and not as severe as pyrogenic meningitis.
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| neuritis | Inflammation of the nerves
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| myelitis | Inflammation of the spinal cord
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| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain
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| cerebellitis | Inflammation of the cerebellum
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| gangliitis | Inflammation of the ganglion
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| radiculitis | Inflammation of the spinal nerve root
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| sciatica | 1. Pain in the lower back, usually radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury or condition. 2. Inflammation of the sciatic nerve.
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| glioma | Tumor that arises from neuroglia.
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| meningioma | Tumor that arises from the meninges.
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| astrocytoma | Type of glioma formed from astrocytes.
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| oligodengroglioma | Type of glioma formed from oligodendroglia.
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| glioblastoma multiforme | Most malignant form of glioma.
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| ganglion | Any group of nerve cell bodies forming a mass or a cyst in the peripheral nervous system; usually forms in the wrist.
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| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Neurological incident caused by disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
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| stroke | Neurological incident caused by disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain.
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| cerebral infusion | Neurological incident caused by disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke.
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| thrombus | Blood clot; stationary blood clot in the cardiovascular system, usually formed from matter found in the blood.
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| occlusion | Blocking of a blood vessel; the closing of a blood vessel.
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| thrombotic stroke | Stroke caused by a thrombus.
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| transient ischemic attack | Short neurological incident usually not resulting in permanent injury, but usually signaling that a larger stroke may occur.
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| embolic stroke | Sudden stroke caused by an embolus.
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| embolus | Mass of foreign material blocking a vessel; clot from somewhere in the body that blocks a small blood vessel in the brain.
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| hemorrhagic stroke | Stroke caused by blood escaping from a damaged cerebral artery.
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| aneurysm | Abnormal widening of an artery wall that bursts and releases blood; ballooning of the artery wall caused by weakness in the wall.
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| dsyphasia | Speech difficulty.
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| aphasia | Loss of speech.
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| fainting, syncope | Loss of consciousness due to a sudden lack of oxygen in the brain.
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| somnolence | Extreme sleepiness caused by a neurological disorder.
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| narcolepsy | Nervous system disorder that causes uncontrollable, sudden lapses into deep sleep.
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