PharmacologyHSC1149
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any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function | show 🗑
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were the primary source of drugs used on the human body | show 🗑
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four ways that drugs are obtained | show 🗑
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show | minerals
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show | animals
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substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the | show 🗑
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origin of drugs from an animal source even now includes ___ ___ | show 🗑
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can be used to make a drug for treatment of growth disorders | show 🗑
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show | synthetic sources
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show | synthetic (manufactured) sources
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produced from artificial rather than natural substances | show 🗑
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numerous antibiotics are | show 🗑
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show | investigational new drugs (INDs)
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slows progression of HIV infection in some patients; IND of 1990s | show 🗑
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show | Interferon (Roferon A)
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used to slow progression of dementia in some Alzheimer patients; IND of 1990s | show 🗑
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combines Norvasc & Lipitor for simultaneous treatment of high blood pressure & high cholesterol; 1st to treat these 2 conditions with a single tablet; 21st century IND | show 🗑
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show | Avastin
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physiological changes that occur in response to a drug | show 🗑
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show | systemic effect
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limited to area of body where administered | show 🗑
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four biological changes drugs undergo in the body | show 🗑
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show | absorption
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show | distribution
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show | metabolism
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show | excretion
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show | actions; effects
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show | primary site of absorption
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show | primary site of distribution
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liver is the | show 🗑
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show | primary site of excretion
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specific directions that accompany each drug are given to __ the absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion of the drug | show 🗑
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show | site of absorption of a drug
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show | stomach mucosa
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show | small intestine
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show | tetracycline
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show | acidity
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show | high
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show | lipids
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substances soluble in lipids are rapidly absorbed through the __ __ | show 🗑
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show | low
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show | neomycin
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show | slower emptying of the stomach
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show | empty stomach
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medications that are irritating to the stomach can be buffered by the presence of | show 🗑
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reaching sites beyond the major organs may depend of the drugs ability to | show 🗑
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show | blood-brain barrier
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affinity/attraction of a drug to a specific organ/cell | show 🗑
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show | amphetamines
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selective distribution to the ovaries, as a fertility drug | show 🗑
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show | more slowly
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2 drugs categorized in the same classification may be known to | show 🗑
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biotransformation means transformed in | show 🗑
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drug is broken down to more water-soluble by-products, making it more easily secreted by the kidneys, during | show 🗑
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a patient may exhibit toxic effects of drug if | show 🗑
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show | process of metabolism
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show | detected in the urine
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show | the kidneys
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show | toxicity
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increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body | show 🗑
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cumulative effect may build to a dangerous/toxic level & can be of particular concern in | show 🗑
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show | goal of drug therapy
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cardiac drug that must be given cautiously because of its potential for causing a cumulative effect | show 🗑
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must be adequate or digoxin will accumulate, leading to digoxin toxicity | show 🗑
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show | variables
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show | metabolism & excretion
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have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly/in unexpected ways; frequent assessment is imperative | show 🗑
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show | the patient's weight
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show | differently than men to some drugs
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show | female is pregnant or nursing
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show | physical response
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beneficial effect in patient following particular treatment arising from patient's expectations about the treatment rather than from the treatment itself | show 🗑
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inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug is present (i.e. a sugar tablet or saline injection) | show 🗑
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attitudes towards medicines can be influenced positively/negatively by | show 🗑
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when more than one medication is taken | show 🗑
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show | alter
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show | synergism
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action of 2 drugs in which one prolongs/multiplies the effect of the other | show 🗑
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opposing action of 2 drugs in which 1 decreases/cancels out the effect of the other | show 🗑
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show | prevent undesirable drug interactions
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show | desired synergism
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show | undesirable synergism
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building up a high/safe level of an antibiotic in the blood, then simultaneously giving a drug that slows the kidney's excretion rate | show 🗑
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toxic effect that may result from a drug potentiating the level of another drug's concentration in the blood | show 🗑
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show | desirable antagonism
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show | undesirable antagonism
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show | drug dosages
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amount of drug given for particular therapuetic or desired effect | show 🗑
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show | minimum dose
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largest amount of a drug that will produce a therapuetic effect without producing symptoms of toxicity | show 🗑
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initial high dose used to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the blood | show 🗑
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the initial high dose, of a loading dose, is often | show 🗑
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the initial dose, of a loading dose, is often followed by a series of | show 🗑
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dose required to keep the drug blood level at a steady state in order to maintain desired effect | show 🗑
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amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning | show 🗑
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dose that causes death | show 🗑
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customarily given based on adult body weight of 150 lb; adjusted according to variations from the norm | show 🗑
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most significant factor in the speed of drug action | show 🗑
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sometimes based on degree of speed, cost, or safety | show 🗑
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show | absorption occurs by that route only
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show | dangerous; toxic
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oral (PO), nasogastric tube (NG), and rectal (R) are | show 🗑
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show | parenteral routes
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sublingual (SL)/buccal, Injection, topical, & inhalation are all | show 🗑
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intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (subQ), intradermal (ID), intracardiac, intraspinal, intracapsular are all | show 🗑
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dermal (D) & mucosal | show 🗑
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show | doctor's choice of route of administration
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is easiest, but effects are slower due to time required for disintegration of drugs in alimentary canal before absorption | show 🗑
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fastest, given in small amounts, effects immediate, dangerous if given in amounts intended for other routes; administered by IV push or bolus, or diluted solutions infused by IV drip | show 🗑
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concentrated drug solution | show 🗑
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show | IVs
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IVs are the best route for treatment of emergencies because of | show 🗑
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show | parenterally
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because the muscles are highly vascular the __ __ is fairly rapid | show 🗑
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any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug; unwanted effect; onset may be sudden or develop over time | show 🗑
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show | teratogenic effect
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unique, unusual response to a drug | show 🗑
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show | paradoxical
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decreased response to drug that develops after repeated doses are given; drug dosage must be increased or drug replaced, in order to achieve desired effect | show 🗑
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show | dependence
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show | physiological dependence
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show | physical dependence
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show | hypersensitivity
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hypersensitivity may develop after previous __ __ of a drug | show 🗑
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hypersensitivity more likely to exist in patient with | show 🗑
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show | signs of allergies
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show | anaphylactic reaction
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include itching, uticaria, hyperemia, vascular collapse, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, & dyspnea | show 🗑
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includes CPR if indicated & drugs as required, such as epinephrine to raise blood pressure, corticosteroid to reduce inflammation and body's immune response, or antihistamine to reduce redness, itching & edema | show 🗑
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antibiotics especially penicillin; x-ray dyes containing iodides; & insect stings have been noted often to cause | show 🗑
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knowledge of adverse drug reactions should be included in the | show 🗑
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getting accurate drug history & listing known allergies is a __ __ of the health care worker | show 🗑
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absorption is the __ biological change process that drugs undergo when they are ingested | show 🗑
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drugs whose actions are limited to a __ __ of the body have local effects | show 🗑
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show | slow drug absorption
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show | major variables
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