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PharmacologyHSC1149

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Question
Answer
any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function   show
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were the primary source of drugs used on the human body   show
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four ways that drugs are obtained   show
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show minerals  
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show animals  
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substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the   show
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origin of drugs from an animal source even now includes ___ ___   show
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can be used to make a drug for treatment of growth disorders   show
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show synthetic sources  
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show synthetic (manufactured) sources  
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produced from artificial rather than natural substances   show
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numerous antibiotics are   show
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show investigational new drugs (INDs)  
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slows progression of HIV infection in some patients; IND of 1990s   show
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show Interferon (Roferon A)  
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used to slow progression of dementia in some Alzheimer patients; IND of 1990s   show
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combines Norvasc & Lipitor for simultaneous treatment of high blood pressure & high cholesterol; 1st to treat these 2 conditions with a single tablet; 21st century IND   show
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show Avastin  
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physiological changes that occur in response to a drug   show
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show systemic effect  
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limited to area of body where administered   show
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four biological changes drugs undergo in the body   show
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show absorption  
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show distribution  
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show metabolism  
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show excretion  
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show actions; effects  
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show primary site of absorption  
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show primary site of distribution  
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liver is the   show
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show primary site of excretion  
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specific directions that accompany each drug are given to __ the absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion of the drug   show
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show site of absorption of a drug  
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show stomach mucosa  
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show small intestine  
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show tetracycline  
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show acidity  
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show high  
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show lipids  
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substances soluble in lipids are rapidly absorbed through the __ __   show
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show low  
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show neomycin  
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show slower emptying of the stomach  
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show empty stomach  
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medications that are irritating to the stomach can be buffered by the presence of   show
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reaching sites beyond the major organs may depend of the drugs ability to   show
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show blood-brain barrier  
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affinity/attraction of a drug to a specific organ/cell   show
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show amphetamines  
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selective distribution to the ovaries, as a fertility drug   show
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show more slowly  
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2 drugs categorized in the same classification may be known to   show
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biotransformation means transformed in   show
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drug is broken down to more water-soluble by-products, making it more easily secreted by the kidneys, during   show
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a patient may exhibit toxic effects of drug if   show
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show process of metabolism  
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show detected in the urine  
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show the kidneys  
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show toxicity  
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increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body   show
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cumulative effect may build to a dangerous/toxic level & can be of particular concern in   show
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show goal of drug therapy  
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cardiac drug that must be given cautiously because of its potential for causing a cumulative effect   show
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must be adequate or digoxin will accumulate, leading to digoxin toxicity   show
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show variables  
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show metabolism & excretion  
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have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly/in unexpected ways; frequent assessment is imperative   show
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show the patient's weight  
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show differently than men to some drugs  
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show female is pregnant or nursing  
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show physical response  
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beneficial effect in patient following particular treatment arising from patient's expectations about the treatment rather than from the treatment itself   show
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inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug is present (i.e. a sugar tablet or saline injection)   show
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attitudes towards medicines can be influenced positively/negatively by   show
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when more than one medication is taken   show
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show alter  
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show synergism  
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action of 2 drugs in which one prolongs/multiplies the effect of the other   show
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opposing action of 2 drugs in which 1 decreases/cancels out the effect of the other   show
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show prevent undesirable drug interactions  
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show desired synergism  
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show undesirable synergism  
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building up a high/safe level of an antibiotic in the blood, then simultaneously giving a drug that slows the kidney's excretion rate   show
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toxic effect that may result from a drug potentiating the level of another drug's concentration in the blood   show
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show desirable antagonism  
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show undesirable antagonism  
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show drug dosages  
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amount of drug given for particular therapuetic or desired effect   show
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show minimum dose  
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largest amount of a drug that will produce a therapuetic effect without producing symptoms of toxicity   show
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initial high dose used to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the blood   show
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the initial high dose, of a loading dose, is often   show
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the initial dose, of a loading dose, is often followed by a series of   show
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dose required to keep the drug blood level at a steady state in order to maintain desired effect   show
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amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning   show
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dose that causes death   show
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customarily given based on adult body weight of 150 lb; adjusted according to variations from the norm   show
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most significant factor in the speed of drug action   show
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sometimes based on degree of speed, cost, or safety   show
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show absorption occurs by that route only  
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show dangerous; toxic  
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oral (PO), nasogastric tube (NG), and rectal (R) are   show
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show parenteral routes  
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sublingual (SL)/buccal, Injection, topical, & inhalation are all   show
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intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (subQ), intradermal (ID), intracardiac, intraspinal, intracapsular are all   show
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dermal (D) & mucosal   show
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show doctor's choice of route of administration  
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is easiest, but effects are slower due to time required for disintegration of drugs in alimentary canal before absorption   show
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fastest, given in small amounts, effects immediate, dangerous if given in amounts intended for other routes; administered by IV push or bolus, or diluted solutions infused by IV drip   show
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concentrated drug solution   show
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show IVs  
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IVs are the best route for treatment of emergencies because of   show
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show parenterally  
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because the muscles are highly vascular the __ __ is fairly rapid   show
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any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug; unwanted effect; onset may be sudden or develop over time   show
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show teratogenic effect  
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unique, unusual response to a drug   show
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show paradoxical  
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decreased response to drug that develops after repeated doses are given; drug dosage must be increased or drug replaced, in order to achieve desired effect   show
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show dependence  
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show physiological dependence  
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show physical dependence  
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show hypersensitivity  
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hypersensitivity may develop after previous __ __ of a drug   show
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hypersensitivity more likely to exist in patient with   show
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show signs of allergies  
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show anaphylactic reaction  
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include itching, uticaria, hyperemia, vascular collapse, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, & dyspnea   show
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includes CPR if indicated & drugs as required, such as epinephrine to raise blood pressure, corticosteroid to reduce inflammation and body's immune response, or antihistamine to reduce redness, itching & edema   show
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antibiotics especially penicillin; x-ray dyes containing iodides; & insect stings have been noted often to cause   show
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knowledge of adverse drug reactions should be included in the   show
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getting accurate drug history & listing known allergies is a __ __ of the health care worker   show
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absorption is the __ biological change process that drugs undergo when they are ingested   show
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drugs whose actions are limited to a __ __ of the body have local effects   show
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show slow drug absorption  
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show major variables  
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