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PharmacologyHSC1149

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function   show
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show plants  
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four ways that drugs are obtained   show
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iron, sulfur, potassium, silver, & gold are some of the ___ used to prepare drugs   show
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show animals  
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substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the   show
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origin of drugs from an animal source even now includes ___ ___   show
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show pituitary gland from cadavers  
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show synthetic sources  
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evolved with human skills in labs & advanced understanding of chemistry; most actively pursues source of drugs by major companies today   show
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show drug compounds  
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numerous antibiotics are   show
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show investigational new drugs (INDs)  
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show Zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir)  
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used to treat many different malignancies & also management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma; IND of 1990s   show
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show Tacrine (Cognex)  
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combines Norvasc & Lipitor for simultaneous treatment of high blood pressure & high cholesterol; 1st to treat these 2 conditions with a single tablet; 21st century IND   show
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show Avastin  
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show effect of drug  
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reaches widespread areas of the body   show
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limited to area of body where administered   show
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four biological changes drugs undergo in the body   show
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drug gets into the blood stream   show
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drug moves from bloodstream into tissues & fluids of the body   show
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show metabolism  
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eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from the body   show
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show actions; effects  
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show primary site of absorption  
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circulatory system, through capillaries & across cell membranes are the   show
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liver is the   show
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show primary site of excretion  
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show enhance  
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varies according to pH, lipid solubility, & presence/absence of food in the stomach   show
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show stomach mucosa  
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drugs of an alkaline pH are readily absorbed in the   show
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show tetracycline  
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oral medication for infants may not be absorbed well after feeding because the milk or formula ___ the acidity of the stomach   show
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show high  
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alcohol and substances containing alcohol are soluble in   show
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substances soluble in lipids are rapidly absorbed through the __ __   show
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show low  
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show neomycin  
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show slower emptying of the stomach  
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show empty stomach  
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medications that are irritating to the stomach can be buffered by the presence of   show
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show cross a lipid membrane  
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show blood-brain barrier  
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affinity/attraction of a drug to a specific organ/cell   show
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show amphetamines  
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selective distribution to the ovaries, as a fertility drug   show
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show more slowly  
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show act on the cells & achieve the effect more quickly  
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show the liver  
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show biotransformation  
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a patient may exhibit toxic effects of drug if   show
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it is possible for some drugs to by pass the   show
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drugs that are able to by pass the process of metabolism reach the kidneys unchanged and may later be   show
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show the kidneys  
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refers to a condition that results from exposure to either a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount   show
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increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body   show
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cumulative effect may build to a dangerous/toxic level & can be of particular concern in   show
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to give just enough of the drug to cause the desired/therapuetic effect while keeping the amount below the level where toxic effects are observed   show
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show Digoxin  
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show circulation & renal function  
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factors that affect speed & efficiency of drugs processed by the body   show
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show metabolism & excretion  
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have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly/in unexpected ways; frequent assessment is imperative   show
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many drug dosages are always calculated on the basis of   show
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because the ratio of fat per body mass differs and so do hormone levels women respond   show
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show female is pregnant or nursing  
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show physical response  
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beneficial effect in patient following particular treatment arising from patient's expectations about the treatment rather than from the treatment itself   show
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show placebo  
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show cultural or religious beliefs  
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show combination  
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show alter  
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action of 2 drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone   show
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show potentiation  
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show antagonism  
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important for prescribing physician to know all medications a patient is taking in order to   show
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show desired synergism  
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2 drugs given in combination can depress the CNS to dangerous levels, depending on strengths of each would be   show
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show desirable potentiation  
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toxic effect that may result from a drug potentiating the level of another drug's concentration in the blood   show
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narcotic antagonist cancels out effects of an overdoes of narcotics   show
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a drug that lowers the pH and prevents absorption of another drug   show
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may bring about variations in speed of drug action or effectiveness   show
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show dosage  
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show minimum dose  
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show maximum dose  
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show loading dose  
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the initial high dose, of a loading dose, is often   show
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the initial dose, of a loading dose, is often followed by a series of   show
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show maintenance dose  
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show toxic dose  
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show lethal dose  
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show therapuetic dose  
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show route of administration  
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sometimes based on degree of speed, cost, or safety   show
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show absorption occurs by that route only  
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some medications, given by one route only, can be ___ or ___ when given by another route   show
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oral (PO), nasogastric tube (NG), and rectal (R) are   show
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show parenteral routes  
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show parenteral routes of administration  
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show injection routes of administration  
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show topical (T) routes of administration  
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may depend on (1) desired effect, (2) absorption qualities, & (3) how supplied   show
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show oral route of administration  
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show IV route of administration  
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show bolus  
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show IVs  
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IVs are the best route for treatment of emergencies because of   show
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show parenterally  
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because the muscles are highly vascular the __ __ is fairly rapid   show
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show adverse drug effects  
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show teratogenic effect  
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unique, unusual response to a drug   show
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show paradoxical  
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decreased response to drug that develops after repeated doses are given; drug dosage must be increased or drug replaced, in order to achieve desired effect   show
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acquired need for drug that may produce physiological/physical symptoms of withdrawal when drug discontinued   show
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no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety; craving   show
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when cells actually have a need for the drug; withdrawal symptoms include retching, nausea, pain, tremors, & sweating   show
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show hypersensitivity  
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hypersensitivity may develop after previous __ __ of a drug   show
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hypersensitivity more likely to exist in patient with   show
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nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea are not considered   show
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show anaphylactic reaction  
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show signs of anaphylactic reaction  
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includes CPR if indicated & drugs as required, such as epinephrine to raise blood pressure, corticosteroid to reduce inflammation and body's immune response, or antihistamine to reduce redness, itching & edema   show
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show anaphylaxis  
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show patient's history  
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getting accurate drug history & listing known allergies is a __ __ of the health care worker   show
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absorption is the __ biological change process that drugs undergo when they are ingested   show
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show specific location  
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show slow drug absorption  
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age, weight, psychological state, & sex are the __ __ that affect the speed & efficiency of drug processing   show
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