PharmacologyHSC1149
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any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function | show 🗑
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show | plants
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four ways that drugs are obtained | show 🗑
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iron, sulfur, potassium, silver, & gold are some of the ___ used to prepare drugs | show 🗑
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show | animals
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substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the | show 🗑
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origin of drugs from an animal source even now includes ___ ___ | show 🗑
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show | pituitary gland from cadavers
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show | synthetic sources
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evolved with human skills in labs & advanced understanding of chemistry; most actively pursues source of drugs by major companies today | show 🗑
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show | drug compounds
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numerous antibiotics are | show 🗑
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show | investigational new drugs (INDs)
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show | Zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir)
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used to treat many different malignancies & also management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma; IND of 1990s | show 🗑
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show | Tacrine (Cognex)
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combines Norvasc & Lipitor for simultaneous treatment of high blood pressure & high cholesterol; 1st to treat these 2 conditions with a single tablet; 21st century IND | show 🗑
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show | Avastin
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show | effect of drug
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reaches widespread areas of the body | show 🗑
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limited to area of body where administered | show 🗑
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four biological changes drugs undergo in the body | show 🗑
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drug gets into the blood stream | show 🗑
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drug moves from bloodstream into tissues & fluids of the body | show 🗑
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show | metabolism
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eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from the body | show 🗑
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show | actions; effects
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show | primary site of absorption
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circulatory system, through capillaries & across cell membranes are the | show 🗑
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liver is the | show 🗑
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show | primary site of excretion
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show | enhance
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varies according to pH, lipid solubility, & presence/absence of food in the stomach | show 🗑
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show | stomach mucosa
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drugs of an alkaline pH are readily absorbed in the | show 🗑
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show | tetracycline
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oral medication for infants may not be absorbed well after feeding because the milk or formula ___ the acidity of the stomach | show 🗑
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show | high
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alcohol and substances containing alcohol are soluble in | show 🗑
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substances soluble in lipids are rapidly absorbed through the __ __ | show 🗑
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show | low
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show | neomycin
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show | slower emptying of the stomach
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show | empty stomach
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medications that are irritating to the stomach can be buffered by the presence of | show 🗑
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show | cross a lipid membrane
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show | blood-brain barrier
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affinity/attraction of a drug to a specific organ/cell | show 🗑
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show | amphetamines
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selective distribution to the ovaries, as a fertility drug | show 🗑
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show | more slowly
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show | act on the cells & achieve the effect more quickly
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show | the liver
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show | biotransformation
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a patient may exhibit toxic effects of drug if | show 🗑
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it is possible for some drugs to by pass the | show 🗑
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drugs that are able to by pass the process of metabolism reach the kidneys unchanged and may later be | show 🗑
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show | the kidneys
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refers to a condition that results from exposure to either a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount | show 🗑
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increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body | show 🗑
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cumulative effect may build to a dangerous/toxic level & can be of particular concern in | show 🗑
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to give just enough of the drug to cause the desired/therapuetic effect while keeping the amount below the level where toxic effects are observed | show 🗑
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show | Digoxin
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show | circulation & renal function
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factors that affect speed & efficiency of drugs processed by the body | show 🗑
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show | metabolism & excretion
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have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly/in unexpected ways; frequent assessment is imperative | show 🗑
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many drug dosages are always calculated on the basis of | show 🗑
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because the ratio of fat per body mass differs and so do hormone levels women respond | show 🗑
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show | female is pregnant or nursing
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show | physical response
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beneficial effect in patient following particular treatment arising from patient's expectations about the treatment rather than from the treatment itself | show 🗑
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show | placebo
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show | cultural or religious beliefs
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show | combination
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show | alter
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action of 2 drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone | show 🗑
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show | potentiation
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show | antagonism
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important for prescribing physician to know all medications a patient is taking in order to | show 🗑
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show | desired synergism
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2 drugs given in combination can depress the CNS to dangerous levels, depending on strengths of each would be | show 🗑
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show | desirable potentiation
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toxic effect that may result from a drug potentiating the level of another drug's concentration in the blood | show 🗑
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narcotic antagonist cancels out effects of an overdoes of narcotics | show 🗑
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a drug that lowers the pH and prevents absorption of another drug | show 🗑
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may bring about variations in speed of drug action or effectiveness | show 🗑
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show | dosage
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show | minimum dose
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show | maximum dose
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show | loading dose
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the initial high dose, of a loading dose, is often | show 🗑
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the initial dose, of a loading dose, is often followed by a series of | show 🗑
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show | maintenance dose
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show | toxic dose
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show | lethal dose
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show | therapuetic dose
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show | route of administration
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sometimes based on degree of speed, cost, or safety | show 🗑
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show | absorption occurs by that route only
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some medications, given by one route only, can be ___ or ___ when given by another route | show 🗑
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oral (PO), nasogastric tube (NG), and rectal (R) are | show 🗑
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show | parenteral routes
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show | parenteral routes of administration
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show | injection routes of administration
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show | topical (T) routes of administration
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may depend on (1) desired effect, (2) absorption qualities, & (3) how supplied | show 🗑
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show | oral route of administration
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show | IV route of administration
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show | bolus
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show | IVs
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IVs are the best route for treatment of emergencies because of | show 🗑
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show | parenterally
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because the muscles are highly vascular the __ __ is fairly rapid | show 🗑
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show | adverse drug effects
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show | teratogenic effect
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unique, unusual response to a drug | show 🗑
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show | paradoxical
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decreased response to drug that develops after repeated doses are given; drug dosage must be increased or drug replaced, in order to achieve desired effect | show 🗑
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acquired need for drug that may produce physiological/physical symptoms of withdrawal when drug discontinued | show 🗑
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no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety; craving | show 🗑
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when cells actually have a need for the drug; withdrawal symptoms include retching, nausea, pain, tremors, & sweating | show 🗑
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show | hypersensitivity
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hypersensitivity may develop after previous __ __ of a drug | show 🗑
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hypersensitivity more likely to exist in patient with | show 🗑
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nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea are not considered | show 🗑
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show | anaphylactic reaction
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show | signs of anaphylactic reaction
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includes CPR if indicated & drugs as required, such as epinephrine to raise blood pressure, corticosteroid to reduce inflammation and body's immune response, or antihistamine to reduce redness, itching & edema | show 🗑
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show | anaphylaxis
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show | patient's history
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getting accurate drug history & listing known allergies is a __ __ of the health care worker | show 🗑
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absorption is the __ biological change process that drugs undergo when they are ingested | show 🗑
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show | specific location
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show | slow drug absorption
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age, weight, psychological state, & sex are the __ __ that affect the speed & efficiency of drug processing | show 🗑
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