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Chap - 3
PharmacologyHSC1149
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| any chemical substance taken into the body for the purpose of affecting body function | drug |
| were the primary source of drugs used on the human body | plants |
| four ways that drugs are obtained | source of drugs |
| iron, sulfur, potassium, silver, & gold are some of the ___ used to prepare drugs | minerals |
| research lead to the use of substances from ___ as effective drugs | animals |
| substances lacking in the human body can be replaced with similar substances from the | glands, organs & tissues of animals |
| origin of drugs from an animal source even now includes ___ ___ | human extractions |
| can be used to make a drug for treatment of growth disorders | pituitary gland from cadavers |
| chemists use __ __ to make drugs to market for human consumption | synthetic sources |
| evolved with human skills in labs & advanced understanding of chemistry; most actively pursues source of drugs by major companies today | synthetic (manufactured) sources |
| produced from artificial rather than natural substances | drug compounds |
| numerous antibiotics are | synthetic or semisynthetic |
| 1990s, development of drugs for treatment of life-threatening or other various conditions | investigational new drugs (INDs) |
| slows progression of HIV infection in some patients; IND of 1990s | Zidovudine (AZT) (Retrovir) |
| used to treat many different malignancies & also management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma; IND of 1990s | Interferon (Roferon A) |
| used to slow progression of dementia in some Alzheimer patients; IND of 1990s | Tacrine (Cognex) |
| combines Norvasc & Lipitor for simultaneous treatment of high blood pressure & high cholesterol; 1st to treat these 2 conditions with a single tablet; 21st century IND | Caduet |
| first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer; prevents formation of new blood vessels denying necessary nutrients needed for growth & metastasis; 21st century IND | Avastin |
| physiological changes that occur in response to a drug | effect of drug |
| reaches widespread areas of the body | systemic effect |
| limited to area of body where administered | local effect |
| four biological changes drugs undergo in the body | drug processes |
| drug gets into the blood stream | absorption |
| drug moves from bloodstream into tissues & fluids of the body | distribution |
| physical & chemical alterations that a substance undergoes in the body | metabolism |
| eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from the body | excretion |
| if any of the four drug processes is hampered the drug __ and __ will be hampered | actions; effects |
| mucosa of stomach, mouth, small intestine, or rectum; blood vessels in muscles/subcutaneous tissues; or dermal layers are the | primary site of absorption |
| circulatory system, through capillaries & across cell membranes are the | primary site of distribution |
| liver is the | primary site of metabolism |
| kidneys, sweat glands, lungs, or intestines are the | primary site of excretion |
| specific directions that accompany each drug are given to __ the absorption, distribution, metabolism, & excretion of the drug | enhance |
| varies according to pH, lipid solubility, & presence/absence of food in the stomach | site of absorption of a drug |
| drugs of a slightly acidic pH are absorbed well through the | stomach mucosa |
| drugs of an alkaline pH are readily absorbed in the | small intestine |
| given on an empty stomach so that the pH is not altered; if dairy, milk or antacids present it will not properly be absorbed | tetracycline |
| oral medication for infants may not be absorbed well after feeding because the milk or formula ___ the acidity of the stomach | acidity |
| substance ___ in lipid solubility are easily absorbed through the mucosa of the stomach | high |
| alcohol and substances containing alcohol are soluble in | lipids |
| substances soluble in lipids are rapidly absorbed through the __ __ | GI tract |
| substance ___ in lipid solubility are absorbed best when given by means other than the GI tract | low |
| not lipid soluble but given orally for suppression of intestinal bacteria before intestinal/bowel surgery or in treatment of bacterial diarrhea | neomycin |
| food in the stomach tends to slow absorption due to a | slower emptying of the stomach |
| if a fast drug effect is desired, an __ __ will facilitate quicker absorption | empty stomach |
| medications that are irritating to the stomach can be buffered by the presence of | food |
| reaching sites beyond the major organs may depend of the drugs ability to | cross a lipid membrane |
| composed of high-density cells restricting passage of substances from the bloodstream much more than endothelial cells in capillaries elsewhere in the body | blood-brain barrier |
| affinity/attraction of a drug to a specific organ/cell | selective distribution |
| selective distribution to CSF | amphetamines |
| selective distribution to the ovaries, as a fertility drug | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
| by virtue of their properties some drugs are distributed __ __ than others | more slowly |
| 2 drugs categorized in the same classification may be known to | act on the cells & achieve the effect more quickly |
| biotransformation means transformed in | the liver |
| drug is broken down to more water-soluble by-products, making it more easily secreted by the kidneys, during | biotransformation |
| a patient may exhibit toxic effects of drug if | hepatic disease is present |
| it is possible for some drugs to by pass the | process of metabolism |
| drugs that are able to by pass the process of metabolism reach the kidneys unchanged and may later be | detected in the urine |
| most drugs are excreted by | the kidneys |
| refers to a condition that results from exposure to either a poison or a dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount | toxicity |
| increased effect of a drug demonstrated when repeated doses accumulate in the body | cumulative effect |
| cumulative effect may build to a dangerous/toxic level & can be of particular concern in | older adults |
| to give just enough of the drug to cause the desired/therapuetic effect while keeping the amount below the level where toxic effects are observed | goal of drug therapy |
| cardiac drug that must be given cautiously because of its potential for causing a cumulative effect | Digoxin |
| must be adequate or digoxin will accumulate, leading to digoxin toxicity | circulation & renal function |
| factors that affect speed & efficiency of drugs processed by the body | variables |
| are slower in older adults, so attention must be paid to possible cumulative effects | metabolism & excretion |
| have a lower threshold of response and react more rapidly/in unexpected ways; frequent assessment is imperative | children |
| many drug dosages are always calculated on the basis of | the patient's weight |
| because the ratio of fat per body mass differs and so do hormone levels women respond | differently than men to some drugs |
| most drugs are contraindicated or dosage must be adjusted, if the | female is pregnant or nursing |
| the more positive the patient feels about the medication, the more positive the | physical response |
| beneficial effect in patient following particular treatment arising from patient's expectations about the treatment rather than from the treatment itself | placebo effect |
| inactive substance that resembles a medication, although no drug is present (i.e. a sugar tablet or saline injection) | placebo |
| attitudes towards medicines can be influenced positively/negatively by | cultural or religious beliefs |
| when more than one medication is taken | combination |
| combination may __ alter the normal expected response of each individual drug | alter |
| action of 2 drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone | synergism |
| action of 2 drugs in which one prolongs/multiplies the effect of the other | potentiation |
| opposing action of 2 drugs in which 1 decreases/cancels out the effect of the other | antagonism |
| important for prescribing physician to know all medications a patient is taking in order to | prevent undesirable drug interactions |
| by giving small amounts of 2 drugs together effect can be achieved more safely than by giving a larger amount of one/other by itself, would be | desired synergism |
| 2 drugs given in combination can depress the CNS to dangerous levels, depending on strengths of each would be | undesirable synergism |
| building up a high/safe level of an antibiotic in the blood, then simultaneously giving a drug that slows the kidney's excretion rate | desirable potentiation |
| toxic effect that may result from a drug potentiating the level of another drug's concentration in the blood | undesirable potentiation |
| narcotic antagonist cancels out effects of an overdoes of narcotics | desirable antagonism |
| a drug that lowers the pH and prevents absorption of another drug | undesirable antagonism |
| may bring about variations in speed of drug action or effectiveness | drug dosages |
| amount of drug given for particular therapuetic or desired effect | dosage |
| smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapuetic effect | minimum dose |
| largest amount of a drug that will produce a therapuetic effect without producing symptoms of toxicity | maximum dose |
| initial high dose used to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the blood | loading dose |
| the initial high dose, of a loading dose, is often | the maximum dose |
| the initial dose, of a loading dose, is often followed by a series of | lower maintenance doses |
| dose required to keep the drug blood level at a steady state in order to maintain desired effect | maintenance dose |
| amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning | toxic dose |
| dose that causes death | lethal dose |
| customarily given based on adult body weight of 150 lb; adjusted according to variations from the norm | therapuetic dose |
| most significant factor in the speed of drug action | route of administration |
| sometimes based on degree of speed, cost, or safety | the route of administration |
| some medications can be given only by one route because | absorption occurs by that route only |
| some medications, given by one route only, can be ___ or ___ when given by another route | dangerous; toxic |
| oral (PO), nasogastric tube (NG), and rectal (R) are | GI tract routes |
| include any route of administration other than gastrointestinal tract | parenteral routes |
| sublingual (SL)/buccal, Injection, topical, & inhalation are all | parenteral routes of administration |
| intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (subQ), intradermal (ID), intracardiac, intraspinal, intracapsular are all | injection routes of administration |
| dermal (D) & mucosal | topical (T) routes of administration |
| may depend on (1) desired effect, (2) absorption qualities, & (3) how supplied | doctor's choice of route of administration |
| is easiest, but effects are slower due to time required for disintegration of drugs in alimentary canal before absorption | oral route of administration |
| fastest, given in small amounts, effects immediate, dangerous if given in amounts intended for other routes; administered by IV push or bolus, or diluted solutions infused by IV drip | IV route of administration |
| concentrated drug solution | bolus |
| administered by a physician, RN, or paramedic | IVs |
| IVs are the best route for treatment of emergencies because of | speed of action |
| when a patient can take nothing by mouth or the drug is not suitable for GI absorption it is given | parenterally |
| because the muscles are highly vascular the __ __ is fairly rapid | intramuscular route |
| any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug; unwanted effect; onset may be sudden or develop over time | adverse drug effects |
| effect from maternal drug administration that causes development of physical defects in a fetus | teratogenic effect |
| unique, unusual response to a drug | idiosyncrasy |
| opposite effect from what is expected | paradoxical |
| decreased response to drug that develops after repeated doses are given; drug dosage must be increased or drug replaced, in order to achieve desired effect | tolerance |
| acquired need for drug that may produce physiological/physical symptoms of withdrawal when drug discontinued | dependence |
| no physical symptoms of withdrawal other than anxiety; craving | physiological dependence |
| when cells actually have a need for the drug; withdrawal symptoms include retching, nausea, pain, tremors, & sweating | physical dependence |
| immune response to a drug; may be of varying degrees | hypersensitivity |
| hypersensitivity may develop after previous __ __ of a drug | uneventful uses |
| hypersensitivity more likely to exist in patient with | other known allergies |
| nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea are not considered | signs of allergies |
| severe, possibly fatal, allergic response | anaphylactic reaction |
| include itching, uticaria, hyperemia, vascular collapse, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, & dyspnea | signs of anaphylactic reaction |
| includes CPR if indicated & drugs as required, such as epinephrine to raise blood pressure, corticosteroid to reduce inflammation and body's immune response, or antihistamine to reduce redness, itching & edema | treatments for anaphylactic reaction |
| antibiotics especially penicillin; x-ray dyes containing iodides; & insect stings have been noted often to cause | anaphylaxis |
| knowledge of adverse drug reactions should be included in the | patient's history |
| getting accurate drug history & listing known allergies is a __ __ of the health care worker | critical function |
| absorption is the __ biological change process that drugs undergo when they are ingested | initial |
| drugs whose actions are limited to a __ __ of the body have local effects | specific location |
| the pharmacokentic affect of a medication taken with food is that food tends to | slow drug absorption |
| age, weight, psychological state, & sex are the __ __ that affect the speed & efficiency of drug processing | major variables |
Created by:
lfrancois
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