Organisation of the Body
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| Function of the pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | Hypothalamus is superior
Optic chiasma is directly in front (where optic nerves cross)
At the base of the brain behind the nasal cavity
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| Pituitary fossa | show 🗑
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| show | Hormonal effects - hormone secreting tumours effects depend on cell type - present as over excretion of the hormone
Mechanical effects - affect vision as tumour presses on optic chiasm - affects peripheral vision field leading to tunnel vision
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| Development of the pituitary | show 🗑
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| Posterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| Anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior - TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, GH, prolactin
Posterior - Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
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| Anterior pituitary histology | show 🗑
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| show | Prominent vessels in the pituitary stalk
Gonadotrophs directly adjacent to capillaries - allows rapid diffusion into bloodstream
Pituitary can adapt to demands e.g. during pregnancy, lactation, menopause, stress, seasons, fetal stress and puberty
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| Ultrastructure of anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| Feedback loops | show 🗑
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| Posterior pituitary histology | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulus e.g. cold triggers hypothalamus to produce thyrotrophin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary thyrotroph cells then secrete thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid then secretes T3 and T4
Long feedback loop
Pathology of TSH secretion is rare
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| ACTH | show 🗑
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| show | Stress e.g. infection, pain etc stimulates hypothalamus to secrete corticotrophin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary corticotroph cells release ACTH
Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
Long feedback loop
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| Diurnal rhythm of plasma ACTH and cortisol | show 🗑
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| show | Excess ACTH from adenoma and in turn excess cortisol - Cushing's syndrome
Deficiency of ACTH in turn cortisol deficient - adrenal insufficiency - treat with replacement cortisol
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| show | Used for reproduction
Women - act in ovary via GPCR - FSH for follicle development and LH for ovulation and progesterone production
Male - act in testes - LH for testosterone production and FSH for sperm production
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| Pathology of Gonadotrophins | show 🗑
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| show | Hypothalamus secretes gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary gonadotroph cells release LH and FSH
Ovary - oestrogen and progesterone
Testes - testosterone
Released in pulses every 90 mins
Cyclical release in menstrual cycle
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| show | Suckling inhibits dopamine release from hypothalamus
Dopamine usually inhibits prolactin release, so this allows anterior pituitary lactotroph cells to release prolactin
This triggers breast growth and milk production as well as causing infertility
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| show | Only pituitary hormone whose principle control is inhibitory
PRL production is stimulated by estrogen during pregnancy
Dopamine agonists e.g. bromocryptine suppress lactation
Pathology - prolactinomas hyper secrete PRL - cause infertility
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| show | Metabolites, sleep, stress and exercise trigger hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary somatotroph cells release growth hormone
Short feedback loop
GH acts directly + via liver IGFs to induce bone and muscle growth
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| GH pathology | show 🗑
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| Acromegaly | show 🗑
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| Stimulation of posterior pituitary hormone release | show 🗑
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| show | Increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts of kidney
Triggered by increased osmolarity or volume of blood
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| show | Disorder of insufficient ADH production
Hypothalamic - lack of ADH production by posterior pituitary
Renal - Kidney fails to respond to ADH
Characterised by production of large amounts of very dilute urine resulting in dehydration and polydipsia
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| Actions of oxytocin | show 🗑
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| show | Stretch of cervix/vagina at parturition
Sucking - nipple stimulation causes milk ejection reflex
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| Pathology of oxytocin | show 🗑
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| Endocrine disrupting chemicals | show 🗑
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